3 rd International Conference of Ecosystems (ICE2013) Tirana, Albania, May 31 - June 5, 2013
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1 3 rd International Conference of Ecosystems (ICE2013) Tirana, Albania, May 31 - June 5, 2013 ANIMAL WELFARE IN ALBANIA Prof. As. Dr. Ylli Biçoku* * Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirane, Albania Corresponding author: Ylli Biçoku, bicokuy@gmail.com ABSTRACT In comparison with other farmed animals, much research has been carried out on methods for assessing the needs and welfare of dairy cows. In considering the welfare of dairy cows, some of the most important aspects of poor welfare are disease conditions, in particular foot and leg disorders and mastitis. Reproductive and behavioral problems are also relevant indicators of poor welfare. As animal welfare is the physical and psychological well-being of animals, it is measured by indicators including behavior, physiology, performance, reproduction and longevity. Welfare is defined according to Broom (1986) as follows: the welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment. According to the preliminary data on animal welfare survey with consumers in Tirana the majority of the respondents thought that animal welfare is important for the farmers and animals. In addition the majority of respondents are ready to pay higher price for the animal origin products produced in farms respecting and treating well the animals. Key words: animal welfare, survey, survey, consumers. 1. INTRODUCTION Animal welfare as a formal discipline started with the publication of the Brambell report on the welfare of farm animals, issued by the British government in 1965 (Brambell Report, 1965). In the last 30 years the animal welfare is considered an important scientific issue, and a significant amount of information and literature is published because according to Lund et al (2006) animal welfare is a multi-faceted issue which implies important scientific, ethical, economic and political dimensions World Organization of Animal Health (OIE) that defines animal welfare as: (i) how well an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives, (ii) an animal having good welfare if, as indicated by scientific evidence, it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express key aspects of behavior, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states, such as pain, fear and distress, and (iii) good animal welfare requiring disease prevention and veterinary treatment for illness and injuries, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter/killing (OIE, 2012). While the term animal welfare refers to the state of an individual animal, in practical circumstances these individual measurements are used to assess the mean welfare in a group or herd. The EFSA Opinion was based on a multidimensional concept of welfare that included both the physical health and the emotional state of the animal (EFSA, 2012). The term animal welfare is being used increasingly by corporations, consumers, veterinarians, politicians, and other stakeholders. However, the term can mean different things to different people. Understandably, in the past, 1
2 veterinarians and farmers have seen animal welfare mainly in terms of the body and the physical environment (shelter, feed, etc.): if an animal is healthy and producing well, it is faring well. However, there are limitations to seeing animal welfare only in terms of the body. One limitation is that genetics and the environment can produce desirable physical outcomes and another limitation is that some physical parameters are difficult to interpret, because they can be increased by both positive and negative experiences. The above would suggest that animal welfare includes not only the state of the animal's body, but also its feelings, thus, if an animal feels well, it is faring well. Such research has led to the conclusion that animals have fundamental behavioral needs that they must be allowed to satisfy for humane reasons. Another view of welfare, linked to the feelings-based approach, is that animals fare best if they can live according to their nature and perform their full range of behaviors. Thus, the most widely accepted definition of animal welfare is that it comprises the state of the animal's body and mind, and the extent to which its nature (genetic traits manifest in breed and temperament) is satisfied. However, the 3 aspects of welfare sometimes conflict, and this presents practical and ethical challenges (Hewson 2003). 2. General aspects of animal welfare in Albania Welfare is a broad term which includes the many elements that contribute to an animal s quality of life, including those referred to in the five freedoms ((freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition; freedom from fear and distress; freedom from physical and thermal discomfort; freedom from pain, injury and disease; and freedom to express normal patterns of behaviour). Five Freedoms In 1965, the UK government commissioned an investigation, led by Professor Roger Brambell, into the welfare of intensively farmed animals. The Brambell Report stated that animals should have the freedom to "stand up, lie down, turn around, groom themselves and stretch their limbs". This short recommendation became known as Brambell's Five Freedoms.In 1979 the UK Farm Animal Wlfare Council developed the five freedoms which should be considered for the animal welfare, on farm management, during transport, at market place or at slaugterhouse. These freedoms define ideal states rather than standards for acceptable welfare (as shown below, FAWC): a. Freedom from Hunger and Thirst- access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour. b. Freedom from Discomfort- providing to animals an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area. c. Freedom from Pain, Injury or Disease- prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. d. Freedom to Express Normal Behavior- providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal's own kind, and e. Freedom from Fear and Distress- ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering. One of the OIE s key achievements, of course, is the development of the science-based international animal welfare standards in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Implementation of these standards is the responsibility of individual member countries. But the OIE has supported countries to establish the necessary underpinnings of good animal welfare policy, including contemporary legislation, improved veterinary education and training, and defined competencies for graduating veterinarians. The recently adopted Community Action Plan on the Protection and Welfare of Animals has as one of the main areas of action upgrading existing minimum standards for animal protection and welfare as well as possibly elaborating specific minimum standards for species or issues that are not currently addressed in EU legislation (EFSA 2009) In comparison with other farmed animals, much research has been carried out on methods for assessing the needs and welfare of dairy cows. In considering the welfare of dairy cows, some of the most important aspects of poor 2
3 welfare are disease conditions, in particular foot and leg disorders and mastitis. Reproductive and behavioural problems are also relevant indicators of poor welfare. In Albaniaa is not prepared yet an Animal Welfare Act, however several articles providedd us with a general framework for animal welfare are in the Veterinary Service and Animal Breeding Laws. Albanian legislation in force: Law on Animal Breeding, No. 9426, date ; Law on Veterinary Service in Republic of Albania, No , date Minister of Agriculture Order on minimum standards of welfare for laying hens, No. 307, date 4/07/08; Minister of Agriculture Order on rules of animal health and animal welfare, No. 382 date ; Minister of Agriculture Order on minimum housing for calves, No 4, date Minister of Agriculture Orderr on minimumm standards of welfare for laying hens and pigs, No 1, date ; Council of Ministers Decision on Guidelines for the identification of animals and livestock farms, No.320, date Albanian legistlation (Minister of Agriculture Order No 292 date covers also the farm animal welfare at the time of slaughtering and killing. Albanian consumers are not informed in regard with animal welfare of farm animal becausee public debates and discussionss in television and radio are very rare. In such situation a simple survey was conducted in Tirana, the capital of Albania, with the aim to get preliminary data on animal welfare consumers point of view. 200 consumers were interviewed face to face in market places, as well as mini and supermarkets. The consumers were randomly selected. Seven closed ended questions were includedd in questioner except the respondents demographic data. According to the consumers answerss results that 27,7% of respondents considered poultry in intensive rearing system as the most stressed animals, followed by cows 22,3%, pigs 18,1 %, horsess 21,3%, while small ruminants are consideredd by only 10,6 % of respondents Poultry Cows Pigs Small ruminants Horses Figure 1: Most stressed farm animals Consumers awareness about the impact of animal treatment (animal welfare vs animal suffering) on the quality of the products may be confirmed by the answer of the question: 1. Are you willing to pay higher price for the animal products produced in farms that treatt well the animals? 3
4 Yes No 12% 88% Figure 2: Consumers willing to pay higher price So, from the figure 2 we see that 88,4-% of the respondents are ready to pay higher price products. for animal friendly From the survey resulted that only 55,8-% have visit one or more times a farm while 44,2% never visit a farm. 3. CONCLUSIONS Improving and promoting animal welfare must be an important objective of the Albanian Animal Welfare Act is more than needed to cover the five freedoms. Government and an This kind of work needs better support among academic leaders, scientific publishers, and funding bodies, and training in interdisciplinary thinking needs to be introduced as early as in undergraduate education. An important aspect is that all participants need to learn to communicate and to learn the language of discourse of different discipliness so as to understand the issues and to appreciate the value of their contributions. Government, farmers and food industry need to be forward looking and position themselves to respond to emerging animal welfare concerns, and to consider public opinion. Industry needs to demonstrate continuous improvement to keep in touch with community expectations and to be transparent about its activities. 4. REFERENCES BRAMBELL Report, (1965): Report of the Technical Committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock husbandry systems. Her Majesty ss Stationery Office, London, UK. BROOM DM, (1986): Indicators of poor welfare. The British Veterinary Journal, 142, Scientific Opinion on the overall effects of farming systems on dairy cow welfare and disease. EFSA (2009): Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (Question No EFSA-Q ). EFSA (2012): Scientificc Opinion on Journal 2012; 10 (1): 2554, 81 pp. the use of animal-based measures to assess welfare of dairy cows. EFSA 4
5 FARM ANIMAL WELFARE COUNCIL-FAWC, (2009): Farm Animal Welfare in Great Britain: Past, Present and Future. HEWSON, CJ, (2003): What is animal welfare? Common definitions and their practical consequences. Can Vet J June; 44(6): LUND, V., COLEMAN, G., GUNNARSSON, S., APPBLEY, M.C., KARIKINEN, K., (2006): Animal welfare science - Working at the interface between the natural and social sciences. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 97: OFFICE INTERNATIONAL EPIZOOTIES OIE, (2012): Terrestrial Animal Health Code. Section 7: Animal Welfare. 5
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