DAIRY FARM HEALTH & PROFITABILITY:

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1 DAIRY FARM HEALTH & PROFITABILITY: Many factors but these 3 are important ones: 1) Milk quality and quantity, udder related factors 2) Cow body health leg related factors 3) Young Calf health factors

2 Somatic Cell & Total Bacteria Counts Mastitis Incidence

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4 (EX Farm milk prices DKK /kg for Jan May 2017) ARLA (Large Danish-Swedish Dairy Processor) Follow-up on Geometric mean. (Food Hygiene Regulations). The EU Hygiene Regulation 853/2004 states the maximum permissible geometric mean for TBC and SCC. The boarders for TBC in the EU Hygiene Regulation are calculated in CFU. Quality parameters Somatic cell count (SCC). One routine analysis is undertaken per collection. Premiums and deductions are calculated based on the geometric mean per calendar month. The geometric mean will be calculated per calendar month from the available results. If an analysis result is missing for a whole month, the result from the previous month is used. Total bacterial count (TBC). 3-5 ordinary analyses per month. Premiums and deductions are calculated based on the geometric mean per calendar month. The geometric mean will be calculated per calendar month from the available results. If an analysis result is missing for a whole month, the result from the previous month is used. First warning is given: When the geometric mean for TBC measured over the latest 2 months exceeds 100,000 bacteria/ml (CFU). When the geometric mean for SCC measured over the latest 3 months exceeds 400,000 cells/ml. Second warning is given: 2 months after the first warning, if the geometric mean is still over 100,000/ml for bacterial or 400,000/ml cells. If the limits are not met within 3 months after the first warning, it is prohibited to deliver milk. The temporary cease of milk collection occurs if the geometric mean is still higher than 100,000 for total bacteria count (CFU) and 400,000 for somatic cell count. The geometric mean is calculated taking as a reference all routine analysis results and it influences the settlement. Antibiotics. 5 ordinary analyses per month. In addition, samples from all tankers are analysed. If any of these analyses show the presence of antibiotics, samples are taken from all loads that have entered the tank. The outcome of these analyses are the basis for the settlement. The first time presence of antibiotics in milk leads to a rolling 12 month s deduction equivalent to 125% of the contaminated supply. A second occurrence within a rolling 12 month s period results in a deduction equivalent to 150% of the contaminated supply and a fine of DKK3,000. A third and subsequent occurrences results in a deduction equivalent to 200% of the contaminated supply and a fine of DKK3,000, as well as separate transport of milk for 14 days at the farmer s expense. If deviant milk leads to milk being discarded, the farmer is responsible for the costs.

5 Dairy Cow Lameness

6 Lameness in dairy cows Causes and preventive measures of infectious localized digital infections (Refaai et al. 2013) Infectious Diseases Main direct Causes Preventive measures Digital dermatitis Treponema spp Good hygiene Interdigital dermatitis Dichelobacter nodosus Good hygiene and regular claw trimming Foot rot Fusobacterium necrophorum Good hygiene and isolation of cases Heel horn erosion Dichelobacter nodosus Claw trimming and regular foot bathing Apart from lameness caused by bacterial infections, it also can be caused by damage to hoofs, lack of trimming etc. Up to 30% of dairy cows suffers from lameness, hereof 10% to a serious degree. A healthy cow should lay down/get up about 12 times/day. More or less frequent likely is a sign of problems. It is estimated that lameness causes at least 1 liter less milk per day, even before it becomes noticeable and it costs approx. USD200+ per year.

7 Calf nursery & group calf pens

8 It is very important to prevent respiratory and intestinal diseases in young (female) calves, because this may significantly reduce future performance, or even lead to culling or death. The relative decline in growth rates for female dairy pre-weaned calves has been reported as 8% for calves with pneumonia alone, 18% for calves with diarrhea alone, and 29% for calves with both pneumonia and diarrhea. The more chronic the disease, the greater the impact on subsequent growth rates. A study in a Northern Ireland dairy herd reported that heifers that required more than one treatment for pneumonia as calves had approximately a 5% reduction in milk yield in the first lactation and a 10% reduction in the second lactation. The biggest income losses are due to treatment costs and poor lifetime performance of calves that suffer from these infections. Animals which had respiratory tract infections have lower daily weight gain and, in the case of replacement heifers, older age at first calving and reduced milk yield in the first lactation. These cumulative factors over the lifetime of the animal on farm, are among the hidden costs of a respiratory disease/ diarrhea outbreak.

9 Causes of Calf Mortality Study ( Published by Danish Veterinary Journal, 1/2016) Pathological Findings of calf autopsies No. of calves Infections diseases % Avg. age, days (Low High) Intestinal infection (1-67) Lung infection (10 84) Navel, peritonitis, joints infections (5 83) Kidney infection Brain tissue infection Salmonellosis (63 85) Born w. heritable disease 8 10 Atresia ani ( 2 7) Intestine stricture Born w. heart weakness (2 90) Nephropathic Deficiency diseases 2 3 Selenium & Vit. E (5 12) Others 8 11 Swallow dysfunction (1 2) Rupture or twist of intestine, or of abomasum (1 25) Death from difficult birth Unknown cause Totals

10 SOLUTIONS Management, climate, building design, equipment, diet, breeding etc. are important factors but hygiene comes in as a Major Component in dairy farm performance and profitability.

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12 Staldren is a dry hygiene powder Product which has been sold for 27 years & presently is marketed in 60+ countries around the world. Staldren is phosphate free and ph neutral Broad effect against: Pathogens Ammonia fumes Dampness

13 Staldren features No phosphates ph neutral No Corrosion of metals and floors Gentle to animals and environment Binds Ammonia Absorbs moisture Dries out most insect eggs & larvae No lumps Non-sticking Dust minimal Fresh Smell Harmless to humans and animals

14 Staldren : Is kind to the environment, to animals and to operators Staldren and its active ingredient has a well documented effect on the most common bacteria and fungi spores as well as many viruses, algaes, yeasts and parasites

15 Staldren specifics: Fungicidal Bacteriacidal, amongst other pathogens kills: Aspergillus niger Clostridium Perfringens ATCC Streptococcus uberis ATCC 9927 Streptococcus suis serovar no. 7 Salmonella typhimurium ATTC Staphylococcus aureus ATCC Campylobacter jejuni ATCC Klebsiella pneumoniae (in wood shavings)

16 Staldren Hygiene Strategy Keeping pathogen pressure low, thus preventing excessive risk of infection & disease Animals entering newly Disinfected shed, pen or cubicle 5 4 Pathogen Build-Up without Staldren Time Pathogen Level with regular Staldren application

17 Staldren creates a better dairy production environment by: - Reducing the pathogen pressure - Reducing the ammonia level - Keeping cell count at a low level - Reducing environmental mastitis - Reducing hoof infections, lameness - Reducing diarrhea in calf pens - Reducing fly egg & larvae

18 Swedish Dairy Recommendation:

19 RUSSIAN RESEARCH DATA FOR PRODUCT REGISTRATION "APPROVED «22» December 2009 Rector of "FGOU VPO" "Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named atter Konstantin I. Scriabin", Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Professor Fedor I. VASILEVICH, REPORT ON PUBLIC STUDY OF THE TOLERABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF THE DANISH PRODUCT«STALDREN» BASIS FOR THE STUDY Further development and improvement of production efficiency in cattle breeding is inextricably linked to the development of environmentally sound technologies to maximize productivity of milk and meat, as well as products of high sanitary quality. A significant step in the development of such technologies can be made through the extensive use in industrial cattle farming of a new scientific and technological area - the use of environmentally friendly products for the prevention of cattle diseases. Sanitary and hygienic measures are an integral part of the technological process in animal husbandry, as they are aimed at preventing the emergence and spread of infection, obtaining products of high sanitary quality and securing proper sanitary order in enterprises of agro-industrial complex. In this regard, disinfection of premises, use of various products in order to ensure and maintain a good hygienic standard in livestock complexes has become a mandatory technological method within cattle farming. A significant number of means, methods and techniques have been proposed for treatment of premises in order to maintain good sanitary conditions in premises for farm animals. It should be noted that cattle farming is one of the most important elements in production of meat and dairy products, whose results depend not only on the level of feeding and physiological state of the parent stock and the living conditions, but also on the performance of a complex of veterinary-sanitary measures for the prevention of infectious complications. Improvement of the environment by exclusion of toxic disinfectants makes it possible not only to increase the production of milk and meat and increase the resistance of young animals, but also to a great extent to improve the quality of the products. Currently, a vast material on methods, techniques and factors has been accumulated, showing how to improve or preserve the cleanliness of premises through the use of new disinfectants. However, not all of them can be recommended for the livestock industry in connection with increased requirements to sanitary and environmental safety of chemical agents.

20 The product «STALDREN» has a neutral level of Ph, i.e. the remedy is safe for the environment, for human beings and animals; it neutralizes the smell of ammonia, so that both animals and people can stay in the cattle-pen, not feeling bad smells; it absorbs moisture and humidity; it's efficient when used during winter, autumn, spring and rainy summer, it helps to maintain sanitary conditions in premises for animals, it can be used for all types of agricultural and domestic animals and poultry/birds, it actively fights against insect larvae; Staldren helps to maintain a high level of hygiene, the use of Staldren gives a high economic effect. Staldren helps to maintain a high level of hygiene in the stalls, maternity compartments, compartments for animals before calving, it helps to avoid hoof disease and reduces the incidence of dyspepsia and diarrhea, it reduces to a minimum the frequency of such disease as mastitis. The regular use of Staldren helps to eliminate factors, which are affecting the productivity of the farm, and thus may increase the economic returns of the invested money. In this context, a particular importance should be attributed to the introduction of the environmentally safe product Staldren into the large range of veterinary-sanitary measures for industrial livestock production and in particular for the treatment of premises. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The purpose of the study is to evaluate the efficiency and safety of the product «Staldren», when used for cattle in tie stall or free stall systems. The study is expected to salve the following tasks: 1. To evaluate the tolerability of the product «Staldren» to animals, to identify possible side effects, including analyzing the influence of «Staldren» on the general condition of animals (heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature). 2. To evaluate the condition of skin on hoof and hoof horn (maceration, oozing, inflammatory changes, granulation, hardness of horn, destruction of horn, characteristic properties in growth of horn, clinical signs of anaerobic infections (necrobacteriosis). 3. To evaluate the effect of the remedy on the most important possible subjective symptoms of the staff (headache, dizziness, buzzing in the ears, sleep disturbance, fatigue, decreased mood and anxiety, emotional lability, allergic reactions).

21 EVALUATION OF EFFICIENCY In order to estimate the efficiency of the product «Staldren» the following was evaluated: 1) The general condition of the animals (heart rate, respiration rate, body temperature, blood pressure), 2) The condition of skin on hoof and hoof horn (maceration, granulation, hardness of horn, destruction of horn, characteristic properties in growth of horn, appearance or disappearance of anaerobic infections - necrobacteriosis). METHODOLOGY OF EXAMINATION Examination of the efficiency and tolerability of the product «STALDREN» for cattle. «Staldren» was used for dry treatment of livestock premises, including stalls for cows in tie stall and free stall systems. After cleaning of the premises during the first 3 days the treatment of stalls was conducted with 50 g/m2 per day. During the following days, the consumption of the product was 50g/m2 two times per week. The duration of the study was 60 days. MATERIAL AND METHODS A local study was conducted on two farms in Lukhovitsy district, Moscow region (JSC "Red Floodplain" and 000"Agroimpeks"). The study included 100 cows of black and white race at the age of the second and third lactation. All cows completed the study. Four groups for observation: 50 cows in tie stalls: group of 1 with 25 heads (main group), group 2 with 25 heads (control group); 50 cows in free stalls: group 1 with 25 heads (main group), group 2 with 25 heads (control group) Initial comparability of the groups: Initially (before the use of the product «Staldren») the groups were comparable regarding the basic characteristics, which could potentially influence the size of the effect of the remedy. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING THE TREATMENT Bacteriological studies The effect of treatment of stalis on the total bacterial contamination of hoofs in tie stall and free stall systems. It was established that the total microbial count in the places intended for treatment ranged from 400 to 600 per cm2 of stall areal, which was an average of 500 per cm2. The effectiveness of the treatment of stalls depends on how many times the stalls are treated with the product Staldren. Thus, after the treatment with the remedy according to the manufacturer's instructions a positive dynamic was found, and the average decrease in the total microbial count (TMC) amounted to 150 per cm2. In this way, the treatment with the product Staldren reduced the bacterial contamination by more than 3 times.

22 The effect of treatment of cattle stalls on the dynamics of microflora on the surface of stalls and on the skin of hoof fingers of animals. Sampling place Before After treatment After treatment treatment with with Staldren with Staldren Staldren 1 day 30 days 60 days ) Stalls for cows in tie stall system Stalls for cows in free stall system Skin of hoof fingers of cows in tie stall system 500 I CM2 250 I CM2 180 / CM2 450 I CM 200 I CM2 160 / CM--:2 300 / CM2 160 / CM2 140 / CM2 Skin of hoof fingers of cows in free stall system 280 I CM2 150 / CM2 130 / 2 CM In case of local influence of the product Staldren on the hoof skin the bacterial contamination at the end of the study ranged from 140/cm2 to 130/cm2, depending on the stall system. Significant differences between 30 and 60 days have not been detected, neither for cows in tie stall, nor in free stall system. Thus, the accumulated concentration of the remedy has no significant effect on the condition of the finger skin. Perhaps Staldren has a persistent modulating effect on the condition of the hoof skin. Clinical study EVALUATION OF THE SAFETY OF THE PRODUCT «STALDREN» Evaluation of the safety was conducted on the basis of registration of unwanted side effects, taking into account their degree of distinctness, seriousness, duration and their possible relation to «Staldren». No negative effects of the product «Staldren» were revealed on the main possible subjective symptoms of the staff (headache, dizziness, buzzing in the ears, sleep disturbance, fatigue, decreased mood and anxiety, emotional lability and allergic reactions). «Staldren» does not have any negative effects on the main indicators of the condition of the organism of cows (heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature).

23 Condition of skin layer (integument) of hoof and hoof horn of cows in free stall system (main group) Condition of skin layer (integument)of hoof and hoof horn of cows in free stall system (control group) Before using «STALDREN» After using «STALDREN» Maceration 14 heads 12 heads Oozing 14 heads 12 heads lnflam. changes 14 heads 12 heads Granulation 9 heads 9 heads Anaerob. infection 14 heads 12 heads Positive results were obtained more often in groups of cows, where «Staldren» was used, than in comparison groups. A general positive clinical effect was found among an overwhelming majority of the cows; in «Staldren»-groups it was estimated as excellent or good among 35 cows - 70%, in comparison groups excellent or good results have not been recorded at all.

24 The study showed that the use of «Staldren» among cows in tie stall or free stall systems results in an improvement of the skin layer of hoof and hoof horn and a reduction of the distinctness of the most common clinical symptoms of disease of hoof and hoof horn: decrease of maceration, oozing, and inflammatory changes, a reduction of the destruction of the horn and clinical symptoms of anaerobic infection. SIDE EFFECTS AND EVALUATION OF TOLERABILITY The tolerability of the product «Staldren» was good. During its use no unwanted phenomena were recorded in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS The product «Staldren» has a positive effect on clinical manifestations of disease in hoof and hoof horn of cows in tie stall and free stall systems, helping to improve the general condition of cows, reducing the seriousness of inflammatory changes of hoof and hoof horn, and improving granulation. The obtained data substantiates the possibility to use the product «Staldren» for cows in tie stall and free stall! systems with the purpose of preventing diseases in hoof and hoof and horn.

25 SCC monthly average 160, ,000 Staldren Trial results from Lakeland Ag. College Alberta, Canada , ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 September October November December January February Mar-16

26 Comments from Lakeland College: Our Dairy Student Managed Farm team measured out the amount of Staldren needed to dust all of our 47 free stalls for our barn at the rate of 100g/stall. We starting using it immediately. Prior to using Staldren, our typical protocol was to use hydrated lime every Monday/Wednesday/Friday to help aid the stalls in reducing bacteria and to keep them dry. We ve always found lime unpleasant to work with, not only from the human standpoint, but the cows as well when it comes to the dust and how hard it is on skin. We started using Staldren at the rate of 100g/stall Once/Week. We immediately noticed that the stalls remained dryer for longer, and how much nicer the product was to work with. We have continued on at this rate until just recently, (Beginning of July) as we were having issues with moisture in our bedding, so we increased the frequency of the Staldren Application up to 2x/week. Our cell count had remained very low <120,000 SCC until late June/July, however this was completely due to an environmental issue we were having. I feel that it has helped keep our mastitis incidence lower than what it could have been without it! Our students are all a fan of using Staldren and have suggested using it at home, as well as many visitors to the College that ask what that pink powder is on the stall mats. Overall I am very happy with the success of using this product in our barn here at Lakeland College.

27 Dairy cow operation Benefits: Reduce Somatic Cell & Total Bacteria Counts Reduce Mastitis Incidence & treatment costs Reduce Lameness problems & treatment costs Improve fertility & reduce replacement frequency Reduce calf disease, mortality, treatment & losses Improve future dairy cow & farm performance Improve general environment by reducing ammonia fumes

28 Dairy cow cubicles: Twice weekly spread a good handful ( grams) of Staldren in the rear part of each cubicle, where moist and polluted conditions is likely to cause a increase of certain harmful pathogens

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31 Kenya Dairy using STALDREN

32 Why use Staldren instead of hydrated lime? Hydrated lime is slaked lime which has a very high ph, up to about 13. This high ph value is enough to kill bacteria. Unfortunately, such high ph value also has many side effects and for domestic animals and their immediate environment, it is essential that the ph value does not get this high. A cow's teat produces a substance that lubricates the duct and protects against bacteria. It has a ph value of 4.5 to 5 and it would be quickly neutralized and destroyed if in contact with hydrated lime. The same applies to all mammals. The substance also is produced in the mucous membranes of the nose and throat and defends against viruses and bacteria. Hydrated lime destroys this important substance. Staldren does not.

33 Calving & Hospital sections

34 Calving area and sick pens: Daily spread a good handful ( grams) of Staldren per meter² of floor area. This is particularly important if calving pen is not fully cleaned and disinfected between cows.

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37 In the calf pen: Twice weekly, spread a good handful ( grams) of Staldren per meter². Apply more frequently in case of disease outbreaks.

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42 Staldren When using Staldren continuously, you reduce the level of infection and, therefore, ensure healthier animals, and achieve better production results. Furthermore it leaves a pleasant smell, for the benefit of both the animals and personnel.