Approach to pediatric Antibiotics
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1 Approach to pediatric Antibiotics Gassem Gohal FAAP FRCPC Assistant professor of Pediatrics
2 objectives To be familiar with common pediatric antibiotics o Classification o Action o Adverse effect To discus common outpatient pediatric infections
3 Antibiotic choice How do you choose the proper antibiotic It depends on: causative organism Site of infection Host susceptibility narrow spectrum
4 Sulfonamides Penicillins Cephalosporins Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides Quinolones Macrolides Antibiotics classification:
5 Type of therapy Empiric therapy: treatment of an infection before specific culture Prophylactic therapy: treatment with antibiotics to prevent an infection Definitive therapy
6 How Antibiotics Work Inhibit cell wall formation - Penicillin Block protein formation - Macrolides, Aminoglycosides Interfere with DNA formation - Nalidixic acid Prevent folic acid synthesis - Sulfonamides
7 Natural penicillins PenG, PenV Aminopenicillins Ampicillin, Amoxicillin Anti-Staph penicillins Oxacillin, Dicloxacillin Anti-Pseudomonal Ticarcillin Piperacillin Penicillins
8 Penicillin Available PO, IM, IV (dosed in units) Drug of Choice, Group A Strep, N. meningitidis, Adverse Reactions skin rash serum sickness Hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, neutropenia
9 Ampicillin Amoxicillin Amp (IV, PO) Amox (PO) Spectrum: PenG + H. flu and some E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes and, Enterococcus
10 Ampicillin Amoxicillin Amp (IV, PO) Amox (PO) Spectrum: PenG + H. flu and some E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes and, Enterococcus
11 Penicillin resistance Bacteria produce enzymes capable of destroying penicillin. beta-lactamases
12 Penicillin resistance Chemicals to inhibit beta-lactamases clavulanic acid tazobactam Sulbactam amoxicillin + clavulanic acid = Augmentin ticarcillin + clavulanic acid = Timentin piperacillin + tazobactam = Tazocin
13 Cephalosporins 1 st Generation Cephalexin, Cefazolin 2 nd Generation Cefoxitin, Cefuroxime, 3 rd Generation Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime 4 th Generation Cefepime
14 Cephalosporins 1 st Generation Gram (+) 2 nd Generation 3 rd Generation Decreasing Gram (+) and Increasing Gram (-) Gram (-), but also some GPC 4 th Generation Gram (+) and Gram (-)
15 1 st Generation: Cefazolin Good for Gram (+) bugs Osteomyelitis Strep Group A Staph MSSA & MSSE Poorer choices: E. coli (50% resistant), Klebsiella
16 2 nd Generations: Cefuroxime Much better gram-negative coverage (except Pseudomonas) Good: Gram (+) (esp. Strep pneumoniae), Groups A&B, MSSA H. influenzae but not meningitis!? E. coli and Klebsiella
17 2 nd Generations: Cefuroxime (Zinacef ) Much better gram-negative coverage (except Pseudomonas) Good: Gram (+) (esp. Strep pneumoniae), Groups A&B, MSSA H. influenzae but not meningitis!? why E. coli and Klebsiella
18 3 rd Generations Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime Ceftazidime :Pseudomonas, Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime very good against S. pneumoniae (use with vancomycin if treating meningitis) and H. influenzae; Donʼt use for Staph aureus Drugs of choice for most CNS infections
19 3 rd Generations Ceftriaxone, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime Ceftazidime :Pseudomonas, Ceftriaxone and Cefotaxime very good against S. pneumoniae (use with vancomycin if treating meningitis) and H. influenzae; Donʼt use for Staph aureus Drugs of choice for most CNS infections
20 Aminoglycosides Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin Aerobic, gram-negatives only Good choice for Pseudomonas infections! Use for Synergy with Beta-Lactams for Enterococcus, and Group B Strep Toxic to otovestibular system and kidneys
21 Aminoglycosides Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Amikacin Aerobic, gram-negatives only Good choice for Pseudomonas infections! Use for Synergy with Beta-Lactams for Enterococcus, and Group B Strep Toxic to otovestibular system and kidneys
22 QUINOLONES Ciprofloxacin Don t use in those under 18 years of age, except approved as 2nd line therapy for urinary tract infections in children. Why?
23 Vancomycin MRSA, MRSE, and ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus S. pneumoniae meningitis especially if resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics NOT for gram-negatives Red Man Syndrome : ***Resistance is quickly emerging in Enterococcus (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus VRE)
24 Vancomycin MRSA, MRSE, and ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus S. pneumoniae meningitis especially if resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics NOT for gram-negatives Red Man Syndrome : ***Resistance is quickly emerging in Enterococcus (vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus VRE)
25 Macrolides: Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin Mycoplasma; Chlamydia;,Staph and Strep Azithromycin adds H. influenzae coverage Erythromycin and clarithromycin lots of drug interactions. Azithromycin doesn t have same profile.
26 Macrolides Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Azithromycin Mycoplasma; Chlamydia;,Staph and Strep Azithromycin adds H. influenzae coverage Erythromycin and clarithromycin lots of drug interactions. GIVE ME Example Azithromycin doesn t have same profile.
27 Some common pediatric infection
28 Acute bacterial sinusitis Dx: Inflammation of the mucosal lining Usually viral URI ( resolve) Bacterial ( suspect if >10 days of URI) URI, allergic rhini1s predisposing factor
29 Acute bacterial sinusitis First line therapy is amoxicillin mg/kg/day divided bid. Severe symptoms is high dose augmentin (90 mg/kg/day amox., 6.4 mg/kg/day clavulanic acid) divided bid. Allergies to penicillin, first line therapy is azithromycin 10 mg/kg kg x 1 day, followed by 5 mg/kg x 4 day,
30 Acute otitis media Dx of OM fluid in the middle ear plus acute signs of illness signs or symptoms of middle ear inflammation, including bulging
31 Acute otitis media How should treats? Less than 2 y = treat More than 2 y, treat if toxic, or not normal host
32 AAP guideline Rx of OM
33 AAP guideline Rx of OM
34 AAP guideline Rx of OM
35 Group A Strep Pharyngitis First line therapy: Penicillin V is the recommended treatment. Alternative therapy: For patients allergic to Penicillin, use erythromycin. Length of treatment: Ten days of treatment are necessary to prevent the development of rheumatic fever.
36 Group A Strep Pharyngitis How to differentiate viral from GAS Pharyngitis First line therapy: Penicillin V is the recommended treatment. Alternative therapy: For patients allergic to Penicillin, use erythromycin. Length of treatment: Ten days of treatment are necessary to prevent the development of rheumatic fever.
37 Community acquired pneumonia 0-3 weeks GBS, Gram rods, CMV 3 weeks 3 months Chlamydia trachomatis, Strep pneumo, RSV, paraflu 4 months 4 yrs Viruses most common, then strep pneumo, than mycoplasma pneumoniae (in older patients in age range 5 yrs 15 yrs Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Strep pneumo
38 Community acquired pneumonia-rx 0-3 weeks, Patient must be admitted 3 weeks 3 months Patient admitted if febrile. If afebrile, azithromycin, or erythromycin are recommended first line therapies. If the patient has a well defined, lobar infiltrate on CXR, however, amoxicillin should be used, either in combination with a macrolide or alone. 4 months 4 years Amoxicillin 5 years-15 years Azithromycin, or erythromycin
39 Home work Review two approach to child with fever ( less than 3 months, 3 month to 3 years) Get an answer for all whys in this lecture plus what I asked you to check
40 Take Home massage Use of antibiotics based on knowledge of disease, host, character of antibiotics entity, not just by remembering these lecture Go back, check and read, things get forgotten
41
42 References Check the website 4commonpedsinfxn.pdf
Perichondritis: Source: UpToDate Ciprofloxacin 10 mg/kg/dose PO (max 500 mg/dose) BID Inpatient: Ceftazidime 50 mg/kg/dose q8 hours IV
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