Chapter 20. Antimicrobial Drugs. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures prepared by Christine L.
|
|
- Lydia Lindsey Parsons
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Drugs Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Copyright Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case
2
3 The History of Chemotherapy Learning Objectives 20-1 Identify the contributions of Paul Ehrlich and Alexander Fleming to chemotherapy Name the microbes that produce most antibiotics.
4 Antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapy: the use of drugs to treat a disease Antimicrobial drugs: interfere with the growth of microbes within a host Antibiotic: a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe Selective toxicity: killing harmful microbes without damaging the host
5 Figure 19.5 Drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura. Platelet Drug (hapten) Drug binds to platelet, forming hapten platelet complex. Complex induces formation of antibodies against hapten. Hapten platelet complex Anti-hapten antibody Action of antibodies and complement causes platelet destruction. Complement
6 Antimicrobial Drugs 1928: Fleming discovered penicillin, produced by Penicillium 1940: Howard Florey and Ernst Chain performed first clinical trials of penicillin
7 Figure 20.1 Laboratory observation of antibiosis.
8 Table 20.1 Representative Sources of Antibiotics Insert Table 20.1
9 Check Your Understanding Who coined the term magic bullet? 20-1 More than half our antibiotics are produced by a certain genus of bacteria. What is it? 20-2
10 The Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity Learning Objectives 20-3 Describe the problems of chemotherapy for viral, fungal, protozoan, and helminthic infections Define the following terms: spectrum of activity, broad-spectrum antibiotic, superinfection.
11 The Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity Broad spectrum Narrow spectrum Superinfection ANIMATION Chemotherapeutic Agents: Modes of Action
12 Table 20.2 The Spectrum of Activity of Antibiotics and Other Antimicrobial Drugs
13 Check Your Understanding Identify at least one reason why it is so difficult to target a pathogenic virus without damaging the host s cells Why are antibiotics with a very broad spectrum of activity not as useful as one might first think? 20-4
14 The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs Learning Objective 20-5 Identify five modes of action of antimicrobial drugs.
15 The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs Bactericidal Kill microbes directly Bacteriostatic Prevent microbes from growing
16 Figure 4.13a Bacterial cell walls. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) Side-chain amino acid Cross-bridge amino acid Tetrapeptide side chain Peptide cross-bridge NAM Peptide bond Carbohydrate backbone Structure of peptidoglycan in gram-positive bacteria.
17 Figure 20.3 The inhibition of bacterial cell synthesis by penicillin. Rod-shaped bacterium before penicillin. The bacterial cell lysing as penicillin weakens the cell wall.
18 Figure 20.4 The inhibition of protein synthesis by antibiotics. Protein synthesis site 5 30S Growing polypeptide Tunnel 50S 3 mrna Three-dimensional detail of the protein synthesis site showing the 30S and 50S subunit portions of the 70S prokaryotic ribosome Growing polypeptide trna 50S portion Chloramphenicol Binds to 50S portion and inhibits formation of peptide bond Protein synthesis site Messenger RNA 30S portion Direction of ribosome movement Streptomycin Changes shape of 30S portion, causing code on mrna to be read incorrectly 70S prokaryotic ribosome Translation Tetracyclines Interfere with attachment of trna to mrna ribosome complex Diagram indicating the different points at which chloramphenicol, the tetracyclines, and streptomycin exert their activities
19 Figure 20.5 Injury to the plasma membrane of a yeast cell caused by an antifungal drug.
20 Table 20.3 Antibacterial Drugs (Part 1 of 3)
21 Table 20.3 Antibacterial Drugs (Part 2 of 3)
22 Table 20.3 Antibacterial Drugs (Part 3 of 3)
23 Inhibiting the Synthesis of Essential Metabolites
24 Figure 20.2 Major Action Modes of Antimicrobial Drugs. 1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, vancomycin 2. Inhibition of protein synthesis: chloramphenicol, erythryomycin, tetracyclines, streptomycin DNA mrna Transcription Translation Protein Replication Enzyme 4. Injury to plasma membrane: polymyxin B 5. Inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis: sulfanimide, trimethoprim 3. Inhibition of nucleic acid replication and transcription: quinolones, rifampin
25 Check Your Understanding What cellular function is inhibited by tetracyclines? 20-5
26 Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs Learning Objectives 20-6 Explain why the drugs described in this section are specific for bacteria List the advantages of each of the following over penicillin: semisynthetic penicillins, cephalosporins, and vancomycin Explain why isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol are antimycobacterial agents.
27 Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs Learning Objectives 20-9 Describe how each of the following inhibits protein synthesis: aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, macrolides Compare the mode of action of polymyxin B, bacitracin, and neomycin Describe how rifamycins and quinolones kill bacteria Describe how sulfa drugs inhibit microbial growth.
28 Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Penicillin Natural penicillins Semisynthetic penicillins Extended-spectrum penicillins
29 Figure 20.6a The structure of penicillins, antibacterial antibiotics. Natural penicillins Common nucleus Penicillin G (requires injection) β lactam ring Penicillin V (can be taken orally)
30 Figure 20.6b The structure of penicillins, antibacterial antibiotics. Semisynthetic penicillins Common nucleus Oxacillin: Narrow spectrum, only gram-positives, but resistant to penicillinase β lactam ring Ampicillin: Extended spectrum, many gram-negatives.
31 Figure 20.7 Retention of penicillin G. Penicillin G (injected intramuscularly) Concentration in blood Penicillin G (oral) Procaine penicillin Benzathine penicillin Time (hr)
32 Figure 20.8 The effect of penicillinase on penicillins. β lactam ring Penicillinase Penicillin Penicilloic acid
33 β Lactam Antibiotics Penicillin Penicillinase-resistant penicillins Penicillins + β-lactamase inhibitors Carbapenems Substitute a C for an S, add a double bond Monobactam Single ring
34 Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Cephalosporins First-generation: narrow spectrum; act against grampositive bacteria Second-generation: extended spectrum includes gram-negative bacteria Third-generation: includes pseudomonads; injected Fourth-generation: oral
35 Figure 20.9 The nuclear structures of a cephalosporin and penicillin compared. β lactam ring Insert Fig 20.9 Cephalosporin nucleus Penicillin nucleus
36 Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Polypeptide antibiotics Bacitracin Topical application Against gram-positives Vancomycin Glycopeptide Important last line against antibiotic-resistant S. aureus
37 Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis Antimycobacterial antibiotics Isoniazid (INH) Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis Ethambutol Inhibits incorporation of mycolic acid
38 Check Your Understanding One of the most successful groups of antibiotics targets the synthesis of bacterial cell walls; why does the antibiotic not affect the mammalian cell? 20-6 What phenomenon prompted the development of the first semisynthetic antibiotics, such as methicillin? 20-7 In what genus of bacteria do we find mycolic acids in the cell wall? 20-8
39 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Chloramphenicol Broad spectrum Binds 50S subunit; inhibits peptide bond formation
40 Figure The structure of the antibacterial antibiotic chloramphenicol. Chloramphenicol
41 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Aminoglycosides Streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin Broad spectrum Change shape of 30S subunit
42 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Tetracyclines Broad spectrum Interfere with trna attachment
43 Figure The structure of the antibacterial antibiotic tetracycline. Tetracycline
44 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Glycylcyclines MRSA and Acinetobacter baumanii Bind 30S subunit; inhibit translation
45 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Macrolides Gram-positives Bind 50S; prevent translocation
46 Figure The structure of the antibacterial antibiotic erythromycin, a representative macrolide. Macrocyclic lactone ring Erythromycin
47 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Streptogramins Gram-positives Bind 50S subunit; inhibit translation
48 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Oxazolidinones Linezolid MRSA Bind 50S subunit; prevent formation of 70S ribosome
49 Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Pleuromutilins From the mushroom Pleurotis mutilus MRSA Bind 50S; prevent translocation
50 Injury to the Plasma Membrane Lipopeptides Structural changes in the membrane, followed by arrest of the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and protein MRSA Polymyxin B Topical Combined with bacitracin and neomycin in over-the-counter preparation
51 Check Your Understanding Why does erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, have a spectrum of activity limited largely to gram-positive bacteria even though its mode of action is similar to that of the broad-spectrum tetracyclines? 20-9 Of the three drugs often found in over-thecounter antiseptic creams polymyxin B, bacitracin, and neomycin which has a mode of action most similar to that of penicillin? 20-10
52 Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Rifamycin Inhibits RNA synthesis Antituberculosis Quinolones and fluoroquinolones Nalidixic acid: urinary infections Ciprofloxacin Inhibit DNA gyrase Urinary tract infections
53 Competitive Inhibitors Sulfonamides (sulfa drugs) Inhibit folic acid synthesis Broad spectrum
54 Figure 5.7bc Enzyme inhibitors. Action of Enzyme Inhibitors Competitive inhibitor Altered active site Noncompetitive inhibitor Allosteric site
55 Figure Actions of the antibacterial synthetics trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. PABA PABA Sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide that is a structural analog of PABA, competitively inhibits the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid from PABA. Sulfamethoxazole Dihydrofolic acid Sulfamethoxazole Dihydrofolic acid Trimethoprim, a structural analog of a portion of dihydrofolic acid, competitively inhibits the synthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid. Trimethoprim Tetrahydrofolic acid Trimethoprim Precursors of proteins, DNA, RNA DNA RNA
56 Check Your Understanding What group of antibiotics interferes with the DNA-replicating enzyme DNA gyrase? Both humans and bacteria need the essential nutrient para-aminobenzoic acid; why, then, are only bacteria affected by sulfa drugs? 20-12
57 Commonly Used Antimicrobial Drugs Learning Objectives Explain the modes of action of currently used antifungal drugs Explain the modes of action of currently used antiviral drugs Explain the modes of action of currently used antiprotozoan and antihelminthic drugs.
58 Antifungal Drugs: Inhibition of Ergosterol Synthesis Polyenes Amphotericin B
59 Figure The structure of the antifungal drug amphotericin B, representative of the polyenes. Amphotericin B
60 Antifungal Drugs: Inhibition of Ergosterol Synthesis Azoles Miconazole Triazole Allylamines For azole-resistant infections
61 Figure The structure of the antifungal drug miconazole, representative of the imidazoles. Miconazole
62 Antifungal Drugs: Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis Echinocandins Inhibit synthesis of β-glucan Cancidas is used against Candida and Pneumocystis
63 Inhibition of Nucleic Acids Flucytosine Cytosine analog interferes with RNA synthesis Pentamidine isethionate Anti-Pneumocystis; may bind DNA
64 Other Antifungal Drugs Griseofulvin Inhibits microtubule formation Superficial dermatophytes Tolnaftate Action unknown
65 Check Your Understanding What sterol in the cell membrane of fungi is the most common target for antifungal action? 20-13
66 Figure 20.16a The structure and function of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Guanine Deoxyguanosine Acyclovir Acyclovir structurally resembles the nucleoside deoxyguanosine.
67 Figure 20.16bc The structure and function of the antiviral drug acyclovir. Phosphate Normal thymidine kinase Nucleoside Guanine nucleotide DNA polymerase Incorporated into DNA The enzyme thymidine kinase combines phosphates with nucleosides to form nucleotides, which are then incorporated into DNA. Phosphate Acyclovir (resembles nucleoside) Thymidine kinase in virus-infected cell DNA polymerase blocked by false nucleotide. Assembly of DNA stops. Acyclovir has no effect on a cell not infected by a virus, that is, with normal thymidine kinase. In a virally infected cell, the thymidine kinase is altered and converts the acyclovir (which resembles the nucleoside deoxyguanosine) to a false nucleotide, which blocks DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase. False nucleotide (acyclovir triphosphate)
68 Antiviral Drugs: Enzyme Inhibitors Protease inhibitors Indinavir: HIV Integrase inhibitors HIV
69 Antiviral Drugs: Entry Inhibitors Entry inhibitors Amantadine: influenza Fusion inhibitors Zanamivir: influenza Block CCR5: HIV
70 Antiviral Drugs: Interferons Prevent spread of viruses to new cells Alpha interferon: Viral hepatitis Imiquimod Promotes interferon production
71 Antiprotozoan Drugs Chloroquine Inhibits DNA synthesis Malaria Artemisinin Kills Plasmodium sporozoites Metronidazole Interferes with anaerobic metabolism Trichomonas and Giardia
72 Antihelminthic Drugs Niclosamide Prevents ATP generation Tapeworms Praziquantel Alters membrane permeability Flatworms Mebendazole and albendazole Interfere with nutrient absorption Intestinal roundworms Ivermectin Paralysis of helminths Intestinal roundworms
73 Check Your Understanding One of the most widely used antivirals, acyclovir, inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Humans also synthesize DNA, so why is the drug still useful in treating viral infections? What was the first drug available for use against parasitic infections? 20-15
74 Tests to Guide Chemotherapy Learning Objective Describe two tests for microbial susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents.
75 Tests to Guide Chemotherapy MIC: minimal inhibitory concentration MBC: minimal bactericidal concentration Antibiogram
76 Figure The disk-diffusion method for determining the activity of antimicrobials.
77 Figure The E test (for epsilometer), a gradient diffusion method that determines antibiotic sensitivity and estimates minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). MIC MIC
78 Figure A microdilution, or microtiter, plate used for testing for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics. Doxycycline (Growth in all wells, resistant) Sulfamethoxazole (Trailing end point; usually read where there is an estimated 80% reduction in growth) Streptomycin (No growth in any well; sensitive at all concentrations) Ethambutol Kanamycin (Growth in fourth wells; equally sensitive to ethambutol and kanamycin) Decreasing concentration of drug
79 Check Your Understanding In the disk-diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) test, the zone of inhibition indicating sensitivity around the disk varies with the antibiotic. Why? 20-16
80 Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs Learning Objective Describe the mechanisms of drug resistance.
81 Figure The development of an antibiotic-resistant mutant during antibiotic therapy. Initiation of antibiotic therapy Antibiotic resistance of bacterial population measured by amount of antibiotic needed to control growth Bacteria (number/ml) Bacteria count Antibiotic resistance (mg/ml) Days
82 Antibiotic Resistance A variety of mutations can lead to antibiotic resistance Resistance genes are often on plasmids or transposons that can be transferred between bacteria
83 Antibiotic Resistance Misuse of antibiotics selects for resistance mutants Misuse includes: Using outdated or weakened antibiotics Using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions Using antibiotics in animal feed Failing to complete the prescribed regimen Using someone else s leftover prescription ANIMATION Antibiotic Resistance: Origins of Resistance ANIMATION Antibiotic Resistance: Forms of Resistance
84 Figure Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics. 1. Blocking entry Antibiotic Antibiotic Antibiotic 2. Inactivation by enzymes Altered target molecule Enzymatic action 3. Alteration of target molecule Inactivated antibiotic 4. Efflux of antibiotic
85 Clinical Focus Antibiotics in Animal Feed Linked to Human Disease, Figure A. Cephalosporin-resistance in E. coli transferred by conjugation to Salmonella enterica in the intestinal tracts of turkeys. E. coli S. enterica S. enterica after conjugation Resistance plasmid
86 Clinical Focus Antibiotics in Animal Feed Linked to Human Disease, Figure B. Percent FQ-resistant Campylobacter Flouroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter jejuni in the United States, FQ for humans FQ for poultry FQ for poultry discontinued Year
87 Check Your Understanding What is the most common mechanism that a bacterium uses to resist the effects of penicillin? 20-17
88 Effects of Combinations of Drugs Learning Objective Compare and contrast synergism and antagonism.
89 Effects of Combinations of Drugs Synergism occurs when the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone Antagonism occurs when the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone
90 Figure An example of synergism between two different antibiotics. Area of synergistic inhibition, clear Area of growth, cloudy Disk with antibiotic amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Disk with antibiotic aztreonam
91 Antibiotic Safety Therapeutic index: risk versus benefit
92 Check Your Understanding Tetracycline sometimes interferes with the activity of penicillin. How? 20-18
93 Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents Learning Objective Identify three areas of research on new chemotherapeutic agents.
94 Future of Chemotherapeutic Agents Antimicrobial peptides Broad-spectrum antibiotics Nisin (lactic acid bacteria) Defensins (human) Magainin (frogs) Squalamine (sharks) Phage therapy
95 Figure 9.14 Gene silencing could provide treatments for a wide range of diseases. Nucleus DNA RNA transcript An abnormal gene, cancer gene, or virus gene is transcribed in a host cell. mrna sirna binds mrna. sirna RISC breaks down the RNA complex. Cytoplasm No protein expression occurs.
96 Check Your Understanding What are defensins? 20-19
Antimicrobial Drugs. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R 20 Antimicrobial Drugs The History of Chemotherapy Selective toxicity: selectively finding and
More informationSelective toxicity. Antimicrobial Drugs. Alexander Fleming 10/17/2016
Selective toxicity Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20 BIO 220 Drugs must work inside the host and harm the infective pathogens, but not the host Antibiotics are compounds produced by fungi or bacteria that
More informationAntibiotics. Antimicrobial Drugs. Alexander Fleming 10/18/2017
Antibiotics Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20 BIO 220 Antibiotics are compounds produced by fungi or bacteria that inhibit or kill competing microbial species Antimicrobial drugs must display selective toxicity,
More informationChapter 12. Antimicrobial Therapy. Antibiotics 3/31/2010. Spectrum of antibiotics and targets
Chapter 12 Topics: - Antimicrobial Therapy - Selective Toxicity - Survey of Antimicrobial Drug - Microbial Drug Resistance - Drug and Host Interaction Antimicrobial Therapy Ehrlich (1900 s) compound 606
More informationChapter concepts: What are antibiotics, the different types, and how do they work? Antibiotics
Chapter concepts: Antibiotics What are antibiotics, the different types, and how do they work? How do we decided on the most appropriate antibiotic treatment? What are some of the ways that bacteria are
More informationAntimicrobial Therapy
Chapter 12 The Elements of Chemotherapy Topics - Antimicrobial Therapy - Selective Toxicity - Survey of Antimicrobial Drug - Microbial Drug Resistance - Drug and Host Interaction Antimicrobial Therapy
More informationBurton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences. Chapter 9. Controlling Microbial Growth in Vivo Using Antimicrobial Agents
Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences Chapter 9. Controlling Microbial Growth in Vivo Using Antimicrobial Agents Chapter 9 Outline Introduction Characteristics of an Ideal Antimicrobial Agent How
More informationbacteria fungi HOW? WHAT? protozoa virus Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs bacteria fungi HOW? WHAT?
More informationControlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs bacteria fungi HOW? WHAT?
More informationControlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs Interesting News https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601138/the-fridge-laserthat-detects-bacteria-crawling-all-over-food/
More informationControlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs bacteria fungi HOW? WHAT?
More informationAntimicrobials & Resistance
Antimicrobials & Resistance History 1908, Paul Ehrlich - Arsenic compound Arsphenamine 1929, Alexander Fleming - Discovery of Penicillin 1935, Gerhard Domag - Discovery of the red dye Prontosil (sulfonamide)
More informationChallenges Emerging resistance Fewer new drugs MRSA and other resistant pathogens are major problems
Micro 301 Antimicrobial Drugs 11/7/12 Significance of antimicrobial drugs Challenges Emerging resistance Fewer new drugs MRSA and other resistant pathogens are major problems Definitions Antibiotic Selective
More informationControlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 12 Topics - Antimicrobial Therapy - Selective Toxicity - Survey of Antimicrobial Drug - Microbial Drug Resistance - Drug and Host Interaction
More informationCSLO3. Distinguish between mechanisms of physical and chemical agents to control microbial populations.
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University CSLO3. Distinguish between mechanisms of physical and chemical agents to control microbial populations.
More informationAntibiotics: mode of action and mechanisms of resistance. Slides made by Special consultant Henrik Hasman Statens Serum Institut
Antibiotics: mode of action and mechanisms of resistance. Slides made by Special consultant Henrik Hasman Statens Serum Institut This presentation Definitions needed to discuss antimicrobial resistance
More informationIntroduction to Chemotherapeutic Agents. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The university of Jordan November 2018
Introduction to Chemotherapeutic Agents Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The university of Jordan November 2018 Antimicrobial Agents Substances that kill bacteria without harming the host.
More informationWHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
CHAPTER 20 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? The most important problem associated with infectious disease today is the rapid development of resistance to antibiotics It will force us to change
More informationAntibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Electron Micrograph of E. Coli Diseases Caused by Bacteria 1928 1 2 Fleming 3 discovers penicillin the first antibiotic. Some Clinically Important Antibiotics Antibiotic
More informationAntibiotics & Resistance
What are antibiotics? Antibiotics & esistance Antibiotics are molecules that stop bacteria from growing or kill them Antibiotics, agents against life - either natural or synthetic chemicals - designed
More informationInhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Zeina Alkudmani
Inhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Zeina Alkudmani Chemotherapy Definitions The use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition. Chemotherapeutic Agent Any drug
More informationchapter 15 microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity
chapter 15 microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity pathogenesis portals of entry & exit inoculation vs. disease: preferred portal of entry entry DOES NOT EQUAL disease entry into preferred portal of entry
More informationPowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College. Antimicrobial Drugs Pearson Education, Ltd.
PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College CHAPTER 20 Antimicrobial Drugs 2016 Pearson Education, Ltd. Selective toxicity: selectively finding and destroying
More informationIntroduction to Antimicrobials. Lecture Aim: To provide a brief introduction to antibiotics. Future lectures will go into more detail.
Introduction to Antimicrobials Rachel J. Gordon, MD, MPH Lecture Aim: To provide a brief introduction to antibiotics. Future lectures will go into more detail. Major Learning Objectives: 1) Learn the different
More informationAntimicrobial agents
Bacteriology Antimicrobial agents Learning Outcomes: At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to: Identify mechanisms of action of antimicrobial Drugs Know and understand key concepts about
More informationAntibacterial susceptibility testing
Antibiotics: Antil susceptibility testing are natural chemical substances produced by certain groups of microorganisms (fungi, ) that inhibit the growth of or kill the other that cause infection. Several
More informationAntimicrobial agents. are chemicals active against microorganisms
Antimicrobial agents are chemicals active against microorganisms Antibacterial Agents Are chemicals active against bacteria Antimicrobials Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral Antiparasitic: -anti protozoan
More informationMicrobiology : antimicrobial drugs. Sheet 11. Ali abualhija
Microbiology : antimicrobial drugs Sheet 11 Ali abualhija return to our topic antimicrobial drugs, we have finished major group of antimicrobial drugs which associated with inhibition of protein synthesis
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi
number 8 Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi 25 10/10/2017 Antibacterial therapy 2 د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi Antibacterial therapy Figure 2/ Antibiotics target Inhibition of microbial
More informationFoundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 12 To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn
More informationIntroduction to antimicrobial agents
Introduction to antimicrobial agents Kwan Soo Ko Action mechanisms of antimicrobials Bacteriostatic agents, such as tetracycline - Inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria - Upon exposure to a
More informationمادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد
م. مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد 2017-2016 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Antimicrobial drugs Lecture 1 Antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to treat a disease. Antimicrobial drugs:
More informationPharm 262: Antibiotics. 1 Pharmaceutical Microbiology II DR. C. AGYARE
Pharm 262: 1 Pharmaceutical Microbiology II Antibiotics DR. C. AGYARE Reference Books 2 HUGO, W.B., RUSSELL, A.D. Pharmaceutical Microbiology. 6 th Ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 1998. WALSH, G. Biopharmaceuticals:
More informationMicrobiology ( Bacteriology) sheet # 7
Microbiology ( Bacteriology) sheet # 7 Revision of last lecture : Each type of antimicrobial drug normally targets a specific structure or component of the bacterial cell eg:( cell wall, cell membrane,
More informationLecture 6: Fungi, antibiotics and bacterial infections. Outline Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance
Lecture 6: Fungi, antibiotics and bacterial infections Outline Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Lecture 1 2 3 Lecture Outline Section 4 Willow and aspirin Opium
More informationChapter 12. Drugs, Microbes, Host. The Elements of Chemotherapy
Chapter 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host The Elements of Chemotherapy Principles of antimicrobial therapy Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host s cells
More informationAntibacterial therapy 1. د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi
Antibacterial therapy 1 د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi ILOs Principles and terms Different categories of antibiotics Spectrum of activity and mechanism of action Resistancs Antibacterial therapy What
More informationFoundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition
Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host The Elements of Chemotherapy Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys
More informationMechanism of antibiotic resistance
Mechanism of antibiotic resistance Dr.Siriwoot Sookkhee Ph.D (Biopharmaceutics) Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University Antibiotic resistance Cross-resistance : resistance
More informationPrinciples of Antimicrobial therapy
Principles of Antimicrobial therapy Laith Mohammed Abbas Al-Huseini M.B.Ch.B., M.Sc, M.Res, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Antimicrobial agents are chemical substances that can kill or
More informationFoundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host The Elements of Chemotherapy Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required
More informationAntimicrobial chemotherapy - history - principles and practice - mode of action, resistance. Dr. Berek Zsuzsa. 01 October 2013
Antimicrobial chemotherapy - history - principles and practice - mode of action, resistance Dr. Berek Zsuzsa 01 October 2013 How to kill Microbes? Extracorporal sterilisation disinfecting prevention Intracorporal
More informationANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. Syed Ziaur Rahman, MD, PhD D/O Pharmacology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Syed Ziaur Rahman, MD, PhD D/O Pharmacology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? The most important problem associated with infectious disease today is the rapid development
More informationبسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم The third (and the last) part about the Antimicrobial drugs. Tetracyclines: 1. This group is considered Bacteriostatic drugs Bacteriostatic drugs means: the effect of them is not
More informationAn#bio#cs and challenges in the wake of superbugs
An#bio#cs and challenges in the wake of superbugs www.biochemj.org/bj/330/0581/bj3300581.htm ciss.blog.olemiss.edu Dr. Vassie Ware Bioscience in the 21 st Century November 14, 2014 Who said this and what
More informationConsequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance. Topics to be Covered
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA
Antimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA Levy, Scientific American Horizontal gene transfer is common, even between Gram positive and negative bacteria Plasmid - transfer of single or multiple
More informationMID 23. Antimicrobial Resistance. Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance Micro evolutionary change - point mutations Beta-lactamase mutation extends spectrum of the enzyme rpob gene (RNA polymerase) mutation
More informationChapter 51. Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents
Chapter 51 Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents History of antimicrobial therapy Early 17 th century Cinchona bark was used as an important historical remedy against malaria. 1909 Paul Ehrlich sought a
More informationControlling microbial growth in vivo by using antimicrobial agents. Dr. Nasser M. Kaplan Medical Microbiology JUST, Irbid, Jordan
Controlling microbial growth in vivo by using antimicrobial agents Dr. Nasser M. Kaplan Medical Microbiology JUST, Irbid, Jordan Introduction Definitions Chemotherapeutic agent = any chemical (drug) used
More informationAntibiotic. Antibiotic Classes, Spectrum of Activity & Antibiotic Reporting
Antibiotic Antibiotic Classes, Spectrum of Activity & Antibiotic Reporting Any substance of natural, synthetic or semisynthetic origin which at low concentrations kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria
More informationcontrol microbial growth in vivo
control microbial growth in vivo ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY Dr. Faten Mostafa Professor of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University 11/6/2016 Dr Faten Mostafa 1 In vitro
More informationOther Beta - lactam Antibiotics
Other Beta - lactam Antibiotics Assistant Professor Dr. Naza M. Ali Lec 5 8 Nov 2017 Lecture outlines Other beta lactam antibiotics Other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Other beta-lactam Antibiotics
More informationCell Wall Inhibitors. Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 3 7 Nov 2017
Cell Wall Inhibitors Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali Lec 3 7 Nov 2017 Cell wall The cell wall is a rigid outer layer, it completely surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, maintaining the shape of the cell
More informationAminoglycosides. Spectrum includes many aerobic Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.
Aminoglycosides The only bactericidal protein synthesis inhibitors. They bind to the ribosomal 30S subunit. Inhibit initiation of peptide synthesis and cause misreading of the genetic code. Streptomycin
More informationPhar 754: Antimicrobial Agents
Pharmacy 754, Spring 2007 INTRDUCTIN T ANTIMICRBIAL AGENTS Dr. Mark Zabriskie ak Creek Bldg, Rm 238 Ph: 737 5774 Mark.Zabriskie@oregonstate.edu ffice ours: by appointment Recommended reading: G&G 10 th
More informationQ1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants.
Q1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants. C. difficile rarely causes problems, either in healthy adults or in infants.
More informationfolate-derived cofactors purines pyrimidines Sulfonamides sulfa drugs Trimethoprim infecting bacterium to perform DNA synthesis cotrimoxazole
Folate Antagonists Enzymes requiring folate-derived cofactors are essential for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines (precursors of RNA and DNA) and other compounds necessary for cellular growth and
More informationANTIBIOTICS USED FOR RESISTACE BACTERIA. 1. Vancomicin
ANTIBIOTICS USED FOR RESISTACE BACTERIA 1. Vancomicin Vancomycin is used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It belongs to the family of medicines called antibiotics. Vancomycin works by killing bacteria
More informationThe β- Lactam Antibiotics. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The University of Jordan November 2018
The β- Lactam Antibiotics Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The University of Jordan November 2018 Penicillins. Cephalosporins. Carbapenems. Monobactams. The β- Lactam Antibiotics 2 3 How
More informationBUGS and DRUGS Part 1 March 6, 2013 Marieke Kruidering- Hall
BUGS and DRUGS Part 1 March 6, 2013 Marieke Kruidering- Hall BIOGRAPHY: Marieke Kruidering- Hall is Associate Professor in the Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology. She was born in the Netherlands.
More informationTable 1. Commonly encountered or important organisms and their usual antimicrobial susceptibilities.
Table 1. Commonly encountered or important organisms and their usual antimicrobial susceptibilities. Gram-positive cocci: Staphylococcus aureus: *Resistance to penicillin is almost universal. Resistance
More informationProceedings of the 13th International Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association WEVA
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the 13th International Congress of the World Equine Veterinary Association WEVA October 3-5, 2013 Budapest, Hungary Reprinted in IVIS with the Permission of the WEVA Organizers
More informationChemotherapeutic Agents
Chemotherapeutic Agents The cell is the basic structure of all living organisms. The cell membrane features specifi c receptor sites that allow interaction with various chemicals, histocompatibility proteins
More informationANTIMICROBIALS 1. Gentamicin 2. Intermediate spectrum (2nd generation) cephalosporins include all of the following except 3.
ANTIMICROBIALS 1. Gentamicin a. Can be mixed in the same administration set as penicillin b. Most streptococci are sensitive to gentamicin c. If organisms are resistant to gentamicin they will also be
More informationAntimicrobials. Antimicrobials
Antimicrobials For more than 50 years, antibiotics have come to the rescue by routinely producing rapid and long-lasting miracle cures. However, from the beginning antibiotics have selected for resistance
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance
Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased
More informationAntibiotics (2): - Before you start: this lecture has a lot of names and things get entangled together, but I
Antibiotics (2): - Before you start: this lecture has a lot of names and things get entangled together, but I have nothing to do but to write everything the Doctor mentioned. I hope it will be clear. -
More informationBiochrom AG s antibiotics solutions: working concentration. Biochrom AG Information, November 19, 2010
Biochrom AG s antibiotics solutions: Up-to to-date overview regarding of action, performance and working concentration Biochrom AG Information, November 19, 2010 Cell culture media allow not only cells
More informationChapter 46. Learning Objectives (cont d)
Chapter 46 Antimicrobial Agents Learning Objectives Explain the major action and effects of drugs used to treat infectious diseases Identify criteria used to select an effective antimicrobial agent Identify
More informationTreatment of Respiratory Tract Infections Prof. Mohammad Alhumayyd Dr. Aliah Alshanwani
Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections Prof. Mohammad Alhumayyd Dr. Aliah Alshanwani 30-1-2018 1 Objectives of the lecture At the end of lecture, the students should be able to understand the following:
More information10/15/08. Activity of an Antibiotic. Affinity for target. Permeability properties (ability to get to the target)
Beta-lactam antibiotics Penicillins Target - Cell wall - interfere with cross linking Actively growing cells Bind to Penicillin Binding Proteins Enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis Activity of an Antibiotic
More informationمادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد
م. مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد 2017-2016 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Antimicrobial drugs Lecture 2 The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs 1- Inhibitors of bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis. β-lactams(
More informationANTIBIOTIC Resistance A GLOBAL THREAT Robero JJ
ANTIBIOTIC Resistance A GLOBAL THREAT Robero JJ Antibiotic resistance is rapidly emerging as a public health issue throughout the world. Mankind has enjoyed about half a century of virtual complete control
More informationCell Wall Weakeners. Antimicrobials: Drugs that Weaken the Cell Wall. Bacterial Cell Wall. Bacterial Resistance to PCNs. PCN Classification
Cell Wall Weakeners Antimicrobials: Drugs that Weaken the Cell Wall Beta Lactams Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems Aztreonam Vancomycin Teicoplanin Bacterial Cell Wall Bacterial cytoplasm is hypertonic
More informationChemotherapy of bacterial infections. Part II. Mechanisms of Resistance. evolution of antimicrobial resistance
Chemotherapy of bacterial infections. Part II. Mechanisms of Resistance evolution of antimicrobial resistance Mechanism of bacterial genetic variability Point mutations may occur in a nucleotide base pair,
More informationProtein Synthesis Inhibitors
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Assistant Professor Dr. Naza M. Ali 11 Nov 2018 Lec 7 Aminoglycosides Are structurally related two amino sugars attached by glycosidic linkages. They are bactericidal Inhibitors
More informationAntimicrobial Stewardship Program
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program David R. Woodard, MSc, FSHEA, CIC CDC: Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013 http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ CDC Threat Levels
More informationPrinciples of Anti-Microbial Therapy Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 1
Principles of Anti-Microbial Therapy Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali Lec 1 28 Oct 2018 References Lippincott s IIIustrated Reviews / Pharmacology 6 th Edition Katzung and Trevor s Pharmacology / Examination
More informationChapter 14. Antimicrobial Agents. Mosby items and derived items 2008, 2002 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 14 Antimicrobial Agents Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Identification of the pathogen Gram stain Acid-fast stain Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
More informationnumber Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr. Malik
number 25 Done by م ها أبو عجمي ة OsamsaAlZoubi Corrected by - Doctor Dr. Malik Antibiotic Misuse There are many ways of antibiotics misuse: Taking antibiotics when they are not needed: Antibiotics are
More informationMechanisms of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance. Alan L. Goldin, M.D./Ph.D.
Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance Alan L. Goldin, M.D./Ph.D. Sections in Medical Microbiology & Immunology Chapter 10 Mechanisms of action Pages 69-84 Chapter 11 Resistance Pages 85-93
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance and Prescribing
Antimicrobial Resistance and Prescribing John Ferguson, Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, John Hunter Hospital, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia M Med Part 1 updates UPNG 2017 Tw @mdjkf http://idmic.net
More informationAntibiotic resistance a mechanistic overview Neil Woodford
Antibiotic Resistance a Mechanistic verview BSc PhD FRCPath Consultant Clinical Scientist 1 Polymyxin Colistin Daptomycin Mechanisms of antibiotic action Quinolones Mupirocin Nitrofurans Nitroimidazoles
More informationAntimicrobial use in poultry: Emerging public health problem
Antimicrobial use in poultry: Emerging public health problem Eric S. Mitema, BVM, MS, PhD CPD- Diagnosis and Treatment of Poultry Diseases FVM, CAVS, 6 th. August, 2014 AMR cont Antibiotics - Natural or
More informationAntibiotic Resistance. Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern. Antibiotic resistance is not new 3/21/2011
Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern Judy Ptak RN MSN Infection Prevention Practitioner Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon, NH Occurs when a microorganism fails to respond
More informationبسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم
بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم 1.lincomycin and clindamycin: Continuously with those agents which usually act by inhibiting microbial protein synthesis which step is involved it is not at this level offered and
More informationWhat is multidrug resistance?
What is multidrug resistance? Umaer Naseer Senior Research Scientist Department of Zoonotic, Water- and Foodborne Infections Norwegian Institute of Public Health Magiorakos A.P. et al 2012 Definition of
More informationEAGAR Importance Rating and Summary of Antibiotic Uses in Humans in Australia
EAGAR Importance Rating and Summary of Antibiotic Uses in Humans in Australia Background The Expert Advisory Group on Antimicrobial Resistance of the NH&MRC provides advice to Australian governments and
More informationIntroduction to Antimicrobial Therapy
Case #1 Introduction to Antimicrobial Therapy Christine Kubin, Pharm.D., BCPS Clinical Pharmacist, Infectious Diseases L.G. is a 78 yo woman admitted for cardiac cath. 3-vessel disease was identified and
More informationMicrobiology. Zhenmei Lu ( 吕镇梅 ) 2017 Spring-Summer
Microbiology Zhenmei Lu ( 吕镇梅 ) lzhenmei@zju.edu.cn 2017 Spring-Summer Chapter 26 Microbial Growth Control Outline I. Physical Antimicrobial Control II. Chemical Antimicrobial Control III. Antimicrobial
More informationIntroduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Diane M. Cappelletty, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice Wayne State University August, 2001 Vocabulary Clearance Renal elimination:
More informationAntibacterial Agents & Conditions. Stijn van der Veen
Antibacterial Agents & Conditions Stijn van der Veen Antibacterial agents & conditions Antibacterial agents Disinfectants: Non-selective antimicrobial substances that kill a wide range of bacteria. Only
More informationJanuary 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1
January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1. and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Interpretive Standards for Testing Conditions Medium: diffusion: Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) Broth dilution: cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton
More informationResponsible use of antimicrobials
Responsible use of antimicrobials Healthy livestock Contact information: Preface Tel: +31 162 582000 Fax: +31 162 582002 Technical Support: Pharmacovigilance: TS@dopharma.com Pharmacovigilance@dopharma.com
More informationANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: An Overview
REVIEW ARTICLE ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: An Overview 1 2 Vishwas TD, Kayalvizhi G CORRESPONDING ADDRESS Dr. T. D. Vishwas Email: vishwasdev@gmail.com Mobile: +91 98864 37028 ABSTRACT Microbes have emerged
More informationIntroduction to Antimicrobial Therapy
Introduction to Antimicrobial Therapy Christine Kubin, Pharm.D., BCPS Clinical Pharmacist, Infectious Diseases Case #2 68 y.o. female with HTN, anxiety with chest pain symptoms 7/27/05: Cath - 3 vessel
More informationAppropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of
Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy for Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections ( MRSA ) By : A. Bojdi MD Assistant Professor Inf. Dis. Dep. Imam Reza Hosp. MUMS Antibiotics Still Miracle Drugs Paul
More information56 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. All rights reserved.
Table 2C 56 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. All rights reserved. Table 2C. Zone Diameter and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration Breakpoints for Testing Conditions Medium: Inoculum: diffusion:
More information