Paralytic effect of alcoholic extract of Allium sativum and Piper longum on liver amphistome, Gigantocotyle explanatum
|
|
- Scarlett Welch
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Research Article Paralytic effect of alcoholic extract of Allium sativum and Piper longum on liver amphistome, Gigantocotyle explanatum T.U. Singh, D. Kumar, S.K. Tandan ABSTRACT Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar , UP, India Received: Revised: Accepted: Correspondence to: Dr. D. Kumar dineshks17@ivri.up.nic.in Objective: To investigate the effects of alcoholic extract of Allium sativum and Piper longum on the muscular activity of a parasitic amphistome, Gigantocotyle explanatum. Materials and Methods: Amphistomes were isometrically mounted to record the spontaneous muscular activity by using Chart 4 software program (Power Lab, AD Instruments, Australia) and to examine the effects of cumulative doses (1, 3, 1, and 3 µg/ml) of the plant extracts on the amplitude (g), frequency (per 1 min), and baseline tension (g) of the spontaneous muscular activity of the amphistome. Results: Alcoholic extract of A. sativum produced significant reduction in the frequency and amplitude of contractile activity of the amphistome at 1 and 3 µg/ml bath concentrations. Complete paralysis of the amphistome was observed after 15 min of addition of 3 µg/ml concentration. Alcoholic extract of P. longum also caused paralysis following 15-2 min exposure of the amphistome to 3 µg/ml concentration. In both the cases the amphistomes did not recover from paralysis following 2-3 washes. Conclusion: The observations demonstrate the paralytic effect of alcoholic extract of A. sativum and P. longum on G. explanatum. KEY WORDS: Alcoholic extract, Allium sativum, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Piper longum, spontaneous muscular activity Parasitic infection is a major health problem throughout the world and is responsible for considerable economic losses to the livestock industry, particularly to poor livestock owners in developing countries. Other adverse effects of these parasites include loss of meat, wool, and egg production. Amongst helminths, infection caused by trematodes like amphistomes (Gigantocotyle explanatum and Gastrothylax crumenifer) and Fasciola sp. is more serious than that due to round worms. The prevalence of G. explanatum is very high in ruminants in the Indian subcontinent. These parasites cause hemorrhages and connective tissue proliferation at the site of attachment, vacuolar degeneration in the liver, and hyperplasia in the bile duct, thereby seriously affecting the health and productivity of infected animals. [1] Chemotherapy is the only efficient and effective tool to cure and control the helminth infection, as efficacious vaccines against helminths have not been developed so far. Indiscriminate use of synthetic anthelmintics in domestic animals has resulted in the development of resistance in helminth parasites. [2-4] Further, residual toxicity, adverse reactions, high cost, and inaccessibility to the rural farmers are problems associated with these agents. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop newer, selective, and eco-friendly agents to control helminth infections. Plant-based anthelmintics offer an alternative to overcome some of these problems and they can be both sustainable and environmentally acceptable. Unlike synthetic anthelmintics, plant-based anthelmintics with different modes of action could be of value in preventing the development of resistance. [5] Herbal drugs have been in use since ancient times for the treatment of a variety of acute and chronic parasitic diseases, both in human and in veterinary medicine. [6-7] The use of an extract of male fern (Dryopteris felix mas) against cestodes and trematodes and that of arecoline (from Areca catechu) against tapeworms of dogs and poultry has also been reported. [8] In the search for plant-based anthelmintics, extracts of different medicinal plants have been tested for action against flatworms and roundworms in vitro and in vivo and have been found to possess anthelmintic activity. For example, an alcoholic extract of Mallotus philippinensis caused complete paralysis of F. gigantica in vitro, [9] garlic protected mice against Schistosoma infection, A. sativum has shown anthelmintic action in vitro against Heterakis gallinae and Ascaridia galli, [1] Haemonchus contortus, [11] a free-living nematode of Rhabditis sp., larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, and eggs of Ascaris summ. [12] In vivo A. sativum has demonstrated activity against strongyloids in donkeys. [13] P. longum has been reported to produce paralysis of Ascaris lumbricoides. [14] Moreover, extracts of the plants used in the present study, A. sativum and P. longum, have shown good hepatoprotective activity in rats. [15,16] Although A. sativum and 64
2 P. longum have shown activity against roundworms, to the best of our knowledge, there is no study on the effects of these plants on G. explanatum. The present study evaluates the effects of alcoholic extract of A. sativum and P. longum on spontaneous muscular activity of G. explanatum. Materials and Methods Collection of parasites Mature and healthy G. explanatum were collected from the bile ducts of freshly slaughtered buffaloes from the local abattoir in warm (38 ± 1 C) Hank s balanced salt solution (HBSS) containing antibiotics (streptomycin sulphate mg/ml; and benzyl penicillin - 99 units/liter). They were brought to the laboratory in an insulated container and were kept in the BOD incubator at 38 ± 1 C until further use. Preparation of alcoholic extract of the plant material The plant materials (dried fruits of P. longum and bulbs of A. sativum) were pounded and then extracted with 7% ethanol under reflux. The alcoholic extract was concentrated under reduced pressure to a semisolid mass and made free from solvent. Preparation of plant extract suspension Suspensions (1 mg/ml) of the alcoholic extracts of A. sativum and P. longum were prepared in Tween-8 (final concentration.1%) and distilled water just before their use and further dilutions were prepared in HBSS solution. Isometric mounting of G. explanatum and mechanical recording of the spontaneous muscular activity Mature and active G. explanatum were mounted isometrically in HBSS solution at 38 ± 1 C as per the method described for Gastrothylax crumenifer. [17] Briefly, the amphistomes were mounted with the help of two fine steel hooks. One hook was inserted 1-2 mm caudal to the anterior sucker and fixed to the tip of an aeration tube and another hook was inserted through the surface of the acetabulum and connected to the transducer (Power Lab, AD Instruments, Australia). The isometrically mounted parasite was equilibrated without any tension for 3 min, following which 3 mg tension was applied and spontaneous muscular activity was recorded using Chart 4 software program (Power Lab, AD Instruments, Australia). Control recordings were made for 15 min before the addition of a drug. During the equilibration period, the bath fluid was changed once every 1 min. Three parameters, namely, frequency (total number of contractions in 1 min), amplitude (average of all peaks per 1 min or average tension) of spontaneous muscular contractions, and baseline tension (average of all minimum levels of contractions used for measuring amplitude) of the isometrically mounted G. explanatum were measured. Measurements were made for a period of 1 min immediately before the application of a dose of the extract or before a wash following application of a dose. Effect of cumulative concentrations of plant extracts on spontaneous muscular activity of isometrically mounted G. explanatum Cumulative doses (1, 3, 1, and 3 µg/ml) of the plant extract were added to the tissue bath with the isometrically mounted amphistome. Each dose was allowed to act for 15 min with concomitant recording of spontaneous muscular activity of the G. explanatum. The effects of various concentrations of plant extracts on frequency and amplitude of spontaneous muscular contractions and on the baseline tension of the isometrically mounted G. explanatum were recorded and compared with the control recording. Statistical analysis The results are presented as mean ± standard error of mean. To measure the level of significance, one way ANOVA with Tukey s multiple comparison tests were applied. Results Recording of spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) of G. explanatum The isometrically mounted G. explanatum exhibited SMA for several hours without significant change in amplitude, baseline tension, and frequency of the rhythmicity. The control (i.e., SMA recorded within 15 min of tension application) amplitude, baseline tension, and frequency of SMA were.31 ±.3 g (n = 6),.17 ±.2 g (n = 6), and 51.5 ± 3.52/1 min (n = 6), respectively. The amplitude (.32 ±.2 g; n = 6), baseline tension (.18 ±.2 g; n = 6), and frequency (51.83 ± 1.33/1 min; n = 6) of spontaneous contractions recorded after a period of 2 h, were not significantly different from those recorded within 15 min after applying the tension to G. explanatum [Figures 1A and B]. Effect of cumulative concentrations of alcoholic extract of A. sativum on SMA of G. explanatum The amplitude of contractions of the amphistomes was significantly decreased to.2 ±.1 g (P <.5) and.1 ±.1 g, (P <.1) with 1 and 3 µg/ml concentrations of A. sativum extract, respectively, as compared to control (.32 ±.3). The extract, at 1 and 3 µg/ml concentrations, also produced significant (P <.1 and P <.1, respectively) reduction in the frequency of the SMA of amphistome. The values of frequency of SMA of amphistome at 1 and 3 µg/ml concentration of the extract were ± 2.73 and 24. ± 2.79, respectively. The alcoholic extract of A. sativum did not cause any significant change in the baseline tension up to a concentration of 1 µg/ml. However, at 3 µg/ml concentration, there was significant (P <.5) reduction in the baseline tension of the SMA of the amphistome. The extract produced complete paralysis of the fluke after 15-2 min of administration of 3 µg/ ml concentration [Figures 2A and B] and the SMA of the amphistome did not revive following 2 washes at 1 min intervals (data not shown). The recordings demonstrate a dose-dependent and progressive reduction in the SMA of the amphistomes from 1 to 3 µg/ml concentration of the extract. Effect of cumulative concentrations of alcoholic extract of P. longum on the SMA of G. explanatum In isometrically mounted G. explanatum, the normal amplitude, baseline tension, and frequency of contractions recorded were.33 ±.2 g (n = 6),.17 ±.2 g (n = 6), and ± 3.1/1 min (n = 6), respectively. The average 65
3 Figure 1: Time-dependent control recording of the spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) of G. explanatum. Time-dependent changes in the amplitude (g), baseline tension (g), and frequency (per 1 min) of spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) of G. explanatum. Figure 2: Effect of cumulative concentrations of alcoholic extract of A. sativum on spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) of G. explanatum. Effect of cumulative concentrations of alcoholic extract of A. sativum on the amplitude (g), baseline tension (g), and frequency (per 1 min) of spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) of G. explanatum. Data is expressed as the mean ± SE. *P <.5, **P <.1 and P <.1 as compared to control values. min Control 3 min 1µg/ml 6 min 3µg/ml 9 min 1µg/ml.3 g 12 min 3µg/ml.3 g After wash & Baseline / & Baseline ** * 4 2 / 4 * Time (min) Concentration (µg/ml) baseline tension was decreased significantly (P <.1) with 3 µg/ml concentration of the extract of P. longum. The amplitude was reduced significantly to.19 ±.1 g (P <.1) and.11 ±.2 g (P <.1) at concentrations of 1 µg/ml and at 3 µg/ml, respectively, as compared to control. The frequency of SMA of the amphistome was significantly (P <.1) reduced at 1 µg/ml and 3 µg/ml concentrations of the extract [Figure 3A and B]. Paralysis of the amphistome ensued after 15-2 min of administration of 3 µg/ml concentration of the alcoholic extract of P. longum. The paralyzed amphistome did not revive following 2-3 washes at 1 min intervals. 66
4 Figure 3: Effect of cumulative concentrations of alcoholic extract of P. longum on spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) of G. explanatum. Effect of cumulative concentrations of alcoholic extract of P. longum on the amplitude (g), baseline tension (g), and frequency (per 1 min) of spontaneous muscular activity (SMA) of G. explanatum. Data is expressed as the mean ± SE. **P <.1 and P <.1 as compared to control values. Control 1µg/ml 3µg/ml 1µg/ml 3µg/ml 15 min after & Baseline ** Concentration (µg/ml) /.3 g Discussion The main finding from this investigation was that alcoholic extracts of A. sativum and P. longum produced complete paralysis of G. explanatum after 15 min of addition of 3 µg/ ml concentration of the extracts and the amphistomes did not recover from paralysis even after 2-3 washes. Chemotherapeutic agents available for treatment of helminth infection act mainly through three different mechanisms, viz, by disruption of the neuromuscular physiology, by blocking the energy metabolism, and by disturbing the highly efficient reproductive system of the parasites. [18] Several important anthelmintics cause paralysis of helminth parasites by disrupting one or the other aspect of their neuromuscular system. [8,19] The muscular activity of helminth parasites can be appreciated as SMA, which can be recorded mechanically with the help of a physiograph. The SMA can be quantified in terms of frequency, amplitude of rhythmic contractions, and baseline tension and these parameters can be measured before and following drug treatment and the values compared. [2] The changes produced in the SMA of isometrically mounted amphistome by a drug, shows the involvement of the neuromuscular system on account of rapidity of action. Rapid and marked change in the SMA of an isometrically mounted parasite by a drug indicates that the neuromuscular system of the parasites has been affected. Thus, SMA of isometrically mounted parasite can be used to evaluate anthelmintic activity of new compounds in vitro. In the present study, the SMA of G. explanatum is grossly similar to that of G. crumenifer, [17] S. mansoni, [21] and F. hepatica. [22] We have observed in a separate study that alcoholic extracts of A. sativum and P. longum inhibited the gross (visually assessed) motility of G. explanatum at 4 h of incubation (under publication). In the present study both the extracts induced marked decrease in the amplitude and frequency of rhythmic contractions at 1 µg/ml concentration and produced complete paralysis of the amphistome within 15 min recording in presence of their highest concentration (3 µg/ml). It can be appreciated from the recording of the effect of alcoholic extract of A. sativum that the inhibitory effect was dose-dependent from 1 to 3 µg/ ml bath concentrations, although same could not be verified statistically. In case of P. longum also, a dose-dependent effect could be seen. Alcoholic extract of P. longum also demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on the SMA of G. crumenifer from 1 to 3 µg/ml bath concentrations. Thus, the paralysis of G. explanatum is the effect of the alcoholic extracts of A. sativum and P. longum. The chemotherapeutic value of both the extracts is also evident from an earlier study, [23] wherein P. longum (fruits), along with Azadirachta indica (bark), Butea frondosa (seeds), and Nigella sativa (seeds), produced broad spectrum anthelmintic action against roundworms (H. contortus and Oesophagostomum columbianum) and flukes (Paramphistomum cervi) in calves. In vitro, P. longum produced paralysis of A. lumbricoides. [14] Furthermore, A. sativum has also been shown to possess anthelmintic action in vitro against H. gallinae and A. galli, [1] H. contortus, [11] etc., and in vivo against strongyloides in donkeys. [13] The present observations provide evidence for the paralytic effect of alcoholic extracts A. sativum and P. longum on amphistomes. In conclusion, the observations demonstrate a paralytic effect of alcoholic extract of A. sativum and P. longum on G. explanatum by progressive reduction in the SMA, which may be associated with their inhibitory effect on the neuromuscular system of the amphistome. Acknowledgment The authors are thankful to the Director, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (U.P.), for providing the necessary facilities to complete this work. 67
5 References 1. Swarup D, Pachauri SP, Mukherjee SC. Prevalence and clinico-pathology of naturally occurring fascioliasis and biliary amphistomiasis in buffaloes. Indian J Anim Sci 1987;57: Singh D, Swarnkar CP, Khan FA. Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock in India. J Vet Parasitol 22;16: Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Blackhall W. Will technology provide solutions for drug resistance in veterinary helminths? Vet Parasitol 25;132: Wolstenholme AJ, Fairweather I, Prichard R, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Sangster NC. Drug resistance in veterinary helminths. Trends Parasitol 24;2: Hammond JA, Fielding D, Bishop SC. Prospects for plant anthelmintics in tropical veterinary medicine. Vet Res Com 1997;21: Chopra RN, Nayyar SL, Chopra IC. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi: Council of ScientiÞc and Industrial Research; p Kumar D, Rao GS, Raviprakash V, Tripathi HC, Tandan SK, Lal J, et al. Indigenous plants active against helminthic infections of domestic animals in India. Proc Natl Acad Sci India 25;75: Reinemeyer CR, Courtney CH. Chemotherapy of parasitic diseases. In: Adam, H.R. Editor, Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8 th Edition, Ames, Iowa State University Press; 21.p Kushwaha DS, Kumar D, Tripathi HC, Tandan SK. Effect of some indigenous medicinal plant extracts on Fasciola gigantica in vitro. Indian J Anim Sci 24;74: Nagaich SS. Studies on the anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum (Garlic) oil on common poultry worms Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinae. J Parasitol App Anim Biol 2;9: Zafar-Iqbal, Nadeem QK, Khan MN, Akhtar MS, Waraich FN. In vitro anthelmintic activity of Allium sativum, Zingiber offi cinale, Cucurbita mexicana and Ficus religiosa. Int J Agric Biol 21;3: Chybowski J. Study of the anthelmintic activity of garlic extracts. Herba Polonica 1997;43: Sutton GA, Haik R. EfÞcacy of garlic as an anthelmintic in donkeys. Israel J Vet Med 1999;54: D -Cruz JL, Nimbkark AY, Kokate CK. Evaluation of fruits of Piper longum and leaves of Adhatoda vasica nees for anthelmintic activity. Indian Drugs 198;17: El-Manakhy EM, Yaussef SA, Hassieb MM. The protective effect of garlic against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicosis in male rats: Some histopathologic and histochemical studies. Egyptian J Comp Path Clin Pathol 1998;11: Rege N, Dhanukar S, Karandikar SM. Hepatoprotective effects of P. longum against carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage. Indian Drugs 1984;21: Noble TG. In vitro studies on some medicinal plant extracts against Gastrothylax crumenifer, a rumen amphistome. M.V.Sc Thesis, Izatnagar: Indian Veterinary Research Institute; 24. p Geary TG, Klein RD, Vanover L, Bowman JW, Tompson DP. The nervous system of helminths as target for drugs. J Parasitol 1992;78: Loukas A, Hotez PJ. Chemotherapy of helminth infections. In: Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL. Goodman and Gilman s, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11 th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Companies; 25. p Sukhdeo SC, Sangster NC, Mettrick DF. Effects of cholinergic drugs on longitudinal muscle contraction of Fasciola hepatica. J Parasitol 1986;72: Mellin TN, Busch RD, Wang CC, Kath G. Neuropharmacology of the parasitic trematode Schistosoma mansoni. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1983;32: Fairweather I, Holmes SD, Threadgold LT. Fasciola hepatica: A technique for monitoring in vitro motility activity. Exp Parasitol 1983;56: Raje AA, Jangde CR, Kolte SW. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of mixture of indigenous medicinal plants in cow calves. J Vet Parasitol 23;17:
ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF CYMBOPOGAN NARDUS
ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF CYMBOPOGAN NARDUS AND AZADIRACHTA INDICA ON FASCIOLA GIGANTICA N. Jeyathilakan*, K. Murali¹, A. Anandaraj², B.R. Latha and S. Abdul Basith Department of Veterinary
More informationEFFECTS OF GARLIC, TURMERIC AND BETEL LEAF AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES IN CATTLE. M. R. Amin, M. Mostofa, M. A. Awal and M. A.
Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (1): 115 119 EFFECTS OF GARLIC, TURMERIC AND BETEL LEAF AGAINST GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES IN CATTLE M. R. Amin, M. Mostofa, M. A. Awal and M. A. Sultana Department of Pharmacology,
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Orafluke 5% w/v Oral Suspension. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each 1ml of suspension contains: Active Substances
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Flukiver 50 mg/ml Solution for Injection 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active Substance Closantel (as Closantel
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Flukiver 5% w/v Oral Suspension 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active Substance Closantel (as Clostanel sodium)
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Orafluke 10% w/v Oral Suspension. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active Substances per ml Fenbendazole 100 mg Rafoxanide
More informationDetection of Gastrointestinal Helminthic and Protozoan Infections in Diarrhoeic Goats
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 4 (2017) pp. 801-805 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.604.100
More informationPrevalence of some parasitic helminths among slaughtered ruminants in Kirkuk slaughter house, Kirkuk, Iraq
Prevalence of some parasitic helminths among slaughtered ruminants in Kirkuk slaughter house, Kirkuk, Iraq M. A. Kadir*, S. A. Rasheed** *College of Medicine, Tikrit, Iraq, **Technical Institute, Kirkuk,
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Valbazen 100 mg/ml Total Spectrum Wormer 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains: Active substance Albendazole
More informationTherapeutic efficacy of a mixture of ivermectin and closantel against gastrointestinal parasites in draft horses
( - ) ( ) % 88.0 19 %15.75 Oxyuris equi % 1.58 Strongylus spp..% 42.10 / 0.05.% 10.52 Parascaris equorum Parascaris equorum % 100 14 Strongylus spp. % 99.42 Oxyuris equi.gastrophilus nasalis Therapeutic
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCTS CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCTS CHARACTERISTICS Revised: 15 January 2009 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Tramazole 2.5% w/v SC Oral Suspension 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active Substance
More informationClozanox 150. Closantel Oral Solution. Protect your live stock with. COMPOSITION: Each ml contains: Closantel 150 mg
Clozanox 150 Closantel Oral Solution COMPOSITION: Closantel 150 mg The Gold standard Control & treatment of Liver flukes, gastro intestinal round worms & ectoparasites. In Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat,
More informationEfficacies of fenbendazole and albendazole in the treatment of commercial turkeys artificially infected with Ascaridia dissimilis
Efficacies of fenbendazole and albendazole in the treatment of commercial turkeys artificially infected with Ascaridia dissimilis Jessica Perkins, Thomas Yazwinski, Chris Tucker Abstract The goal of this
More informationJournal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Available on line www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research ISSN No: 0975-7384 CODEN(USA): JCPRC5 J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2011, 3(2):298-302 In vitro anthelmintic activity of stem bark
More informationPrevalence of amphistomes of cattle in Thailand
Hungarian Natural History Museum Hungarian Society of Parasitologists Parasit, hung., 29-30: 27-32, 1996-1997 Prevalence of amphistomes of cattle in Thailand p. PRASITIRAT 1, T. CHOMPOOCHAN 1, S. NITHIUTHAI
More informationTHE ACTIVITIES OF ANTHELMINTIC INFUSA OF PAPAYA SEEDS (CARICA PAPAYA L.) AGAINST WORMS ASCARIS SUUM (STUDY IN VITRO)
THE ACTIVITIES OF ANTHELMINTIC INFUSA OF PAPAYA SEEDS (CARICA PAPAYA L.) AGAINST WORMS ASCARIS SUUM (STUDY IN VITRO) Maulidila Briliana Agarti, Muhammad Ibrahim, Salma Alfiana, Sekentya Mauridha Sasturi,
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Prazitel Plus XL Tablets For Dogs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each tablet contains: Active substances: Praziquantel
More information6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogenic microbes. Although
More informationInternational Journal of Phytomedicine 3 (2011) 36-40
International Journal of Phytomedicine 3 (2011) 36-40 http://www.arjournals.org/index.php/ijpm/index Original Research Article ISSN: 0975-0185 Anthelmintic activity of extracts of Coriandrum sativum linn.
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE
European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/CVMP/211249/2005-FINAL July 2005 COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN (Extrapolation to all ruminants)
More informationA Field Study on Efficacy of Albendazole (Albezol ) Against Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Ruminants
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 39 : 647-651 (25) A Field Study on Efficacy of Albendazole (Albezol ) Against Gastro-intestinal Nematodes in Ruminants Theera Rukkwamsuk 1, Anawat Sangmalee 1, Korawich Anukoolwuttipong
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Duotech Oral Suspension for Sheep. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substances: Oxfendazole 25 mg/ml Closantel
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Supaverm Oral Suspension 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substance: % w/v Closantel (as closantel sodium
More informationANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF METHYRIDINE AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS IN MICE
Brit. J. Pharmaeol. (1961), 17, 321-326. ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF METHYRIDINE AGAINST EXPERIMENTAL NEMATODE INFECTIONS IN MICE BY A. W. J. BROOME AND N. GREENHALGH From Imperial Chemical Industries, Pharmaceuticals
More informationVolume: I: Issue-3: Nov-Dec IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF THE WHOLE PLANT OF ENICOSTEMMA LITTORALE BY USING VARIOUS EXTRACTS
Volume: I: Issue3: NovDec 2010 IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF THE WHOLE PLANT OF ENICOSTEMMA LITTORALE BY USING VARIOUS EXTRACTS S.Vidyadhar*, M.Saidulu, T.K.Gopal, D. Chamundeeswari, Umamaheswara rao,
More informationEuropean public MRL assessment report (EPMAR)
15 January 2013 EMA/CVMP/914694/2011 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) European public MRL assessment report (EPMAR) Fenbendazole (extension to chicken and extrapolation to all
More informationIn vitro evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of Trichilia and Ajuga species on Ascaridia galli
Research article Hygeia.J.D.Med.Vol.2 (2), 21, 43-53. ISSN 975 6221 HYGEIA JOURNAL FOR DRUGS AND MEDICINES www.hygeiajournal.com In vitro evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy of Trichilia and Ajuga species
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology EMEA/MRL/728/00-FINAL April 2000 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS STREPTOMYCIN AND
More informationPrevalence of zoonotic parasitic diseases of domestic animals in different abattoir of Comilla and Brahman Baria region in Bangladesh
Zoonotic Univ. j. zool. parasitic Rajshahi. diseases Univ. Vol. 28, 2010 pp. 21-25 ISSN 1023-6104 21 http://journals.sfu.ca/bd/index.php/ujzru Rajshahi University Zoological Society Prevalence of zoonotic
More informationEstimation of Milk Losses due to Fasciolosis in Uttarakhand
Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 27 (No.2) July-December 2014 pp 281-288 DOI: 10.5958/0974-0279.2014.00031.7 Estimation of Milk Losses due to Fasciolosis in Uttarakhand D. Bardhan* a, Rajeev
More informationFasimec Cattle Oral Flukicide and Broad Spectrum Drench
Product name: Fasimec Cattle Oral Flukicide and Broad Spcctrum Drench Page: 1 of 10 Display box front panel 5 L gun pack only CAUTION KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN READ SAFETY DIRECTIONS BEFORE OPENING
More informationFREEDOM OF INFORMATION SUMMARY
Date of Approval Letter: FREEDOM OF INFORMATION SUMMARY SUPPLEMENTAL NEW ANIMAL DRUG APPLICATION NADA 110-048 VALBAZEN (albendazole)...for the removal and control of a variety of internal parasites common
More informationANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ISOLATED FROM MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS*
Short Communication ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ISOLATED FROM MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS* T.R.Pugazhenthi 1, A. Elango 2, C. Naresh Kumar 3, B. Dhanalakshmi 4 and A. Bharathidhasan
More informationFASINEX 100 Oral Flukicide for Sheep, Cattle and Goats
Date of change: 12 February 2004 Page: 1 of 12 Bottle, front panel READ SAFETY DIRECTIONS BEFORE OPENING OR USING FOR ANIMAL TREATMENT ONLY FASINEX 100 Oral Flukicide for Sheep, Cattle and Goats Active
More informationAn experimental study on triclabendazole resistance of Fasciola hepatica in sheep
Veterinary Parasitology 95 (2001) 37 43 An experimental study on triclabendazole resistance of Fasciola hepatica in sheep C.P.H. Gaasenbeek a,, L. Moll b, J.B.W.J. Cornelissen a, P. Vellema b, F.H.M. Borgsteede
More informationUSA Product Label CLINTABS TABLETS. Virbac. brand of clindamycin hydrochloride tablets. ANADA # , Approved by FDA DESCRIPTION
VIRBAC CORPORATION USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com P.O. BOX 162059, FORT WORTH, TX, 76161 Telephone: 817-831-5030 Order Desk: 800-338-3659 Fax: 817-831-8327 Website: www.virbacvet.com CLINTABS
More informationDrug Discovery: Supporting development of new drugs to treat global parasitic diseases
Drug Discovery: Supporting development of new drugs to treat global parasitic diseases UC Santa Cruz Bio 117 Feb. 23, 2016 Judy Sakanari Center for Parasitic Diseases UC San Francisco Parasitic Diseases,
More informationMaterials and Methods: Anti-snake venom activities of Asparagus racernosus
Sunil Prashar. et al.: Asian Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 04(16), 2016,Ol-08. RESEARCH ARTICLE Received on: 201 1212016 Published on:29/ 12120 16 Corresponding Author Sunil Prashar, Department
More informationA Survey of Disease Conditions in Sheep and Goats Slaughtered at Coimbatore District Slaughter House, Tamil Nadu, India
International Journal Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 10 (2017) pp. 3692-3699 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.433
More informationANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Distocur 34 mg/ml Oral suspension for cattle. Distocur.vet 34 mg/ml Oral suspension for cattle. (DK, NO, SE) 2.
More informationEFFECT OF SERICEA LESPEDEZA HAY ON GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTION IN GOATS
EFFECT OF SERICEA LESPEDEZA HAY ON GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE INFECTION IN GOATS G.S. Dykes, T.H. Terrill, S.A. Shaik, J.E. Miller, B. Kouakou, G. Karnian, J.M. Burke, R. M. Kaplan, and J.A. Mosjidis1 Abstract
More informationInternet Journal of Food Safety
Internet Journal of Food Safety, Vol.13, 11, p.-9 Internet Journal of Food Safety Copyright 11, Food haccp.com Comparative Study Of Antimicrobial Activity Of Different Plants Against Multi Drug Resistant
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Amfipen LA 100 mg/ml suspension for injection 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substance: Each ml contains:
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Revised: March 2011 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Strongid - P Paste 43.90% w/w 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active Pyrantel Embonate 43.90
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/389/98-FINAL July 1998 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS ENROFLOXACIN (extension to
More informationInternational Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access.
I J A P B International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-2, 2017, 1-7 Research Article Open Access. ISSN: 2454-8375 COMPARISON OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND MIC OF BRANDED
More informationIranian J Parasitol: Vol. 7, No.1, 2012, pp Iranian J Parasitol. Open access Journal at ijpa.tums.ac.ir
Iranian J Parasitol: Vol. 7, No.1, 2012, pp.59-66 Tehran University of Medical Sciences Publication http:// tums.ac.ir Original Article Iranian J Parasitol Open access Journal at http:// ijpa.tums.ac.ir
More informationANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1/12
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1/12 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT HALOCUR 0.5 mg/ml oral solution for calves 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition Active substance Halofuginone
More informationPrevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats in Shillong, Meghalaya, India
Article ID: WMC00777 ISSN 2046-1690 Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Goats in Shillong, Meghalaya, India Author(s):Dr. Subhasish Bandyopadhyay, Mrs. Pallabi Devi, Dr. Asit Bera, Dr. Samiran Bandyopadhyay,
More informationDepartment of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology
Department of Veterinary Anatomy & Histology College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture &Technology, Kumarganj-224229, Faizabad, U.P. (India) OBJECTIVES
More informationEPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PARAMPHISTOMUM CERVI IN CATTLE IN BABYLON PROVINCE
Paramphistomum * *.-..-. * Paramphistomum cervi % Paramphistomum..(%,) (% ) %.(%) %.% %. %,%... EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDY OF PARAMPHISTOMUM CERVI IN CATTLE IN BABYLON PROVINCE Huda sadoon
More informationFor the treatment of mixed parasitic infections in cats caused by roundworms and tapeworms of the following species:
Printed from (http://www.noahcompendium.co.uk). (c) Copyright 2018. All Rights Reserved. Date: Wednesday, October 24, 2018 11:47 Bayer plc Telephone:0118 206 3000 Website:www.bayer.co.uk Email:animal.health@bayer.com
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Cydectin 1% w/v Injectable Solution for Sheep 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains Moxidectin Excipients
More information9.0 ANTHELMINTIC STUDIES
9. ANTHELMINTIC STUDIES India is an agricultural country and its natural wealth makes a substantial contribution to its economy. Worldwide about 3 million cases of helminthiasis is exist at present, either
More informationINTERNAL PARASITES OF SHEEP AND GOATS
7 INTERNAL PARASITES OF SHEEP AND GOATS These diseases are known to occur in Afghanistan. 1. Definition Parasitism and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism in particular, is arguably the most serious constraint
More informationDetermination of the Anthelmintic Efficacy of Albendazole in the Treatment of Chickens Naturally Infected with Gastrointestinal Helminths
2007 Poultry Science Association, Inc. Determination of the Anthelmintic Efficacy of Albendazole in the Treatment of Chickens Naturally Infected with Gastrointestinal Helminths C. A. Tucker, T. A. Yazwinski,
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Revised: December 2011 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Dectomax 10 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Pigs (UK) Zearl 10 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Pigs
More informationEffects of Late-Summer Protein Supplementation and Deworming on Performance of Beef Calves Grazing Native Range
Effects of Late-Summer Protein Supplementation and Deworming on Performance of Beef Calves Grazing Native Range D.L. Lalman, J.G. Kirkpatrick, D.E. Williams, and J.D. Steele Story in Brief The objective
More informationMonitoring methods and systems
Monitoring methods and systems Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Jürgen Krücken Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine Freie Universität Berlin What suitable and validated tools/tests
More informationAnthelmintic activity of Cassia auriculata L. extracts-in vitro study
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour., 2011, 1 (2): 62-66 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN : 2231 3184 CODEN (USA):
More informationAfr. J. Trad. CAM (2007) 4 (2):
148 Afr. J. Trad. CAM (2007) 4 (2): 148-156 Research Paper ISSN 0189-6016 2007 Afr. J. Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines www.africanethnomedicines.net ANTHELMINTIC EFFICACY OF NAUCLEA
More informationEuropean Public MRL assessment report (EPMAR)
18 March 2016 EMA/CVMP/619817/2015 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use European Public MRL assessment report (EPMAR) Gentamicin (all mammalian food producing species and fin fish) On 3
More informationUSA Product Label LINCOCIN. brand of lincomycin hydrochloride tablets. brand of lincomycin hydrochloride injection, USP. For Use in Animals Only
USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com PHARMACIA & UPJOHN COMPANY Division of Pfizer Inc. Distributed by PFIZER INC. 235 E. 42ND ST., NEW YORK, NY, 10017 Telephone: 269-833-4000 Fax: 616-833-4077 Customer
More informationInternational Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-1, 2017, 8-12 Research Article Open Access.
I J A P B International Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Biotechnology Vol.3, Issue-1, 2017, 8-12 Research Article Open Access. ISSN: 2454-8375 PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC
More informationCourse Curriculum for Master Degree in Poultry Diseases/Veterinary Medicine
Course Curriculum for Master Degree in Poultry Diseases/Veterinary Medicine The Master Degree in Poultry Diseases /Veterinary Medicine, is awarded by the Faculty of Graduate Studies at Jordan University
More informationPhylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms The Acoelomates The acoelomates are animals that lack a coelom. Acoelomates lack a body cavity, and instead the space between the body wall and the digestive tract is filled
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. Name of Veterinary Medicinal Product Endofluke 100 mg/ml Oral Suspension 2. Qualitative and Quantitative Composition Active Substance per ml Triclabendazole 100mg
More informationHealth Products Regulatory Authority
1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Genta 50 mg/ml solution for injection 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains: Active Substances Gentamicin sulphate equivalent to Gentamicin
More informationSustainable worm control strategies for cattle
Sustainable worm control strategies for cattle Technical manual for veterinarians and advisors COWS www.cattleparasites.org.uk Liver fluke December 2013 1 Avoid Resistance Treat Appropriately Identify
More informationANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF SESAMUM INDICUM (L.) SEEDS EXTRACT ON INDIAN EARTHWORM
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Available online at www.ijrpc.com Research Article ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF SESAMUM INDICUM (L.) SEEDS EXTRACT ON INDIAN EARTHWORM Supriya Bhandare
More informationEconomic Significance of Fasciola Hepatica Infestation of Beef Cattle a Definition Study based on Field Trial and Grazier Questionnaire
Economic Significance of Fasciola Hepatica Infestation of Beef Cattle a Definition Study based on Field Trial and Grazier Questionnaire B. F. Chick Colin Blumer District Veterinary Laboratory, Private
More informationABOUT US. Veterinary Pharmaceutical Franchisee Outlets ( Siflon Vet Pharma), PTFE components ( Siflon Polymers),
www.siflon.com ABOUT US Founded in 1996 by Mr. R.Ananthaiah, as a small scale PTFE component manufacturing industry, we've gradually diversified into different sectors. Today, our operations span 5 major
More informationPARASITOLOGY IN 2020 Where will we stand? EU Framework Programmes PARASOL & GLOWORM & PARAVAC
PARASITOLOGY IN 2020 Where will we stand? EU Framework Programmes PARASOL & GLOWORM & PARAVAC All grazing ruminants are infected with helminths, however, only some need to be treated Production diseases
More informationControl of Helminth Parasites in Cow Calf Operations in the Southern United States
Control of Helminth Parasites in Cow Calf Operations in the Southern United States Thomas M. Craig, Ph.D. Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX To control parasitic
More informationANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Panacur AquaSol 200 mg/ml oral suspension for use in drinking water for pigs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
More informationSERUM BIO-CHEMICAL PROFILES OF CROSS-BRED PIGS DURING DIFFERENT REPRODUCTIVE PHASES
Int. J. Agrl.Sc Sc. & Vet.Med. Med. 2013 2013 K Venkataramana et al., 2013 Research Paper ISSN 2320-3730 www.ijasvm.com Vol. 1, No. 3, August 2013 2013 Meghana Publications. All Rights Reserved SERUM BIO-CHEMICAL
More informationLiver Fluke Infestation; What You Need to Know Mamoon Rashid, Sheep and Goat Specialist Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives Liver fluke is an internal parasite (worm) that affects sheep and
More informationFor the treatment and prevention of infections caused by:
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT CYDECTIN 0.1 % W/V ORAL SOLUTION for sheep 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains Active substance Moxidectin
More informationTablet. A light-brown to brown, meat flavoured, bone shaped tablet scored on both sides that can be divided into halves.
1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Drontal Dog Tasty Bone 150/144/50 mg tablets 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each tablet contains: Active Substances: 150 mg Febantel 50 mg Pyrantel
More informationSeasonal Changes Effecting thegrowth Performance of Emu Birds Reared under Intensive Farming System
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.211
More informationHarekrishna Roy et al / Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Vol. 2 (5), 2010,
Preliminary phytochemical investigation and anthelmintic activity of Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Harekrishna Roy*, Anup Chakraborty, Satyabrata Bhanja, Bhabani Shankar Nayak Sruti Ranjan Mishra, P. Ellaiah.
More informationCoprological Survey of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Dairy Cattle in Wayanad, Kerala, India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 2 (2017) pp. 899-903 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.602.100
More informationPlease refer to Table 1 Dosage and Treatment Schedule TABLE 1 Species Product Number of Tubes Cats. Rabbits or Advantage 40 for Cats
Advantage Introduction Company name: Bayer plc Address: Animal Health Division Bayer House, Strawberry Hill, Newbury Berkshire RG14 1JA Telephone: 01635 563000 Fax: 01635 563622 Email: animal.health@bayerhealthcare.com
More informationThe Worms / Chapter 34 and Partial 35 (pgs )
Name: The Worms / Chapter 34 and Partial 35 (pgs.712-716) 1-6. Worms are not the simple organisms most people think of at first sight. List three specific features that support the idea that worms are
More informationPresence of Parasite Larvae in Goat Manure for Use as Fertiliser
Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sci. 36 (3): 211-216 (2013) TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Short Communication Presence of Parasite Larvae in Goat Manure for
More informationDYNAMICS OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AND PREDICTION OF HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS
Indian J. Anim. Res., () : -1, 1 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.arccjournals.com / indianjournals.com SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AND PREDICTION OF HAEMONCHUS
More informationAetiological Study on Pneumonia in Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and in vitro Antibacterial Sensitivity Pattern of the Isolates
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2 (4): 1102-1105, 1999 Research Article Aetiological Study on Pneumonia in Camel (Camelus dromedarius) and in vitro Antibacterial Sensitivity Pattern of the Isolates
More informationVisit ABLE on the Web at:
This article reprinted from: Lessem, P. B. 2008. The antibiotic resistance phenomenon: Use of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination for inquiry based experimentation. Pages 357-362, in Tested
More informationEXCEDE Sterile Suspension
VIAL LABEL MAIN PANEL PRESCRIPTION ANIMAL REMEDY KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN READ SAFETY DIRECTIONS FOR ANIMAL TREATMENT ONLY EXCEDE Sterile Suspension 200 mg/ml CEFTIOFUR as Ceftiofur Crystalline Free
More informationPACIFIC PAHER UNIVERSITY
A Synopsis On ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC EFFECTS OF CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS ON AMPHISTOME ORTHOCOELIUM SCOLIOCOELIUM By Under the Supervision of PACIFIC PAHER UNIVERSITY Faculty of Science
More informationPrevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites of cattle. in Udon Thani, Thailand
20 KHON KAEN AGR. J. 42 SUPPL. 4 : (2014). Prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites of cattle in Udon Thani, Thailand Chonlawit Yuwajita 1*, Suttipong Pruangka 2, Tipabhon Sukwong 3 ABSTRACT: Gastro-intestinal
More information[Version 8, 10/2012] SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
[Version 8, 10/2012] SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Curofen 50 mg/g Premix for Medicated Feeding Stuff for Pigs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
More informationEPSIPRANTEL Veterinary Oral-Local
EPSIPRANTEL Veterinary Oral-Local A commonly used brand name for a veterinary-labeled product is Cestex. Note: For a listing of dosage forms and brand names by country availability, see the Dosage Forms
More informationHAGENIA ABYSSINICA (KOSSO) FOR INTERNAL PARASITE CONTROL IN GOATS
HAGENIA ABYSSINICA (KOSSO) FOR INTERNAL PARASITE CONTROL IN GOATS G. Abebe 1, L. J. Dawson 2, G. Detweiler 2, T. A. Gipson 2 and T. Sahlu 2 1 Awassa College of Agriculture, P.O. Box 5, Awassa, Ethiopia
More informationEFFECT OF THE FED SHATAVARI ( ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS) ON BODY WEIGHT AND PUBERTY OF SAHIWAL HEIFERS
Int. J. Agric.Sc & Vet.Med. 2014 Mahendra Singh et al., 2014 Research Paper ISSN 2320-3730 www.ijasvm.com Vol. 2, No. 1, February 2014 2014 www.ijasvm.com. All Rights Reserved EFFECT OF THE FED SHATAVARI
More informationFasciolosis Clinical Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment and Prevention Management
Fasciolosis Fasiolosis is a chronic parasitic disease of cattle caused by the liver parasites Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and submandibular oedema are characteristic.
More informationPrevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Dairy Cows in Thailand
Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 45 : 40-45 (2011) Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites of Dairy Cows in Thailand Sathaporn Jittapalapong 1 *, Arkom Sangwaranond 1, Burin Nimsuphan 1, Tawin Inpankaew 1, Chamnonjit
More informationBY USING DIFFERENT IN VITRO TESTS*
Indian J. Anim. Res., 46 (3) : 248-252, 2012 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE www.ar.arccjour ccjournals.com / indianjournals.com nals.com EVAL ALUATION OF THE COMMONLY USED ACARICIDES AGAINST
More informationCourse Curriculum for Master Degree Theriogenology & Artificial Insemination/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Course Curriculum for Master Degree Theriogenology & Artificial Insemination/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine The Master Degree in Theriogenology & Artificial Insemination /Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
More informationIntroducing the latest in worming technology...
Introducing the latest in worming technology... Bayer s E-MOX PRO is a new Moxidectin triple active combination oral paste that provides the complete worming solution for horses. E-MOX PRO provides broad
More information