PROPER USE OF MEDICINES. Module for VAHWs

Transcription

1 PROPER USE OF MEDICINES Module for VAHWs

2 Medicines are active drugs, it means that they have an effect on animals Medicines are used to preserve the health of the animals: to treat sick animals or prevent disease in herds or flocks of animals. to improve animal production: better reproduction, more meat, more milk Efficacy and safety are the main concerns when using veterinary drugs

3 A. Different types of medicines that are crucial to maintain good health, to 1 Vitamins and minerals ensure growth and to smooth reproduction 2 Antibiotics necessary to fight infection caused by bacteria Anti-parasites Anti-inflammatory Hormones Vaccines Disinfectants are active against parasites of the skin, in digestive and respiratory tract these medicines can fight inflammation, fever and pain are active on genitals and reproduction to prevent diseases especially caused by virus can control and destroy bacteria, virus, fungi in environment

4 1. Vitamins and Minerals

5 Roles of vitamins Vitamins are nutrients that regulate use of energy and protein for health, growth and reproduction. Vitamin A is essential for healthy eyes, hair and skin and have impact on reproduction Without vitamins nutrients in the feed will not be properly utilized

6 Roles of vitamins Vitamins B It makes a group of many vitamins, B1, B6, B12 Some vitamins B help animals to absorb proteins; deficiency of vitamins of group B cause low growth The Vitamin B12 has a role to help animals to recover after bleeding. Vitamin C It is a general stimulant and it minimizes effects of stress like hot temperature, chronic disease 1 g of Vitamin C every day in the feed of boar, increase quality of sperm when it is hot

7 Vitamin D Roles of vitamins It is necessary for the growth and maintenance of bones and teeth because it stimulate use calcium and phosphorus. Vitamin E Increase of vitamin E give better resistance to disease: good level of Vitamin E in the feed protect well animals It is important also for muscle development, it increase vigor at birth deficiency causes rickets: deformation of knees

8 Sources of vitamins Vitamin A: grass, cassava leaves, fish meal and fish oil Vitamin B: whole grains, soybean Vitamin C: fruits, water grasses Vitamin D: fish meal and fish oil Vitamin E: whole grains, oil In general animals request regular supply of additional vitamins and minerals to improve growth and reproduction. Bad conservation of raw materials, long storage and light destroy vitamins quickly.

9 Role of Minerals Minerals have 3 major roles in animals: Provide structural material to bones Functioning of the nerves: allow electrical impulses to be transmitted across nerves Responsible of chemical reactions in the body; digestion, contraction of muscle, immune function... structure of strong bone not enough minerals

10 Calcium Role of Minerals 99% of calcium are stored in the skeleton. Calcium is essential for animals to produce good bones, eggs and to have good growth Deficiency causes rickets: fragile and deformed bones, swollen joints thin eggshell and decreased egg production weakness to paralysis in milking sow or cattle soft shell due to deficiency of calcium

11 Phosphorus Role of Minerals 80% of Phosphorus is stored in the bones It acts along with calcium for growth, bones and muscle development. Phosphorus is critical for re[production It is necessary to provide supplementary Phosphorus for animal with rapid growth or to improve reproduction DCP (for animal feed) is a good source of phosphorus and calcium. DCP is a white powder that is mixed in the animal feed to provide necessary Ca and P Do not use DCP for agriculture it contains chemical toxic for animals

12 Magnesium Role of Minerals It has roles equivalent to phosphorus. It acts along calcium as well. Magnesium has important role in many chemical reactions in the body. Deficiencies affect muscle contraction, and nerve impulse: it causes tremor, muscular weakness, nervousness... Cereals and molasses are good sources of Magnesium. Premix provide Magnesium

13 Iron Role of Minerals It is a trace element; it is in small quantity but necessary to prevent anemia and ensure good growth Iron like other trace elements (iodine, cobalt, copper...) are provided by premix or basemix But crossbred piglets with fast growth need additional Iron to prevent anemia because the milk does not contain all piglets must receive one dose of Iron 2 days after birth

14 Do my animals need Vitamins/Minerals? Thin animals showing rough or discolored hairs When feed is not enough, vitamins and minerals cannot be enough. It is critical to supply more feed and better balanced diet multi-vitamins/mineral products to improve digestion, absorption of proteins...to recover proper body condition Deficiency in Zn and Cu give discoloration

15 Animals hit by chronic diseases Do my animals need Vitamins/Minerals? Because they are sick, they eat less resulting in not sufficient intake of vitamins and minerals Functioning of immune system requires more vitamins (especially vitamin E) and minerals. In case of internal parasites the need of vitamins is increased as well; Iron and vitamin B 12 are necessary to fight anemia Fasciola is a parasite that cause chronic diarrhea and anemia

16 Do my animals need Vitamins/Minerals? Animals recovering from acute disease During the diseases animals do not eat or eat very little and they draw on once reserves. They need supplementary vitamins and minerals to recover quickly and to build up reserves again. Vitamins C increases resistance, vitamin E stimulates immune system; both help for recovery it is important to mix vitamins in drinking water in case of respiratory diseases

17 Animals under Stress Do my animals need Vitamins/Minerals? When animals are under stress easily can become sick Stress is caused by: transportation hot temperature change of premises change of diet... It is recommended to administrate supplementary vitamins in stress period transportation, change of farm, no feed and no water for many hours, hot temperature under the sun = high stress easy to be sick

18 Do my animals need Vitamins/Minerals? Animals producing milk and eggs to stimulate production, to prevent exhaustion of reserves to increase quality of eggs and milk Calcium is a very important element to produce eggs ; a broiler needs about 0.1 g of calcium per day but a hen needs about 0.5 g of calcium per day 1 liter of milk of cow contains 1,15g of Ca / 0,85 g of P / 01,g of Mg

19 Do my animals need Vitamins/Minerals? Animals with fast growth Commercial broilers can reach 2kg in 45 days, crossbred pigs can reach 90 kg in 160 days! Raw materials that compose the feed cannot provide enough and well- balanced quantity of vitamins and minerals necessary to produce so much meat. It is necessary to mix the feed every day with vitamins and minerals, often called premixes.

20 Better reproduction In cattle, deficiency in vitamin A is common and it results in delayed puberty, birth of weak calves, retained placenta...inject regularly vitamin ADE during pregnancy and before puberty In sow, it has been proved that injection of Vitamin ADE at weaning, increase clearly survival of embryos during next gestation: more piglets born, bigger piglets and decrease of stillbirths Do my animals need Vitamins/Minerals?

21 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products Vitamin AD 3 E injectable It is important to inject Vitamin AD 3 E to improve reproduction performances: clear estrus, strong progeny in cattle: at least twice per year, and 30 days prior to calving in sows: at weaning

22 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products Vitamin E + Selenium Iron Dextran: used in sows. Injection once a week, 3 weeks before farrowing, improve vigor of piglets at birth and prevent splay-leg piglets to be injected to all piglets 2 days after birth and a booster 10 days later to prevent anemia

23 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products Multivitamins products These products combine all essential vitamins : Group B and Vitamin C with vitamins ADE and K. In general these multivitamins are injected once a week, to help recovery or on thin animals with multi-deficiencies or sick animals

24 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products Vitamin B12 It is used to fight anemia, after bleeding, in stomach ulcers in swine or in case of liver fluke in cattle (Hematopan B12) Often Vitamin B 12 is associated with other products like phosphorus (Carasil) and become a strong stimulant, with Iron dextran to better fight anemia in piglets or with selenium and magnesium to tone up muscle (Biodyl)

25 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products Calcium injectable It can be injected to sows and cows just after delivery because a lo of milk arrive in the udder and the progeny suck a lot, the Calcium in the blood drop down very quickly: the mother show rapid breathing she cannot stand up and can show nervous signs like anxiety Calcium (gluconate form) must be injected immediately

26 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products Vitamin C powder It is used in poultry: to stimulate immunity of DOC the first days after delivery (often associated with antibiotic) to decrease effect of heat during the last week of growing when animals are panting (3 g in 10 kg of feed) It is commonly used for boars during the dry season to increase the quality of sperm (1 g per day/boar every day)

27 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products Premix Powder products which provide vitamins and minerals to animals. These products are especially used in pigs and poultry when the farmer produces the feed himself with local raw materials. In general dosage is 250g in 100 kg of feed These premixes are automatically mixed in commercial feed sold by companies (CP, Betagro, Higro...) Premixes are specific for each species and for each production because requirements are different: premixes for pigs and poultry are different, premixes for layer and broiler are different as well

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29 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products Basemix Provide vitamins and minerals (premix) to animals essential amino-acids like Lysine, Methionine and Threonine to make sure that minimum requirements are met. Basemix provide as well, products to neutralize mycotoxins, Choline to protect the liver... Farmers mix 1kg of basemix with 100 kg of raw materials (need a formula) and they obtain a well balanced diet

30 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products Multivitamins powder Soluble powder providing high level of all vitamins (higher level than in premixes) and can be mixed in the feed of pigs, poultry or mixed in the drinking water These products are mainly used to help sick animals to recover after disease or when animals are weakened by vaccination or other stress

31 Vitamins/Minerals: Common products This specification is important Calcium and phosphorus Calcium is especially recommended for layers because they need about 0.5g of calcium every day to produce eggshell. The good source is powder made from oysters. Phosphorus must be provided at the same time than calcium to promote good growth of the bones; the good ratio is offered by DCP; 10 to 20g/day can cover needs of growing pigs and lactating sows. DCP is a white powder without odor

32 2. Antibiotics Antibiotics are the most used medicines to treat animals, they are essential for health Antibiotics must be used to treat or prevent diseases caused by bacteria Unfortunately antibiotics are often used to treat all disorders : antibiotics cannot be used systematically when you treat diseased animals Antibiotic are not active against diseases caused by virus Antibiotics are not active against parasites, pain...

33 Antibiotics external infection of the skin Antibiotics are medicines which destroy bacteria or inhibit the growth of bacteria. When bacteria cannot develop, animals recover from disease Antibiotics are used for external and internal infection internal infection, from the respiratory tract

34 Action of antibiotics Example of action Bacteria in general are protected by a wall Some antibiotics like Penicillin, Amoxicillin can stop formation of this wall ; the result is that the bacteria growth but cannot divide and the wall ruptures Penicillin and Amoxicillin kill bacteria and prevent bacteria to multiply; the animal will recover the bacteria grows but not the wall; the wall tears: the bacteria die

35 Spectrum of antibiotics There is no antibiotic that can kill all bacteria: antibiotics are effective against some groups of bacteria. Spectrum Narrow-spectrum targets specific types of bacteria: ex, Penicillin Broad-spectrum targets a wide range of bacteria: ex, Doxycycline

36 Spectrum of antibiotics When we are not sure about the disease (what bacteria is the cause) and the disease is serious, we will use broadspectrum antibiotics: Doxycycline, Enrofloxacine, TMP+Sulfa The problem is that when we often use these antibiotics with broad spectrum for all diseases, rapidly they do not work so well, we face resistance: common example is using systematically Enrofloxacine Enrofloxacine is the most used antibiotic in Cambodia!! It is irrational because this family of antibiotic create resistance to treatment fast some veterinarians think that Enrofloxacine can treat all diseases!

37 Spectrum of antibiotics When you face diseases easily resistant to treatment; example diarrhea caused by E.Coli When you are sure about diagnosis, it is better to use narrow-spectrum antibiotic: example Penicillin is enough to prevent Streptococcus suis, Oxytetracycline treat well Mycoplasma Do not use systematically Enrofloxacine to treat diarrhea in new born piglets! Check the udder of the sow to detect mastitis, make sure that piglets are not cold during the night and use Colistine first

38 Families of Antibiotics Antibiotic are classified in families. When antibiotics from the same family, they have the same chemical structure: Beta-lactamines Polypeptides Quinolones Aminosides Sulfonamides Phenicols Tetracyclines Macrolides Penicillin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin Colistine Flumequine, Enrofloxacine Gentamycine and Streptomycine Sulfadimidine, Sulfamethoxine, Trimethoprim (TMP) Florfenicol, Thiampnenicol Chloramfenicol Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline Tylosine, Spiramycine, Erythromycine (Lincomycine and Tiamuline are in very close family)

39 Combination of antibiotics Combining two antibiotics can be done to obtain a wider spectrum: it is synergic Example: Ampidexalone is a combination of Ampicillin with Colistine ; the combination of Ampicilline + Colistine is wider that the spectrum of Ampicilline alone or Colistine alone. Other famous combination are Penicillin + Streptomycine (Penstrep), Sulfonamide + TMP (Septotryl)

40 Combination of antibiotics Never combine more than 2 antibiotics because effect of numerous antibiotic mixed together is not predictable If medicines contain 3 or 4 or more antibiotics, do not buy, it cannot be produced by reliable manufacturer 4 antibiotics combined! 3 antibiotics combined! 2 antibiotics, only with good synergy = good combination

41 Combination of Antagonism antibiotics Antibiotic antagonism occurs when the effect of combination of 2 antibiotics is less powerful than using only one antibiotic: Betalactamine+Macrolide or Betalactamine+Tetracycline are antagonist but sold in the market if you find medicines which contain amoxicilline and oxytetracycline, do not buy, it cannot be produced by reliable manufacturer Antibiotic banned Some combination include antibiotics banned; they can harm Human Health when residue remain in the meat Chloramphenicol is banned! Do not buy such medicines

42 Common antibiotics Group of Beta-lactamines amoxicilline amoxicilline Penicilline + Streptomycine Penicilline + Streptomycine

43 Common antibiotics Group of Tetracyclines oxytetracycline doxycycline oxytetracycline chlortetracycline

44 Common antibiotics Group de la Colistine (polypeptides) colistine + amoxicillin colistine + ampicillin colistine + ampicillin colistine

45 Common antibiotics Group Sulfonamides Erythromycine + Sulfa + TMP Sulfadimidine Sulfa + TMP Sulfa + TMP

46 Common antibiotics Group of Macrolides Tylosin Lincomycin Spiramycin Tiamulin

47 Group of Quinolones Common antibiotics

48 Common antibiotics Group of Phenicols Florfenicol Florfenicol Thiamphenicol +OTC Chloramphenicol is banned Florfenicol

49 Administration of antibiotics Dosage: the dose is calculated according to indications of the label The dose depends of the weight; it is important to estimate correctly the weight, in general the weight is underestimated because: the VAHW do not know to estimate the weight it is more expensive to inject 30ml than only 15 ml it is more difficult to inject big quantity When the dose is not enough, the antibiotic is not effective

50 Dosage by oral route For antibiotic mixed in the feed, the quantity of antibiotic absorbed depends of the quantity of feed intake. simple dose to prevent double dose to treat Administration of antibiotics Sick animals eat a little. Actually the label often mentions a Preventive Dosage to be used when animals are healthy and eat normally; the label mentions as well Curative Dosage that is often double because animals eat less and they need to absorb enough antibiotics Increase the dosage when animals eat less than normal

51 Administration of antibiotics Rhythm it is important to maintain a minimum level of antibiotics in the blood along the day: antibiotic must be regularly administered. When antibiotic are mixed in the feed, pig and chicken eat all the day and will get the dose step by step When antibiotic are injected, it can vary (read the label) Ampidexalone must be injected morning and afternoon but Septotryl only once a day. Some products like Longamox are called Long Acting and can be injected only every two or three days.

52 Duration: 3 to 5 days is normal duration of treatment. Sometimes the treatment can last 7 days especially in respiratory diseases, but never less than 3 days If the time is too short, antibiotic start to kill bacteria but not enough. The animal seems to recover and after few days fall sick again because bacteria re-start to multiply and the disease is more severe Administration of antibiotics rhythm duration

53 Failure of treatment Do not change antibiotic after one day and again if the treatment is not successful. It can take 2-3 days to see effect of treatment Examine again the animal to confirm the diagnosis. Often after one or two days new symptoms can appear, and the diagnosis becomes clear Check if the dosage is good; if the dose is not enough, the antibiotic will be not effective Make sure that the quality of antibiotic is good. Some products are very cheap, produced by unknown manufacturers and do not reach the standard of quality

54 3. Anti-inflammatory medicines These medicines are indicated for the treatment of inflammation When the inflammation involves external organs, signs are: Redness Swollen Painful Local heat inflammation of the udder

55 Role of anti-inflammatory medicines Inflammation is a process, it is not a disease However it may require a treatment if it continues to persist or if it is causing significant pain: for example the piglet with arthritis cannot stand up to eat and drink

56 Anti-inflammatory medicines are available in 2 categories: Steroidal: like Cortisone, Prednisolone or Dexamethasone, these medicines have a strong anti-inflammatory response Non-Steroidal: like Aspirin, Paracetamol, Analgin. These medicines have less powerful action on inflammation but they have clear effect to decrease pain and to decrease fever. Anti-inflammatory medicines Only non-steroidal have effect on fever

57 Dexamethasone Systemic infection (diarrhea, pneumonia, septicemia...), Often Dexamethasone is combined with antibiotic especially in medicines to treat infection of respiratory tract because the infection cause inflammation of the bronchi and the lungs (animals cough) and antibiotic are more active and the animals recover better when inflammation is treated. Combination of 2 antibiotics to control coughing + Dexamethasone to decrease inflammation Combination of 2 antibiotics to control diarrhea + Dexamethasone to decrease inflammation

58 Dexamethasone Local inflammation (joint, udder...) Dexamethasone is injected separately because the dose needed is higher. In general the dose is 1to 2 mg of Dexamethasone for 50 kg for 3 days

59 Dexamethasone Common allergy are seen on the skin, with redness and itch Pigs can become allergic to insect bites and can develop strong reaction Cattle can eat plants that cause an allergy to the sunlight and develop lesions of the skin on large zone, like sunburn from moderate to very severe. Allergy is treated with dexamethasone

60 Side effects of Dexamethasone Stomach upset/ulcers: animals loose appetite and stomach bleed causing anemia Abortion: it can provoke abortion when injected during pregnancy ; do not use Cortisone and Dexamethasone during gestation. Weaken immune system: the body cannot fight well against infection. Do not vaccinate and inject Dexamethasone at the same time; effect of the vaccine will be low

61 Non-steroidal medicines Analgin is very famous in Cambodia: good effect on pain and fever but limited on inflammation. Activity of this medicine is short and in general persists only 1 hour after injection. Analgin cannot be injected near delivery because it stops contractions of the uterus

62 Non-steroidal medicines Paracetamol is a non steroidal medicine active on inflammation, pain and fever Action last longer than Analgin Paracetamol is often used mixed in the feed when climate is very hot (can be combined with VitC that is again stress) or for chronic respiratory diseases paracetamol + Vitamine C paracetamol paracetamol paracetamol

63 Non-steroidal medicines Tofedine is a non steroidal medicine active on inflammation, pain and fever. Duration of action is 48 hours. Ketofen is a non steroidal medicine active on inflammation, fever and especially pain. Ketoprofen is mostcommonly used for musculoskeletal pain from soft-tissue injury, osteoarthritis or other bone and joint problems

64 4. Anti-parasites medicines Parasites are organisms that either live in the body, they are called Internal Parasites, or live on the body, they are called External Parasites Parasites cause despoilment and poor growth, can transmit diseases and are source of discomfort. It is important to control parasites in animals for better health.

65 Carbaryl is used in poultry. They have low toxicity and very short persistence. Treatment is done twice 2 or weeks apart by dusting birds 500g of Carbaryl 5% can treat 100 birds. Asuntol It is a white powder to be diluted in water, 1g /liter of water and can be kept for 6 months. It is generally used for hand spraying It is highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion External parasites

66 External & Internal parasites Ivermectin Actually, now Ivermectin are widely used because they can control worms and external parasites (mange, ticks...) in pig and cattle Ivermectin can be injected or mixed in the feed (for 7 days) Many types of Ivermectin are available, some are high quality products, and some are uncertain quality products Ivermectin 1%: 1ml /50 kg in cattle 1ml/30 kg in pig

67 Internal parasites Albendazole It is a broad-spectrum dewormer for cattle, active on Stomach Worms Intestinal Worms Lungworms Tapeworms Liver Fluke Dosage: 10 ml/ 100 kg

68 Coccidiosis It causes diarrhea with blood in chicks at 3 weeks and calf; in piglets 2 weeks old, it causes grey chronic diarrhea and animals arrive at weaning in terrible condition. Treatment and especially prevention is made by Totrazuril, Amprolium of Sulfadimidine

69 5. Hormones These medicines are used to treat disorders of reproduction in cattle and in swine Estradiol: Especially used in gilts or heifer (it means in animals that never deliver) to provoke estrus when they show no sign (red vulva, excited by the male...) after the normal age of puberty. Estradiol is injected only one time and estrus appears within 1 day

70 Prostaglandins Hormones Induce delivery; when delivery is late (>115 days) or the sow become very sick at the time of delivery Provoke estrus in cattle that do not show estrus after weaning the calf (skinny cattle need feed and vitamins, not Prostaglandins!) Stimulate drainage of uterus in case of discharge of pus, especially smelly discharge 3-4 days after delivery

71 Ocytocine Increase contraction of uterus during the delivery: inject 1 ml of ocytocin if no new piglet appear 30 after the previous one Facilitate expulsion of placenta: inject systematically 2ml of Ocytocin when delivery is finished to make sure that the sow expel all the placenta Provoke milk ejection; in case of MMA (no milk) in sows just after delivery, it is crucial to inject 0.5 ml of Ocytocin intravenous to induce ejection of milk and especially of colostrum. Hormones

72 6. Vaccines Vaccines are used to prevent diseases (never to treat diseases) because after injection of vaccine the animal will produce antibodies to protect against microbes attack. It is impossible to protect animals against all diseases circulating in Cambodia. It is necessary to select useful vaccines according to the risk. When vaccine are selected, it is important to follow a program of vaccination to make sure that the vaccine will be active

73 More common vaccines for backyard chickens are vaccines against ND and Fowl Pox Vaccines chickens I2 vaccine do not need strict cold chain In semi-commercial farms it is necessary to prevent Gumboro and IB

74 CSF: It is the most important vaccination that must be regularly done with a proper program of vaccination FMD Vaccines pigs The regular vaccination with a trivalent vaccine is highly recommended for sows, boars and gilts Monovalent vaccine not enough O+A+ Asia1 Trivalent vaccine

75 FMD: cattle must be vaccinated regularly against FMD with a Trivalent Vaccine. Cattle vaccines, in general are in alum-solvent and can be injected once a year When outbreaks occur cattle should be re-vaccinated in emergency. Vaccines cattle Hemorrhagic Septicemia The vaccine must be given at 6-months intervals, especially must be injected before rainy season oily solvent

76 7. Disinfectants Disinfectants are chemicals that destroy microbes: viruses. bacteria and fungi Disinfectant for the skin are often combined with antibiotics These disinfectants are applied directly on the skin after cleaning to removed soiled materials. Gentian Violet + Oxytetracycline Methylen Blue + Neomycin Gentian Violet + Oxytetracycline Methylen Blue + Chortetracycline Iodine

77 Disinfectants For premises All disinfectants should be used after cleaning. Organic matter, dust, decreases a lot efficacy of disinfectant. These products must be diluted in water. It is important to follow recommendations of the manufacturer. Disinfectants are highly concentrated and must be handled with precaution.

78 For water The water is the most important nutrient in term of quantity. In majority drinking water is polluted by microbes especially coming from animals feces and chemicals (bags of pesticides... or residues) Systematic treatment of drinking water with Chloramine to destroy microbes is a good practice Disinfectants

79 B. Administration of medicines

80 Rules of administration Efficacy of medicine is very closely linked with proper administration of medicine. VAHW must strictly follow indications provided by medicine producer; these indications are clearly explained on the label Dosage: quantity of product to be administered Route of administration: way to administer the product Rhythm of administration: when to administer the product and how many times

81 Composition Read the label All indications are clearly written on the label but label are in general in English, in French, in Vietnamese English French Vietnamese Composition/Formula Composition Thành Phàn

82 It is important to check the composition because it indicates what is inside the bottle or the bag; the commercial name is not systematically linked with the composition Read the label

83 Read the label Some manufacturers do not fit with standards of formulation; make sure that not too many types of components are combined. Some products can have the same name and components but the dosage can be very different. do not buy medicines combining 3 antibiotics, especially with enrofloxacine

84 Indications : the list often not very helpful because the manufacturer wants to show that the product can treat all diseases and indications are extensive and not precise Read the label Some products give specific usages of medicines; it is easier to administer properly

85 Read the label Proper dosage is critical: Not enough = ineffectiveness Too much = loss of money The quantity to be injected in general depends of the weight and is mentioned in ml (of medicine)/kg (of animal) Or the quantity to be mixed in the feed or the water, it is mentioned in g (of medicine)/kg (of feed) or g (of medicine)/liter (of water) Estimation of the weight or estimation of feed intake must be correct to calculate the good dose

86 Homogenize the product Before injecting a medicine, it is necessary to shake vigorously the bottle to make sure that the active substance is well mixed with the solvent.

87 Rhythm of administration After injection some products are active in the body of animal for few minutes to several days. Few minutes: Ocytocine it means that a second injection can be done about 30 minutes after the previous one 1 hour: Calmagine, Analgine 12 hours: Ampidexalone, Amci-coli must be injected morning and evening 1 day: Septotryl, Frecortyl...in this case the medicine will be injected only the day after. 2-3 days: Tolfedine, Longamox, Remacycline in this case the second injection is made 2-3 days after the first one > 7 days: Iron Dextran

88 C. Conservation of medicines The quality of medicines can be guaranteed only if the storage is made in good condition; many factors can impair the conservation of medicines:

89 Vaccines are the most sensitive medicine to heat, especially live vaccines. ` The cold chain is crucial: the temperature of vaccine from manufacturer to the farm must always be maintained between 2 o C and 8 o C. All medicines are damaged by high temperature, more or less when temperature is above o C Do not buy medicines exposed to the sun in the dealer shop or to seller keeping medicines in the car many days

90 Medicines must be stored in dark environment, often they are packaged in boxes and bottles are in tainted glass. Vitamins are easily damaged by light. This antibiotic should be kept in dark environment The best packaging is tainted glass + box For vitamins, manufacturers use a very tainted glass

91 Oxidation of medicines is caused by oxygen of the air Vials of medicines have a rubber cap that can be punctured several times. However each puncture allow air to enter the bottle For example tetracycline turns from light yellow to dark brown in vial already pierced When you start to use a vial of medicine try to finish it in few days

92 In some case the powder becomes very hard like stone and can be administered after grinding Sometimes mould develops and medicines get a green color or a bad smell: do not use it

93 Normally medicine must be used before expiring date Medicine like vitamins, vaccines cannot be kept a long time; it is important to respect expiry date However some medicines like antibiotic can be used many months after expiry date if the conservation is good