PREVENTIVNE MERE U KONTROLI MASTITISA KRAVA. S. Hristov, R. Reli}, B. Stankovi}, R. Nikoli}, R. Beskorovajni*
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1 UDK: 619: : Pregledni rad PREVENTIVNE MERE U KONTROLI MASTITISA KRAVA S. Hristov, R. Reli}, B. Stankovi}, R. Nikoli}, R. Beskorovajni* Izvod: Mastitis je oboljenje koje stvara velike ekonomske gubitke u proizvodnji mleka. Na njegovu pojavu uti~u brojni faktori. U programu kontrole mastitisa postoji ve}i broj preventivnih mera, koje su u ovom preglednom radu navedene i ukratko obrazlo`ene. Njihovom sprovo enju prethodi utvr ivanje zdravstvenog stanja stada, {to treba da se ponavlja i u cilju kontrole programa. U preventivne mere se ubrajaju higijena tokom mu`e, odgovaraju}i sme{taj za `ivotinje, isklju~ivanje hroni~nih slu~ajeva, terapija u zasu{enju, selekcija na otpornost, adekvatna ishrana i imunoprofilaksa. U na{oj zemlji, prakti~no, ne postoji kompletan program kontrole mastitisa. Kao rezultat toga nastaju posledice u vidu propusta u sprovo enju higijenskih mera, nesprovo enja odre enih mera ili nedostatka kontrole i evidencije pojedinih postupaka. Samim tim, efekat preventivnih mera nije uvek zadovoljavaju}i. Klju~ne re~i: mastitis, ekonomski gubici, preventivne mere Uvod Mastitis predstavlja najzna~ajniji zdravstveni problem u intenzivnim uslovima gajenja mle~nih krava, koji uti~e na smanjenje nivoa proizvodnje, promene sastava mleka i skra}enje perioda eksploatacije grla. Procenjuje se da ovo oboljenje ugro`ava jednu tre}inu ukupnog broja mle~nih krava (Anon., 1996), pri ~emu se naj~e{}e javljaju stafilokokni i subklini~ki oblici. Mastitis prouzrokuje velike ekonomske gubitke u svetu i kod nas (Hortet and Seegers, 1998; Hristov i Reli} R., 2003). Ekonomski gubici iznose oko 10% od ukupne vrednosti prodatog mleka, a oko dve tre}ine ove sume poti~e od smanjene produkcije mleka zbog subklini~kih mastitisa (Shroeder, 1997). Ostali gubici nastaju zbog odbacivanja mleka sa promenama i nakon upotrebe antibiotika, usled rane zamene krava, smanjene prodajne cene isklju~enih krava, tro{kova le~enja, kao i pove}anih tro{kova radne snage (Anon., 1996). Ova procena ne uklju~uje, izme u ostalog, tro{kove prerade mleka slabijeg kvaliteta, koji se mo`e primetiti ve} pri broju somatskih }elija (BS]) u zbirnom mleku stada od /ml (Shroeder, 1997). * Dr Slav~a Hristov, redovni profesor, Renata Reli}, dvm, asistent pripravnik, mr Branislav Stankovi}, asistent, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Zemun-Beograd; mr Radi{a Nikoli}, istra`iva~ saradnik, mr Radmila Beskorovajni, istra`iva~ saradnik, Institut PKB Agroekonomik, Padinska Skela-Beograd. 41
2 Iz prethodno navedenog uo~ava se zna~aj sistematske kontrole mastitisa u stadu putem odgovaraju}ih programa. Cilj ovog rada je prikazivanje i ukratko obrazlaganje mera iz programa kontrole mastitisa kojima se spre~ava uno{enje patogenih mikroorganizama u zapat i njihovo {irenje sa ve} inficiranih na zdrava grla. Faktori koji uti~u na pojavu mastitisa U cilju razmatranja preventivnih postupaka u kontroli mastitisa potrebno je uzeti u obzir sve faktore koji doprinose njegovom nastanku, a odnose se na uzro~nika, kravu kao doma}ina i njihovu okolinu. Watts, (1988) je identifikovao 137 vrsta i podvrsta mikroorganizama koji mogu da budu u vezi sa mle~nom `lezdom krava, od kojih su neki deo normalne flore i ne dovode do pojave mastitisa. Inficirane krave glavni su izvor patogenih bakterija koje se razmno`avaju na povr{ini ko`e i u povredama na papilama, a me u njima su Str. agalactiae, S. aureus i Str. dysgalactiae. Mikroorganizmi iz okoline (E. coli i drugi koliformi, Str. uberis) ne zadr`avaju se na papilama ve} je njihovo prisustvo vezano za visoku kontaminaciju tla, prostirke i vode, naro~ito fekalijama. Trajanje i tok infekcije kod obolelih krava zavise, izme u ostalog, od odbrambenih sposobnosti `ivotinje. Klastrup et al. (1987) procenjuju da na osetljivost vimena prema infekciji 25% u~estvuju faktori okoline, 20% genetski faktori i 50% tehnolo{ki postupci na farmi. Okolina krave uti~e na broj i vrstu prisutnih bakterija dok se odgovaraju}im tehnolo{kim i higijenskim postupcima uti~e na smanjenje infektivnog pritiska i pove}anje otpornosti `ivotinje prema mastitisu. Preventivne mere u okviru programa kontrole mastitisa Pre po~etka sprovo enja konkretnih preventivnih mera, neophodno je utvr ivanje i evidencija zdravstvenog stanja grla, {to treba da se nastavi i kasnije, u cilju kontrole efikasnosti programa. Provera obuhvata utvr ivanje BS] i bakteriolo{ki pregled uzoraka mleka iz svake ~etvrti radi identifikacije uzro~nika mastitisa. Ovi podaci omogu}avaju organizovanje daljih postupaka sa inficiranim grlima, pre svega njihovo obele`avanje i izdvajanje. Da bi se spre~ilo uno{enje infekcije, `ivotinje koje se uvode u zapat moraju tako e da budu izolovane, sve dok se testiranjem ne doka`e da nisu inficirana. Pri izboru grla za formiranje ili dopunu stada treba uzeti u obzir da je osetljivost krava na mastitis nasledna i povezana sa BS], morfolo{kim karakteristikama papila, koli~inom laktoferina i drugim osobinama. Postojanje korelacije izme u imunokompetence mu`jaka i otpornosti njihovih k}eri na mastitis omogu}ava da se selekcija rezistentnih krava vr{i i indirektno, pri odabiru bikova za priplod (Heringstad et al., 2000; Haile-Mariam et al., 2001; Detilleux, 2002). Na~in dr`anja krava mo`e da ima uticaj na stopu pojave mastitisa. U slobodnom sistemu dr`anja javlja se znatno manje klini~kih i subklini~kih mastitisa u odnosu na vezani sistem (Milojevi} i sar., 1988). Nastanku mastitisa krava u vezanom sistemu doprinosi pove}ani rizik od povreda vimena, ve}a koncentracija mikroorganizama u objektima i 42
3 njihovo lak{e preno{enje sa `ivotinje na `ivotinju, kao i uticaj stresora usled ograni~avanja kretanja. U cilju smanjivanja broja i spre~avanja razmno`avanja bakterija iz okoline, sredina u kojoj borave krave treba da bude {to ~istija i suva. Suvo}a le`i{ta obezbe uje se dovoljnom koli~inom prostirke. Broj bakterija u prostirci zavisi od prisutnih hranljivih materija, vlage i temperature. Neorganski materijali sadr`e malo hranljivih materija i vlage, a samim tim i bakterija, za razliku od usitnjene prostirke organskog porekla. Vrsta materijala za prostirku uti~e na razvoj pojedinih mikroorganizama (Hogan and Smith, 1997). Dodatak kre~a uti~e na suvo}u le`i{ta i smanjenje broja bakterija ali mo`e da iritira ko`u papila. Zbog toga treba uzeti u obzir druge supstance sa adsorbentnim svojstvima, o ~emu se detaljnije razmatra u radu Hristova i sar. (2004). Objekti treba da, na~inom izgradnje i odr`avanjem, pru`aju za{titu od klimatskih uticaja. Promaja, vlaga i izrazite temperaturne promene u objektu vr{e indirektni uticaj na imunitet `ivotinje, a time pove}avaju mogu}nost nastanka mastitisa, kao i BS] (Morse et al., 1988). Pojavi mastitisa mogu da doprinesu nagle promene sastava i neizbalansiranost pojedinih elemenata obroka krava. Emmert and Wendt, (1991) navode da postoji zna~ajna interakcija izme u nivoa ureje u krvi i kolonizacije vimena bakterijama. Redukcijom koli~ine koncentrata u obroku sa 40% na 25% smanjuje se u~estalost pojave mastitisa sa 36% na 7% kod krava u prvoj laktaciji, i sa 37% na 19% kod starijih krava. Visok sadr`aj energije u obroku prvotelki pove}ava u~estalost pojave mastitisa dok kod ostalih krava ima suprotan efekat (Klug et al., 1989). Sila`a lo{eg kvaliteta, kao i vla`no, plesnivo seno tako e imaju negativan uticaj na imuni sistem. Efekat mikotoksina iz hrane mogu da ubla`e pove}ane koli~ine vitamina A, E i B1, kao i mikroelemenata Se, Zn. Cu i Mn (Tarr, 1996). Krave kod kojih zaostane posteljica nakon teljenja ~e{}e oboljevaju od mastitisa (Schukken et al., 1988). Od zna~aja za kontaminaciju vimena je zaprljanost zadnjeg dela tela i tla ispod `ivotinje patolo{kim sadr`ajem materice, pa je higijena porodili{ta i `ivotinja pri partusu va`na mera u preventivi mastitisa, uz spre~avanje pojave retencije sekundina. Ljudski faktor je zna~ajan element preventive i nastanka mastitisa u pogledu na~ina vr{enja odre enih postupaka i motivisanosti radnika. Na pojavu mastitisa ima uticaj stres usled grubog postupanja sa `ivotinjama (Giesecke, 1985), a zastra{ivanje `ivotinja i ubadanje vilama mogu da dovedu do povreda vimena koje pogoduju naseljavanju bakterija. Povrede mogu nastati i ubodom insekata, {to ukazuje na zna~aj smanjivanja njihovog broja u okolini `ivotinja. Povrede papila, ipak, naj~e{}e nastaju kao posledica nepravilne ma{inske mu`e. Spadanjem muznih ~a{ica u toku mu`e mo`e da nastane 10-15% novih slu~ajeva mastitisa, a razvoju ovog oboljenja doprinosi i nepotpuno izmuzanje (Halleron, 1997). Zbog toga je neophodna redovna kontrola i zamena elemenata sistema za mu`u (Shroeder, 1997). Uzro~nici kontagioznih mastitisa naj~e{}e se prenose tokom mu`e, {to ukazuje na zna~aj higijene mu`e u preventivi mastitisa. Higijena mu`e podrazumeva i higijenu muza~a, koji treba da budu obu~eni za pravilno vr{enje predmuzne probe, kori{}enje aparata za mu`u i sredstava za pranje i dezinfekciju vimena. Brisanje vimena nakon pra- 43
4 nja germicidnim sredstvom treba da se vr{i zasebnim papirnim ili tekstilnim ubrusima. O vrstama dezinficijenasa za vime, njihovom delovanju i na~inu primene, kao i o interfaznoj dezinfekciji muznih aparata detaljni podaci mogu se na}i u radovima Hristova i sar. (1997, 2002, 2003, 2004a) i Hristova i Reli} R. (2004). Redosled mu`e mo`e zna~ajno da uti~e na spre~avanje {irenja uzro~nika mastitisa. Mu`a bi trebalo da zapo~ne sa neinficiranim prvotelkama. Najbolje je da se inficirana i sumnjiva grla izdvoje u posebnu grupu, koja }e biti mu`ena na kraju ili zasebnom opremom. U suprotnom, muzne jedinice treba da budu dezinfikovane posle mu`e inficiranih krava. Skra}enje trajanja postoje}ih infekcija posti`e se tretmanom klini~kih slu~ajeva u laktaciji, tretmanom svih pozitivnih grla u periodu zasu{enja i isklju~ivanjem pojedinih grla. Prioritet pri isklju~ivanju imaju starije krave sa hroni~nim klini~kim mastitisom u vi{e od jedne laktacije i ekonomski grani~nom proizvodnjom mleka. Terapija krava u zasu{enju, o kojoj se mo`e na}i u radu Hristova i sar. (1999, 1999a), osim {to redukuje postoje}e infekcije, deluje preventivno na nastanak mastitisa nakon teljenja. U cilju efikasnijeg tretmana, nakon sterilne intramamarne aplikacije odgovaraju}eg antibiotika postavljaju se zaptiva~i za vime (Godden et al., 2003). Kod junica pri teljenju ili u ranoj laktaciji ~esto mo`e da se pojavi infekcija stafilokokama, zbog ~ega bi ih trebalo ispitati pre teljenja, a steona grla ne treba dr`ati zajedno sa zasu{enim kravama. Tretman steonih junica mo`e se vr{iti preparatima namenjenim terapiji krava u zasu{enju, u toku druge tre}ine graviditeta (Nickerson et al., 1995). Jedna od specifi~nih mera preventive je imunizacija krava protiv uzro~nika mastitisa, na primer E. coli i Str. uberis, o ~emu detaljnije razmatraju Jones and Swisher (1998) i Leigh, (1999). Iz svega navedenog uo~ava se da u kontroli mastitisa, kao kompleksnog oboljenja, postoji uticaj velikog broja faktora ali i brojne mere preventive. Dezinfekcija papila predstavlja jednu od najva`nijih i vrlo efikasnih mera. Me utim, ona ne daje zadovoljavaju}e rezultate ukoliko se ne sprovodi redovno, zajedno sa drugim preventivnim merama (Hristov i Reli} R., 2004), a dobar rezultat izostaje i pri parcijalnom sprovo enju samo pojedinih mera. U na{im uslovima je ovo ~est slu~aj, uglavnom kao posledica ekonomske situacije. Utvr ene su i nepravilnosti pri izvo enju dezinfekcije i drugih postupaka u toku mu`e od strane muza~a na na{im farmama (Hristov i sar., 2002a). Osim toga, provera efekta dezinfekcije u terenskim uslovima retko se izvodi (Vuki~evi} i Hrgovi}, 1988), kao i pra}enje pojave rezistencije uzro~nika na preparat. Treba napomenuti da su stalna kontrola i evidencija neophodne za sve preventivne postupke, jer je jedino tako mogu}e utvrditi njihov efekat i izvr{iti potrebne korekcije. Zaklju~ak Na osnovu prikaza preventivnih mera u kontroli mastitisa mo`e se zaklju~iti da mastitis svuda u svetu prouzrokuje velike ekonomske gubitke. Na pojavu ovog oboljenja uti~e okolina, ishrana, genetski, imunolo{ki, etolo{ki i ljudski faktor. Preventiva mastitisa mora da se zasniva na poznavanju statusa stada i specifi~nog uzro~nika. Otpornost na mastitis je nasledna, a odgovaraju}om ishranom se mo`e 44
5 pospe{iti ili ve{ta~kom imunizacijom izazvati. Treba spre~avati pojavu zadr`avanja posteljice, povreda vimena i stresa kod `ivotinja jer doprinose nastanku mastitisa. Spre~avanje uno{enja uzro~nika mastitisa vr{i se kontrolom zdravstvenog stanja grla koja se priklju~uju stadu, a spre~avanju njihovog daljeg {irenja doprinosi higijena muznih aparata i muza~a, brisanje vimena zasebnim ubrusima, dezinfekcija pre i posle mu`e, uni{tavanje insekata kao i izdvajanje inficiranih i grla sa visokim BS]. Higijena objekata, le`i{ta i prostirke pozitivno uti~e na smanjenje broja bakterija u okolini `ivotinja. Provera sistema za mu`u omogu}ava blagovremeno uklanjanje nepravilnosti i pravilnu mu`u. Terapija krava u zasu{enju prevenira pojavu infekcija nakon teljenja, a isklju~ivanje hroni~no inficiranih krava doprinosi smanjivanju broja postoje}ih infekcija. U na{oj zemlji prakti~no ne postoji kompletan program kontrole mastitisa. Posledice toga su registrovane kao propusti u sprovo enju higijenskih mera, ne sprovo enje odre enih mera ili nedostatak kontrole i evidencije pojedinih postupaka. Literatura 1. Anon. (1996): Current Concepts in Bovine Mastitis, National Mastitis Council. Inc., Madison, WI. 2. Detilleux, J.C. (2002): Genetic factors affecting susceptibility of dairy cows to udder pathogens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 88, 3-4, Emmert, M., Wendt, K. (1991): Correlations between feedinq-related metabolic disorders and damage to udder health in dairy cows. Monatshefte für Veterinärmedizin, 46(15): Giesecke, W.H. (1985): The effect of stress on udder health of dairy cows. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 52: Godden, S., Rapnicki, P., Stewart, S., Fetrow, J., Johnson, A., Bey, R., Farnsworth, R. (2003): Effectiveness of an Internal Teat Seal in the Prevention of New Intramammary Infections During the Dry and Early-Lactation Periods in Dairy Cows when used with a Dry Cow Intramammary Antibiotic. J. Dairy Sci. 86: Haile-Mariam, M., Bowman, P.J., Goddard, M.E. (2001): Genetic and environmental correlations between test-day somatic cell count and milk yield traits. Livestock Production Science 73, Halleron, R. (1997): Liner slips cause 10 to 15 percent of new infections. p. 624 in Aug. 25 issue of Hoard¼s Dairyman. 8. Heringstad, B., Klemetsdal, G., Ruane, J. (2000): Selection for mastitis resistance in dairy cattle: a review with focus on the situation in the Nordic countries. Livestock Production Science, 64, 2-3, Hogan, J.S., Smith, K.L. (1997): Bacteria Counts in Sawdust Bedding. J. Dairy Science, 80: Hortet, P., Seegers, H. (1998): Loss in milk yield and related composition changes resulting from clinical mastitis in dairy cows. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 37, 1-4,
6 11. Hristov, S., Vu~ini}, M., Jo`ef, I. (1997): Dezinfekcija vimena krava pre i posle mu`e. Zbornik radova VIII Savetovanja iz DDD u za{titi `ivotne sredine, Subotica, Hristov, S., Pavlovi}, P., Ribar, Lj., Pavlovi}, G., Lazarevi}, N. (1999): Najzna~ajniji aspekti terapije mastitisa kod krava u zasu{enju. Zbornik nau~nih radova XIII Savetovanja agronoma, veterinara i tehnologa, Aran elovac, 5, 1, Hristov, S., Ribar, Lj., Lazarevi}, N., Pavlovi}, M., Pavlovi}, G. (1999a): Intramamarno tretiranje mastitisa krava. Savremena poljoprivreda, 48, 1-2, Hristov, S., Stankovi}, B., Reli}, R. (2002): Najzna~ajniji aspekti u primeni dezinfekcije vimena krava. Zbornik radova XIII Savetovanja DDD u za{titi `ivotne sredine sa me unarodnim u~e{}em, Kikinda, Hristov, S., Reli}, R., Stankovi}, B. (2002a): Failures in conveying of hygienic measures during milking of cows. Journal of Agricultural Science, 47, No. 2: Hristov, S., Reli}, R. (2003): U~estalost pojave i ekonomski zna~aj subklini~kih oblika mastitisa. Mlekarstvo, 22, Hristov, S., Stankovi}, B., Reli}, R. (2003): Ispitivanje u~inka»jodogala«na povr{inama sisnih ~a{ica, ko`e vimena i ruku muza~a. Zbornik radova XIV Savetovanja DDD u za{titi `ivotne sredine sa me unarodnim u~e{}em. Subotica, Hristov, S., Reli}, R. (2004): Spre~avanje pojave i suzbijanje stafilokoknog mastitisa u krava. Zbornik nau~nik radova XVIII Savetovanja agronoma, veterinara i tehnologa, Beograd, Hristov, S., Stankovi}, B., Reli}, R. (2004): Mogu}nost primene desikanta Mistrala u preventivi bolesti `ivotinja. Zbornik radova XV Savetovanja DDD u za{titi `ivotne sredine sa me unarodnim u~e{}em. Tara, Hristov, S., Reli}, R., Stankovi} B. (2004a): Dezinfekcija vimena krava. Zbornik radova 16. Savetovanja veterinara Srbije sa me unarodnim u~e{}em, Zlatibor, Vuki~evi}, Z., Hrgovi}, N. (1988): Dezinfekcija u veterinarskoj medicini. SVIVTJ, Beograd. 22. Jones, G.M, Swisher, J.M. (1998): Environmental Streptococcal and Coliform Mastitis. Virginia Cooperative Extension. Publication Number Klug, F., Franz, H., Bethge, B., Jansch, G., Lemme, F. (1989): Effects of level of nutrition during early lactation on health and conception rate of group-fed dairy cows. Tierzucht, 43(2): Klastrup, O., Bakken, G., Bramley, J., Bushnell, R. (1987): Environmental influences on bovine mastitis. Bulletin of the international dairy federation, No. 217, Leigh, A.J. (1999): Streptococcus uberis: A Permanent Barrier to the Control of Bovine Mastitis? The Veterinary Journal, 157, Milojevi}, Z., Siradovi}, M., Marovi}, D., Sandor, D., Mi}i}, R., Kojevi}., S Ismailovi}, M., Filipovi}, S. (1988): Effect of various management systems on udder infections and the occurrence of mastitis. Nauka u Praksi, 18(2):
7 27. Morse, D., Lorenzo, M.A., Wilcox, C.J., Collier, R.J., Natzko, R.P., Bray, D.R. (1988): Climatic effects on occurrence of clinical mastitis. J. Dairy Sci., 71 (3): Nickerson, S.C., Owens, W.E., Boddie, R.L. (1995): Mastitis in dairy heifers: Initial studies on prevalence and control. J. Dairy Sci. 78: Schroeder, J.W. (1997): Mastitis Control Programs: Bovine Mastitis and Milking Management. North Dakota State University Extension Service, AS Schukken, Y.H., Hollis, N.E., Smith, R.D. (1988): The relationship between mastitis and retained placenta in a commercial population of holstein dairy cows. Prev. Vet. Med., 5, 3, Tarr, B. (1996): Molds and Mycotoxins - Alleviating Mold and Mycotoxin Problems. Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Ontario Watts, J.L. (1988): Etiological agents of bovine mastitis. Veterinary Microbiology, 16(1):
8 UDC:619: : Review paper PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN MASTITIS CONTROL S. Hristov, R. Reli}, B. Stankovi}, R. Nikoli}, R. Beskorovajni* Summary Mastitis is disease which provokes great economic losses in milk production. There are influences of many factors on its appearance. Mastitis control programes are consisted of numerous preventive measures, which are adduced and shortly descripted in this review paper. Their implementation is proceeding by identification of herd health status, which should be repeated for program control. Some of the preventive measures are milking hygiene, appropriate accomodation of animals, culling of chronical mastitis cases, dry cow therapy, selection on mastitis resistance, adequate nutrition and immunoprophylacy. Practically, complete mastitis control program in our country no exists. Failures in conveing of higienic measures, nonconveing of certain measures or lack of control and record of data are the consequences. Therefore, the effect of preventive measures is not always satisfactory. Key words: mastitis, economic losses, preventive measures. * Slav~a Hristov, Ph.D., full professor, Renata Reli}, Dvm, beginning assistant, Branislav Stankovi}, M.Sc., assistant, Faculty of Agriculture, Zemun-Belgrade; Radi{a Nikoli}, M.Sc., research fellow, Radmila Beskorovajni, M.Sc., research fellow, Institute PKB Agroekonomik, Padinska Skela-Beograd. 48
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