Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs"

Transcription

1 PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

2

3 bacteria fungi HOW? WHAT? virus protozoa

4 Antimicrobials Antibiotics (antimicrobial agents produced naturally by microbes) and semisynthetic and synthetic chemicals Typically used for treatment of disease and not for environmental control (like earlier chemicals) Some used for antimicrobial control outside the body Nisin (kill bacteria in cheese) Natamycin (kill fungi in cheese) is Lysozyme an antibiotic?

5 Antibiotic s targets on microbe Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways/Nucleic Acid Synthesis Prevention of Virus Attachment

6 Figure 10.2 Mechanisms of action of microbial drugs. Inhibition of pathogen's attachment to, or recognition of, host Arildone Pleconaril Human cell membrane Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis Actinomycin Nucleotide analogs Quinolones Rifampin Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Penicillins Cephalosporins Vancomycin Bacitracin Isoniazid Ethambutol Echinocandins (antifungal) Bacteria/fungi Inhibition of protein synthesis Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Macrolides Antisense nucleic acids Disruption of cytoplasmic membrane Polymyxins Polyenes (antifungal) Inhibition of general metabolic pathway Sulfonamides Trimethoprim Dapsone

7 Figure 10.1 Antibiotic effect of the mold Penicillium chrysogenum. Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium) Penicillium chrysogenum (fungus) Zone where bacterial growth is inhibited

8 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action Antibiotics Antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms Common usage: antibiotic = antibacterial

9 The History of Antimicrobial Agents Natural Semisynthetics Chemically altered antibiotics that are more effective, longer lasting, or easier to administer than naturally occurring ones Synthetics Antimicrobials that are completely synthesized in a lab

10 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis in Bacteria Beta-lactams are most prominent in this group Functional groups are beta-lactam rings Beta-lactams bind to enzymes that cross-link NAM subunits Bacteria have weakened cell walls and eventually lyse

11 How cell walls are made and maintained NAG-NAM polylinker NAM-NAM crosslink NAG NAM NAG-NAM chain Crossbridge between NAM and NAM Growth Divide New NAG and NAM subunits New NAG and NAM subunits are inserted into the wall by enzymes, allowing the cell to grow. Other enzymes link new NAM subunits to old NAM subunits with peptide cross-links. A bacterial cell wall is made of peptidoglycan, which is made of NAG-NAM chains that are cross-linked by peptide bridges between the NAM subunits.

12 Figure 10.3c-e Bacterial cell wall synthesis and the inhibitory effects of beta-lactams on it. Beta-lactams Functional groups are beta-lactam rings inhibit new NAM-NAM crosslinks Penicillin G (natural) Methicillin (semisynthetic) Penicillins Cephalothin (natural) Cephalosporins New cross-links inhibited by beta-lactam Previously formed cross-link Growth Beta-lactam interferes with the linking enzymes, and NAM subunits remain unattached to their neighbors. However, the cell continues to grow as it adds more NAG and NAM subunits. The cell bursts from osmotic pressure because the integrity of peptidoglycan is not maintained. Osmotic pressure causes water to move in and burst the cell

13 Beta-lactams (Penicillin) action Prevent bacteria from increasing amount of peptidoglycan Have no effect on existing peptidoglycan layer Effective only for growing cells Dormant cells are not affected Semisynthetic derivatives of beta-lactams More stable in acidic environments (methicillin) More readily absorbed in intestine Less susceptible to deactivation by bacteria More active against more types of bacteria

14 Other Inhibitors of synthesis of bacterial walls Vancomycin (MRSA) and cycloserine Interfere with particular Ala-Ala bridges that link NAM subunits in many Gram-positive bacteria Bacitracin Blocks transport of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm Isoniazid and ethambutol Disrupt mycolic acid formation in mycobacterial species Generation time is hrs so therapy extends for months or years

15 Lysozyme

16 Inhibitors of synthesis of fungal walls Fungal cells composed of various polysaccharides not found in mammalian cells (1,3 D-glucan) Echinocandins (caspofungin) inhibit the enzyme that synthesizes glucan

17

18 Disruption of Fungal Cytoplasmic Membranes Polyenes - (Nystatins/Amphotericin B) attaches to ergosterol in fungal membranes form channel through cytoplasmic membrane and damage its integrity (Humans somewhat susceptible because cholesterol similar to ergosterol) Azoles (fluconazole) and allylamines (terbinafine) inhibit ergosterol synthesis

19 Disruption of Cytoplasmic Membranes in bacteria or protozoans Polymyxin disrupts cytoplasmic membranes of Gramnegative bacteria Pseudomonas Some parasitic worm drugs act against cytoplasmic membranes (praziquantel and ivermectin)

20 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S (30S and 50S) Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S (40S and 60S) Mitochondria of animals and humans contain 70S ribosomes Side-effect (liver and bone marrow affected) WHY?

21 Figure 10.4 The mechanisms by which antimicrobials target prokaryotic ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. Incorrect amino acids 30S Ribosome Streptomycin/gentamicin mrna Some aminoglycosides cause change in 30S shape; mrna is misread. Lincosamides or macrolides bind to 50S subunit, blocking proper mrna movement through ribosome. Synthesis stops. erthromycin 50S mrna 50S Tetracycline and some aminoglycosides block docking site of trna. mrna 50S Antisense nucleic acid fomiversen mrna Amino acids Chloramphenicol binds enzymatic site 30S 50S mrna fmet 50S Mupirocin binds Isoleucine trna 30S Oxazolidinone mrna

22 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action Inhibition of Metabolic Pathways Antimetabolic agents can be effective when pathogen and host metabolic processes differ e.g. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Actinomycin D binds DNA block DNA replication or RNA transcription Not normally used to treat infections WHY? Atovaquone interferes with electron transport in protozoa and fungi

23 Antiviral agents Antiviral agents can target unique aspects of viral metabolism Amantadine (Influenza type A), rimantadine, and weak organic bases prevent viral uncoating Protease inhibitors interfere with an enzyme that HIV needs in its replication cycle

24 Inhibition of Viral Nucleic Acid Synthesis Nucleotide or nucleoside analogs Interfere with function of nucleic acids Most often used against viruses 1) viral DNA pol proof reading not as effective as human 2) rapid synthesis

25 Inhibition of Viral Nucleic Acid Synthesis Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Act against an enzyme HIV uses in its replication cycle NO SIDE-EFFECT Why?

26 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action Prevention of Virus Attachment Attachment antagonists (peptide/sugar analogs) block viral attachment or receptor proteins E.g. Arildone and pleconaril poliovirus and cold virus

27 Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Ideal Antimicrobial Agent Readily available Inexpensive Chemically stable Easily administered Nontoxic and nonallergenic Selective toxicity

28 Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Spectrum of Action/Effectiveness Routes of Administration/Safety and Side Effects Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs The Development of Resistance in Populations Mechanisms of Resistance Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance Retarding Resistance

29 Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Spectrum of Action Number of different pathogens a drug acts against Narrow-spectrum effective against few organisms Broad-spectrum effective against many organisms Killing of normal flora reduces microbial antagonism Superinfection is a possibility

30 Figure 10.8 Spectrum of action for selected antimicrobial agents. Which are narrow/broad spectrum?

31 Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Effectiveness Ascertained by 3 tests Diffusion susceptibility test (KIRBY BAUER) Minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC) Minimum bactericidal concentration test (MBC) (for bacteriocidal/static check)

32 Figure 10.9 Zones of inhibition in a diffusion susceptibility (Kirby-Bauer) test. Bacterial lawn Zone of inhibition Kirby-Bauer test Diffusion susceptibility test

33 Figure Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test in test tubes. Turbid tubes Clear tubes MIC smallest amount that inhibits growth Increasing concentration of drug

34 Figure A minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) test. MBC Concentration of antibacterial drug ( g/ml) Clear MIC tube IC refinement test 8 g/ml 16 g/ml 25 g/ml Bacterial colonies No colonies No colonies Drug-free media

35 Figure An Etest, which combines aspects of Kirby-Bauer and MIC tests. Etest = MIC+Kirby-Bauer type

36 Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Routes of Administration Topical/local application of drug for external infections Oral route requires no needles and is self-administered Intramuscular administration delivers drug via needle into muscle Intravenous administration delivers drug directly to bloodstream

37 Figure The effect of route of administration on blood levels of a chemotherapeutic agent.

38 Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Safety and Side Effects - 3 Toxicity (1/3) Cause of many adverse reactions poorly understood Drugs may be toxic to kidneys, liver, or nerves Consideration needed when prescribing drugs to pregnant women Therapeutic index is the ratio of the dose of a drug that can be tolerated to the drug's effective dose (higher TI = safer) Therapeutic Range/Window (safe range of drug conc.)

39 Figure Some side effects resulting from toxicity of antimicrobial agents. Metronidazole antiprotozoan Black hairy tongue hemoglobin breakdown products Accumulate in tongue Tetracyline-Calcium complexes get incorporated in bones and teeth

40 Clinical Considerations in Prescribing Antimicrobial Drugs Safety and Side Effects Allergies (2/3) Allergic reactions are rare but may be life threatening Anaphylactic shock (0.1 % American penicillin 300 deaths/year) Disruption of normal microbiota (3/3) May result in secondary infections by opportunistic pathogens Overgrowth of normal flora causing superinfections Of greatest concern for hospitalized patients

41 Methods for Evaluating Disinfectants and Antiseptics Development of Resistant Microbes Little evidence that products containing antiseptic and disinfecting chemicals add to human or animal health Use of such products promotes development of resistant microbes

42 FDA bans antibacterial soaps - Sep2016 Rule removes triclosan and triclocarban from overthe-counter antibacterial hand and body washes The agency after some data suggested that longterm exposure to certain active ingredients used in antibacterial products for example, triclosan (liquid soaps) and triclocarban (bar soaps) could pose health risks, such as bacterial resistance or hormonal effects.

43 Figure The development of a resistant strain of bacteria. Drug-sensitive cells Drug-resistant mutant Exposure to drug Population of microbial cells Sensitive cells inhibited by exposure to drug Remaining Population grows over time Most cells now resistant

44 Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs The Development of Resistance in Populations Some pathogens are naturally resistant Resistance by bacteria acquired in two ways New mutations of chromosomal genes Acquisition of R plasmids via transformation, transduction, and conjugation.

45 Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs Mechanisms of Resistance At least seven mechanisms of microbial resistance Production of enzyme that destroys or deactivates drug Slow or prevent entry of drug into the cell Alter target of drug so it binds less effectively Alter their own metabolic chemistry Pump antimicrobial drug out of the cell before it can act Bacteria in biofilms can resist antimicrobials

46 Figure 10.3c-e Bacterial cell wall synthesis and the inhibitory effects of beta-lactams on it. Beta-lactams Functional groups are beta-lactam rings Penicillin G (natural) Penicillins Methicillin (semisynthetic) Cephalothin (natural) Cephalosporins New cross-links inhibited by beta-lactam Previously formed cross-link Growth Beta-lactam interferes with the linking enzymes, and NAM subunits remain unattached to their neighbors. However, the cell continues to grow as it adds more NAG and NAM subunits. The cell bursts from osmotic pressure because the integrity of peptidoglycan is not maintained. Osmotic pressure causes water to move in and burst the cell

47 Figure How -lactamase (penicillinase) renders penicillin inactive. 1) Production of enzyme that destroys or deactivates drug Lactam ring Penicillin -lactamase (penicillinase) breaks this bond Inactive penicillin 200 lactamases known many coded by R plasmids

48 Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs Multiple Resistance and Cross Resistance Pathogen can acquire resistance to more than one drug Multi-drug-resistant pathogens are resistant to at least three antimicrobial agents Cross resistance resistance to one confers resistance to similar drugs e.g. streptomycin and other aminoglycoside-related drugs

49 Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs 4 ways for Retarding Resistance 1) Maintain high concentration of drug in patient for sufficient time (Complete the dose) Inhibit the pathogen so immune system can eliminate 2) Use antimicrobial agents in combination Synergism penicillin and streptomycin

50 Figure An example of synergism between two antimicrobial agents. Disk with semisynthetic amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Disk with semisynthetic aztreonam

51 Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs Retarding Resistance 3) Use antimicrobials only when necessary 4) Develop new variations of existing drugs

bacteria fungi HOW? WHAT? protozoa virus Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

bacteria fungi HOW? WHAT? protozoa virus Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs bacteria fungi HOW? WHAT?

More information

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs bacteria fungi HOW? WHAT?

More information

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University C H A P T E R 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs Interesting News https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601138/the-fridge-laserthat-detects-bacteria-crawling-all-over-food/

More information

CSLO3. Distinguish between mechanisms of physical and chemical agents to control microbial populations.

CSLO3. Distinguish between mechanisms of physical and chemical agents to control microbial populations. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Mindy Miller-Kittrell, North Carolina State University CSLO3. Distinguish between mechanisms of physical and chemical agents to control microbial populations.

More information

Chapter concepts: What are antibiotics, the different types, and how do they work? Antibiotics

Chapter concepts: What are antibiotics, the different types, and how do they work? Antibiotics Chapter concepts: Antibiotics What are antibiotics, the different types, and how do they work? How do we decided on the most appropriate antibiotic treatment? What are some of the ways that bacteria are

More information

Selective toxicity. Antimicrobial Drugs. Alexander Fleming 10/17/2016

Selective toxicity. Antimicrobial Drugs. Alexander Fleming 10/17/2016 Selective toxicity Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20 BIO 220 Drugs must work inside the host and harm the infective pathogens, but not the host Antibiotics are compounds produced by fungi or bacteria that

More information

Antimicrobial Therapy

Antimicrobial Therapy Chapter 12 The Elements of Chemotherapy Topics - Antimicrobial Therapy - Selective Toxicity - Survey of Antimicrobial Drug - Microbial Drug Resistance - Drug and Host Interaction Antimicrobial Therapy

More information

Antibiotics. Antimicrobial Drugs. Alexander Fleming 10/18/2017

Antibiotics. Antimicrobial Drugs. Alexander Fleming 10/18/2017 Antibiotics Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20 BIO 220 Antibiotics are compounds produced by fungi or bacteria that inhibit or kill competing microbial species Antimicrobial drugs must display selective toxicity,

More information

Chapter 12. Antimicrobial Therapy. Antibiotics 3/31/2010. Spectrum of antibiotics and targets

Chapter 12. Antimicrobial Therapy. Antibiotics 3/31/2010. Spectrum of antibiotics and targets Chapter 12 Topics: - Antimicrobial Therapy - Selective Toxicity - Survey of Antimicrobial Drug - Microbial Drug Resistance - Drug and Host Interaction Antimicrobial Therapy Ehrlich (1900 s) compound 606

More information

Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences. Chapter 9. Controlling Microbial Growth in Vivo Using Antimicrobial Agents

Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences. Chapter 9. Controlling Microbial Growth in Vivo Using Antimicrobial Agents Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences Chapter 9. Controlling Microbial Growth in Vivo Using Antimicrobial Agents Chapter 9 Outline Introduction Characteristics of an Ideal Antimicrobial Agent How

More information

Inhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Zeina Alkudmani

Inhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo. CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Zeina Alkudmani Inhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo CLS 212: Medical Microbiology Zeina Alkudmani Chemotherapy Definitions The use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition. Chemotherapeutic Agent Any drug

More information

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs

Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 12 Topics - Antimicrobial Therapy - Selective Toxicity - Survey of Antimicrobial Drug - Microbial Drug Resistance - Drug and Host Interaction

More information

Antibiotics: mode of action and mechanisms of resistance. Slides made by Special consultant Henrik Hasman Statens Serum Institut

Antibiotics: mode of action and mechanisms of resistance. Slides made by Special consultant Henrik Hasman Statens Serum Institut Antibiotics: mode of action and mechanisms of resistance. Slides made by Special consultant Henrik Hasman Statens Serum Institut This presentation Definitions needed to discuss antimicrobial resistance

More information

Antimicrobial Drugs. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R

Antimicrobial Drugs. PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R PowerPoint Lecture Presentations prepared by Bradley W. Christian, McLennan Community College C H A P T E R 20 Antimicrobial Drugs The History of Chemotherapy Selective toxicity: selectively finding and

More information

Antimicrobials & Resistance

Antimicrobials & Resistance Antimicrobials & Resistance History 1908, Paul Ehrlich - Arsenic compound Arsphenamine 1929, Alexander Fleming - Discovery of Penicillin 1935, Gerhard Domag - Discovery of the red dye Prontosil (sulfonamide)

More information

Challenges Emerging resistance Fewer new drugs MRSA and other resistant pathogens are major problems

Challenges Emerging resistance Fewer new drugs MRSA and other resistant pathogens are major problems Micro 301 Antimicrobial Drugs 11/7/12 Significance of antimicrobial drugs Challenges Emerging resistance Fewer new drugs MRSA and other resistant pathogens are major problems Definitions Antibiotic Selective

More information

Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Electron Micrograph of E. Coli Diseases Caused by Bacteria 1928 1 2 Fleming 3 discovers penicillin the first antibiotic. Some Clinically Important Antibiotics Antibiotic

More information

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? CHAPTER 20 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? The most important problem associated with infectious disease today is the rapid development of resistance to antibiotics It will force us to change

More information

Antibiotics & Resistance

Antibiotics & Resistance What are antibiotics? Antibiotics & esistance Antibiotics are molecules that stop bacteria from growing or kill them Antibiotics, agents against life - either natural or synthetic chemicals - designed

More information

Chapter 20. Antimicrobial Drugs. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures prepared by Christine L.

Chapter 20. Antimicrobial Drugs. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Pearson Education, Inc. Lectures prepared by Christine L. Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Drugs Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case Copyright Lectures prepared by Christine L. Case The History of Chemotherapy Learning Objectives 20-1 Identify the contributions of

More information

Introduction to Chemotherapeutic Agents. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The university of Jordan November 2018

Introduction to Chemotherapeutic Agents. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The university of Jordan November 2018 Introduction to Chemotherapeutic Agents Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The university of Jordan November 2018 Antimicrobial Agents Substances that kill bacteria without harming the host.

More information

مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد

مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد م. مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد 2017-2016 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Antimicrobial drugs Lecture 1 Antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to treat a disease. Antimicrobial drugs:

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi number 8 Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi 25 10/10/2017 Antibacterial therapy 2 د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi Antibacterial therapy Figure 2/ Antibiotics target Inhibition of microbial

More information

Principles of Antimicrobial therapy

Principles of Antimicrobial therapy Principles of Antimicrobial therapy Laith Mohammed Abbas Al-Huseini M.B.Ch.B., M.Sc, M.Res, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Antimicrobial agents are chemical substances that can kill or

More information

Antibacterial susceptibility testing

Antibacterial susceptibility testing Antibiotics: Antil susceptibility testing are natural chemical substances produced by certain groups of microorganisms (fungi, ) that inhibit the growth of or kill the other that cause infection. Several

More information

Antimicrobial agents

Antimicrobial agents Bacteriology Antimicrobial agents Learning Outcomes: At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to: Identify mechanisms of action of antimicrobial Drugs Know and understand key concepts about

More information

Microbiology ( Bacteriology) sheet # 7

Microbiology ( Bacteriology) sheet # 7 Microbiology ( Bacteriology) sheet # 7 Revision of last lecture : Each type of antimicrobial drug normally targets a specific structure or component of the bacterial cell eg:( cell wall, cell membrane,

More information

Introduction to Antimicrobials. Lecture Aim: To provide a brief introduction to antibiotics. Future lectures will go into more detail.

Introduction to Antimicrobials. Lecture Aim: To provide a brief introduction to antibiotics. Future lectures will go into more detail. Introduction to Antimicrobials Rachel J. Gordon, MD, MPH Lecture Aim: To provide a brief introduction to antibiotics. Future lectures will go into more detail. Major Learning Objectives: 1) Learn the different

More information

Antibacterial Agents & Conditions. Stijn van der Veen

Antibacterial Agents & Conditions. Stijn van der Veen Antibacterial Agents & Conditions Stijn van der Veen Antibacterial agents & conditions Antibacterial agents Disinfectants: Non-selective antimicrobial substances that kill a wide range of bacteria. Only

More information

Microbiology : antimicrobial drugs. Sheet 11. Ali abualhija

Microbiology : antimicrobial drugs. Sheet 11. Ali abualhija Microbiology : antimicrobial drugs Sheet 11 Ali abualhija return to our topic antimicrobial drugs, we have finished major group of antimicrobial drugs which associated with inhibition of protein synthesis

More information

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 12 To run the animations you must be in Slideshow View. Use the buttons on the animation to play, pause, and turn

More information

An#bio#cs and challenges in the wake of superbugs

An#bio#cs and challenges in the wake of superbugs An#bio#cs and challenges in the wake of superbugs www.biochemj.org/bj/330/0581/bj3300581.htm ciss.blog.olemiss.edu Dr. Vassie Ware Bioscience in the 21 st Century November 14, 2014 Who said this and what

More information

Antimicrobial agents. are chemicals active against microorganisms

Antimicrobial agents. are chemicals active against microorganisms Antimicrobial agents are chemicals active against microorganisms Antibacterial Agents Are chemicals active against bacteria Antimicrobials Antibacterial Antifungal Antiviral Antiparasitic: -anti protozoan

More information

Other Beta - lactam Antibiotics

Other Beta - lactam Antibiotics Other Beta - lactam Antibiotics Assistant Professor Dr. Naza M. Ali Lec 5 8 Nov 2017 Lecture outlines Other beta lactam antibiotics Other inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Other beta-lactam Antibiotics

More information

Antibacterial therapy 1. د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi

Antibacterial therapy 1. د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi Antibacterial therapy 1 د. حامد الزعبي Dr Hamed Al-Zoubi ILOs Principles and terms Different categories of antibiotics Spectrum of activity and mechanism of action Resistancs Antibacterial therapy What

More information

Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance. Topics to be Covered

Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Antimicrobial Resistance. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance. Topics to be Covered Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length

More information

Lecture 6: Fungi, antibiotics and bacterial infections. Outline Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance

Lecture 6: Fungi, antibiotics and bacterial infections. Outline Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Lecture 6: Fungi, antibiotics and bacterial infections Outline Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Lecture 1 2 3 Lecture Outline Section 4 Willow and aspirin Opium

More information

Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased number of hospitalizations Increased length

More information

Antimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA

Antimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA Antimicrobial Resistance Acquisition of Foreign DNA Levy, Scientific American Horizontal gene transfer is common, even between Gram positive and negative bacteria Plasmid - transfer of single or multiple

More information

Q1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants.

Q1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants. Q1. (a) Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that is present in the gut of up to 3% of healthy adults and 66% of healthy infants. C. difficile rarely causes problems, either in healthy adults or in infants.

More information

Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections Prof. Mohammad Alhumayyd Dr. Aliah Alshanwani

Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections Prof. Mohammad Alhumayyd Dr. Aliah Alshanwani Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections Prof. Mohammad Alhumayyd Dr. Aliah Alshanwani 30-1-2018 1 Objectives of the lecture At the end of lecture, the students should be able to understand the following:

More information

MID 23. Antimicrobial Resistance. Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance

MID 23. Antimicrobial Resistance. Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria. Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Resistance Molecular Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance Micro evolutionary change - point mutations Beta-lactamase mutation extends spectrum of the enzyme rpob gene (RNA polymerase) mutation

More information

Mechanism of antibiotic resistance

Mechanism of antibiotic resistance Mechanism of antibiotic resistance Dr.Siriwoot Sookkhee Ph.D (Biopharmaceutics) Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University Antibiotic resistance Cross-resistance : resistance

More information

Cell Wall Inhibitors. Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 3 7 Nov 2017

Cell Wall Inhibitors. Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 3 7 Nov 2017 Cell Wall Inhibitors Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali Lec 3 7 Nov 2017 Cell wall The cell wall is a rigid outer layer, it completely surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, maintaining the shape of the cell

More information

Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial Resistance Antimicrobial Resistance Consequences of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria Change in the approach to the administration of Change in the approach to the administration of empiric antimicrobial therapy Increased

More information

Chapter 12. Drugs, Microbes, Host. The Elements of Chemotherapy

Chapter 12. Drugs, Microbes, Host. The Elements of Chemotherapy Chapter 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host The Elements of Chemotherapy Principles of antimicrobial therapy Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys the infective agent without harming the host s cells

More information

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Assistant Professor Dr. Naza M. Ali 11 Nov 2018 Lec 7 Aminoglycosides Are structurally related two amino sugars attached by glycosidic linkages. They are bactericidal Inhibitors

More information

ANTIBIOTICS USED FOR RESISTACE BACTERIA. 1. Vancomicin

ANTIBIOTICS USED FOR RESISTACE BACTERIA. 1. Vancomicin ANTIBIOTICS USED FOR RESISTACE BACTERIA 1. Vancomicin Vancomycin is used to treat infections caused by bacteria. It belongs to the family of medicines called antibiotics. Vancomycin works by killing bacteria

More information

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Lecture PowerPoint to accompany Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host The Elements of Chemotherapy Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required

More information

Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern. Antibiotic resistance is not new 3/21/2011

Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern. Antibiotic resistance is not new 3/21/2011 Antibiotic Resistance Antibiotic Resistance: A Growing Concern Judy Ptak RN MSN Infection Prevention Practitioner Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon, NH Occurs when a microorganism fails to respond

More information

EXPERIMENT. Antibiotic Sensitivity-Kirby Bauer Diffusion Test

EXPERIMENT. Antibiotic Sensitivity-Kirby Bauer Diffusion Test EXPERIMENT Antibiotic Sensitivity-Kirby Bauer Diffusion Test Author Name Version 42-0238-00-02 Review the safety materials and wear goggles when working with chemicals. Read the entire exercise before

More information

Principles of Anti-Microbial Therapy Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 1

Principles of Anti-Microbial Therapy Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 1 Principles of Anti-Microbial Therapy Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali Lec 1 28 Oct 2018 References Lippincott s IIIustrated Reviews / Pharmacology 6 th Edition Katzung and Trevor s Pharmacology / Examination

More information

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition

Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Foundations in Microbiology Seventh Edition Talaro Chapter 12 Drugs, Microbes, Host The Elements of Chemotherapy Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Administer a drug to an infected person that destroys

More information

Introduction to antimicrobial agents

Introduction to antimicrobial agents Introduction to antimicrobial agents Kwan Soo Ko Action mechanisms of antimicrobials Bacteriostatic agents, such as tetracycline - Inhibit the growth and multiplication of bacteria - Upon exposure to a

More information

Pharmacology Week 6 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS

Pharmacology Week 6 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Pharmacology Week 6 ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS Mechanisms of antimicrobial action Mechanisms of antimicrobial action Bacteriostatic - Slow or stop bacterial growth, needs an immune system to finish off the microbe

More information

Controlling microbial growth in vivo by using antimicrobial agents. Dr. Nasser M. Kaplan Medical Microbiology JUST, Irbid, Jordan

Controlling microbial growth in vivo by using antimicrobial agents. Dr. Nasser M. Kaplan Medical Microbiology JUST, Irbid, Jordan Controlling microbial growth in vivo by using antimicrobial agents Dr. Nasser M. Kaplan Medical Microbiology JUST, Irbid, Jordan Introduction Definitions Chemotherapeutic agent = any chemical (drug) used

More information

The β- Lactam Antibiotics. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The University of Jordan November 2018

The β- Lactam Antibiotics. Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The University of Jordan November 2018 The β- Lactam Antibiotics Munir Gharaibeh MD, PhD, MHPE School of Medicine, The University of Jordan November 2018 Penicillins. Cephalosporins. Carbapenems. Monobactams. The β- Lactam Antibiotics 2 3 How

More information

BUGS and DRUGS Part 1 March 6, 2013 Marieke Kruidering- Hall

BUGS and DRUGS Part 1 March 6, 2013 Marieke Kruidering- Hall BUGS and DRUGS Part 1 March 6, 2013 Marieke Kruidering- Hall BIOGRAPHY: Marieke Kruidering- Hall is Associate Professor in the Department of Cellular & Molecular Pharmacology. She was born in the Netherlands.

More information

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. Syed Ziaur Rahman, MD, PhD D/O Pharmacology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. Syed Ziaur Rahman, MD, PhD D/O Pharmacology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Syed Ziaur Rahman, MD, PhD D/O Pharmacology, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT? The most important problem associated with infectious disease today is the rapid development

More information

Chemotherapeutic Agents

Chemotherapeutic Agents Chemotherapeutic Agents The cell is the basic structure of all living organisms. The cell membrane features specifi c receptor sites that allow interaction with various chemicals, histocompatibility proteins

More information

Antimicrobial chemotherapy - history - principles and practice - mode of action, resistance. Dr. Berek Zsuzsa. 01 October 2013

Antimicrobial chemotherapy - history - principles and practice - mode of action, resistance. Dr. Berek Zsuzsa. 01 October 2013 Antimicrobial chemotherapy - history - principles and practice - mode of action, resistance Dr. Berek Zsuzsa 01 October 2013 How to kill Microbes? Extracorporal sterilisation disinfecting prevention Intracorporal

More information

Pharm 262: Antibiotics. 1 Pharmaceutical Microbiology II DR. C. AGYARE

Pharm 262: Antibiotics. 1 Pharmaceutical Microbiology II DR. C. AGYARE Pharm 262: 1 Pharmaceutical Microbiology II Antibiotics DR. C. AGYARE Reference Books 2 HUGO, W.B., RUSSELL, A.D. Pharmaceutical Microbiology. 6 th Ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 1998. WALSH, G. Biopharmaceuticals:

More information

مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد

مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد م. مادة االدوية المرحلة الثالثة م. غدير حاتم محمد 2017-2016 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS Antimicrobial drugs Lecture 2 The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs 1- Inhibitors of bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis. β-lactams(

More information

Cell Wall Weakeners. Antimicrobials: Drugs that Weaken the Cell Wall. Bacterial Cell Wall. Bacterial Resistance to PCNs. PCN Classification

Cell Wall Weakeners. Antimicrobials: Drugs that Weaken the Cell Wall. Bacterial Cell Wall. Bacterial Resistance to PCNs. PCN Classification Cell Wall Weakeners Antimicrobials: Drugs that Weaken the Cell Wall Beta Lactams Penicillins Cephalosporins Carbapenems Aztreonam Vancomycin Teicoplanin Bacterial Cell Wall Bacterial cytoplasm is hypertonic

More information

Antimicrobials. Antimicrobials

Antimicrobials. Antimicrobials Antimicrobials For more than 50 years, antibiotics have come to the rescue by routinely producing rapid and long-lasting miracle cures. However, from the beginning antibiotics have selected for resistance

More information

chapter 15 microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity

chapter 15 microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity chapter 15 microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity pathogenesis portals of entry & exit inoculation vs. disease: preferred portal of entry entry DOES NOT EQUAL disease entry into preferred portal of entry

More information

control microbial growth in vivo

control microbial growth in vivo control microbial growth in vivo ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY Dr. Faten Mostafa Professor of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University 11/6/2016 Dr Faten Mostafa 1 In vitro

More information

Medicinal Chemistry 561P. 2 st hour Examination. May 6, 2013 NAME: KEY. Good Luck!

Medicinal Chemistry 561P. 2 st hour Examination. May 6, 2013 NAME: KEY. Good Luck! Medicinal Chemistry 561P 2 st hour Examination May 6, 2013 NAME: KEY Good Luck! 2 MDCH 561P Exam 2 May 6, 2013 Name: KEY Grade: Fill in your scantron with the best choice for the questions below: 1. Which

More information

بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم

بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم The third (and the last) part about the Antimicrobial drugs. Tetracyclines: 1. This group is considered Bacteriostatic drugs Bacteriostatic drugs means: the effect of them is not

More information

Antimicrobial use in poultry: Emerging public health problem

Antimicrobial use in poultry: Emerging public health problem Antimicrobial use in poultry: Emerging public health problem Eric S. Mitema, BVM, MS, PhD CPD- Diagnosis and Treatment of Poultry Diseases FVM, CAVS, 6 th. August, 2014 AMR cont Antibiotics - Natural or

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr. Malik

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Dr. Malik number 25 Done by م ها أبو عجمي ة OsamsaAlZoubi Corrected by - Doctor Dr. Malik Antibiotic Misuse There are many ways of antibiotics misuse: Taking antibiotics when they are not needed: Antibiotics are

More information

Phar 754: Antimicrobial Agents

Phar 754: Antimicrobial Agents Pharmacy 754, Spring 2007 INTRDUCTIN T ANTIMICRBIAL AGENTS Dr. Mark Zabriskie ak Creek Bldg, Rm 238 Ph: 737 5774 Mark.Zabriskie@oregonstate.edu ffice ours: by appointment Recommended reading: G&G 10 th

More information

USA Product Label CLINTABS TABLETS. Virbac. brand of clindamycin hydrochloride tablets. ANADA # , Approved by FDA DESCRIPTION

USA Product Label CLINTABS TABLETS. Virbac. brand of clindamycin hydrochloride tablets. ANADA # , Approved by FDA DESCRIPTION VIRBAC CORPORATION USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com P.O. BOX 162059, FORT WORTH, TX, 76161 Telephone: 817-831-5030 Order Desk: 800-338-3659 Fax: 817-831-8327 Website: www.virbacvet.com CLINTABS

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Hamad

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Hamad number 7 Done by Heba Rababah Corrected by Muayad Azzam Doctor Hamad Antibacterial therapy 1 Antibiotics are very common in our lives, most of us have taken antibiotics at one point or another or at least

More information

Chemotherapy of bacterial infections. Part II. Mechanisms of Resistance. evolution of antimicrobial resistance

Chemotherapy of bacterial infections. Part II. Mechanisms of Resistance. evolution of antimicrobial resistance Chemotherapy of bacterial infections. Part II. Mechanisms of Resistance evolution of antimicrobial resistance Mechanism of bacterial genetic variability Point mutations may occur in a nucleotide base pair,

More information

Approach to pediatric Antibiotics

Approach to pediatric Antibiotics Approach to pediatric Antibiotics Gassem Gohal FAAP FRCPC Assistant professor of Pediatrics objectives To be familiar with common pediatric antibiotics o Classification o Action o Adverse effect To discus

More information

ANTIBIOTIC Resistance A GLOBAL THREAT Robero JJ

ANTIBIOTIC Resistance A GLOBAL THREAT Robero JJ ANTIBIOTIC Resistance A GLOBAL THREAT Robero JJ Antibiotic resistance is rapidly emerging as a public health issue throughout the world. Mankind has enjoyed about half a century of virtual complete control

More information

Mechanisms and Pathways of AMR in the environment

Mechanisms and Pathways of AMR in the environment FMM/RAS/298: Strengthening capacities, policies and national action plans on prudent and responsible use of antimicrobials in fisheries Final Workshop in cooperation with AVA Singapore and INFOFISH 12-14

More information

10/15/08. Activity of an Antibiotic. Affinity for target. Permeability properties (ability to get to the target)

10/15/08. Activity of an Antibiotic. Affinity for target. Permeability properties (ability to get to the target) Beta-lactam antibiotics Penicillins Target - Cell wall - interfere with cross linking Actively growing cells Bind to Penicillin Binding Proteins Enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis Activity of an Antibiotic

More information

Chapter 51. Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents

Chapter 51. Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents Chapter 51 Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents History of antimicrobial therapy Early 17 th century Cinchona bark was used as an important historical remedy against malaria. 1909 Paul Ehrlich sought a

More information

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: An Overview

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: An Overview REVIEW ARTICLE ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: An Overview 1 2 Vishwas TD, Kayalvizhi G CORRESPONDING ADDRESS Dr. T. D. Vishwas Email: vishwasdev@gmail.com Mobile: +91 98864 37028 ABSTRACT Microbes have emerged

More information

Some Antibacterial Agents Used with Koi (oz refers to weight unless otherwise specified)

Some Antibacterial Agents Used with Koi (oz refers to weight unless otherwise specified) Some Antibacterial Agents Used with Koi (oz refers to weight unless otherwise specified) (Note: many chemicals have been used at one time or another to combat bacterial disease in koi. We have attempted

More information

Antibiotic. Antibiotic Classes, Spectrum of Activity & Antibiotic Reporting

Antibiotic. Antibiotic Classes, Spectrum of Activity & Antibiotic Reporting Antibiotic Antibiotic Classes, Spectrum of Activity & Antibiotic Reporting Any substance of natural, synthetic or semisynthetic origin which at low concentrations kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria

More information

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Hameed

number Done by Corrected by Doctor Hameed number 7 Done by Heba Rababah Corrected by Muayad Azzam Doctor Hameed Antibacterial therapy 1 Antibiotics are very common in our life, most us have taken antibiotic or at least know some of them, such

More information

Introduction to Antimicrobial Therapy

Introduction to Antimicrobial Therapy Introduction to Antimicrobial Therapy Christine Kubin Classification of Antimicrobials Antimicrobials are drugs that destroy microbes, prevent their multiplication or growth, or prevent their pathogenic

More information

Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Diane M. Cappelletty, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice Wayne State University August, 2001 Vocabulary Clearance Renal elimination:

More information

Biochrom AG s antibiotics solutions: working concentration. Biochrom AG Information, November 19, 2010

Biochrom AG s antibiotics solutions: working concentration. Biochrom AG Information, November 19, 2010 Biochrom AG s antibiotics solutions: Up-to to-date overview regarding of action, performance and working concentration Biochrom AG Information, November 19, 2010 Cell culture media allow not only cells

More information

folate-derived cofactors purines pyrimidines Sulfonamides sulfa drugs Trimethoprim infecting bacterium to perform DNA synthesis cotrimoxazole

folate-derived cofactors purines pyrimidines Sulfonamides sulfa drugs Trimethoprim infecting bacterium to perform DNA synthesis cotrimoxazole Folate Antagonists Enzymes requiring folate-derived cofactors are essential for the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines (precursors of RNA and DNA) and other compounds necessary for cellular growth and

More information

Warm Up What recommendations do you have for him? Choose a partner and list some suggestions in your lab notebook.

Warm Up What recommendations do you have for him? Choose a partner and list some suggestions in your lab notebook. Antibiotics 1. Warmup: Medical Scenario 2. Lecture: PPT Slides & Notes 3. Math Connection: Graphing Activity 4. Assessment: Final Recommendation for Medical Scenario Citing Evidence 5. Enrichment: Article

More information

Classification of antimicrobial agents:

Classification of antimicrobial agents: بسم هللا الرمحن الرحمي Classification of antimicrobial agents: We can classify antimicrobial agents according to: 1. Mechanism of action 2. Chemical structure ( but it's very difficult, so it will follow

More information

Bacterial Resistance of Respiratory Pathogens. John C. Rotschafer, Pharm.D. University of Minnesota

Bacterial Resistance of Respiratory Pathogens. John C. Rotschafer, Pharm.D. University of Minnesota Bacterial Resistance of Respiratory Pathogens John C. Rotschafer, Pharm.D. University of Minnesota Antibiotic Misuse ~150 million courses of antibiotic prescribed by office based prescribers Estimated

More information

General Approach to Infectious Diseases

General Approach to Infectious Diseases General Approach to Infectious Diseases 2 The pharmacotherapy of infectious diseases is unique. To treat most diseases with drugs, we give drugs that have some desired pharmacologic action at some receptor

More information

Disclosures. Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy. Obtaining an Accurate Diagnosis Obtain specimens PRIOR to initiating antimicrobials

Disclosures. Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy. Obtaining an Accurate Diagnosis Obtain specimens PRIOR to initiating antimicrobials Disclosures Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy None Lori A. Cox MSN, ACNP-BC, ACNPC, FCCM Penn State Hershey Medical Center Neuroscience Critical Care Unit Obtaining an Accurate Diagnosis Determine site

More information

Health Products Regulatory Authority

Health Products Regulatory Authority 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Genta 50 mg/ml solution for injection 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains: Active Substances Gentamicin sulphate equivalent to Gentamicin

More information

Multi-drug resistant microorganisms

Multi-drug resistant microorganisms Multi-drug resistant microorganisms Arzu TOPELI Director of MICU Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara-Turkey Council Member of WFSICCM Deaths in the US declined by 220 per 100,000 with the

More information

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Active substance: cefalexin (as cefalexin monohydrate) mg

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Active substance: cefalexin (as cefalexin monohydrate) mg SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Cefaseptin 750 mg tablets for dogs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION One tablet contains: Active substance: cefalexin

More information

Overview. There are commonly found arrangements of bacteria based on their division. Spheres, Rods, Spirals

Overview. There are commonly found arrangements of bacteria based on their division. Spheres, Rods, Spirals Bacteria Overview Bacteria live almost everywhere. Most are microscopic ranging from 0.5 5 m in size, and unicellular. They have a variety of shapes when viewed under a microscope, most commonly: Spheres,

More information

January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1

January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1 January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1. and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Interpretive Standards for Testing Conditions Medium: diffusion: Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) Broth dilution: cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton

More information

Suggestions for appropriate agents to include in routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing

Suggestions for appropriate agents to include in routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing Suggestions for appropriate agents to include in routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing These suggestions are intended to indicate minimum sets of agents to test routinely in a diagnostic laboratory

More information

Is erythromycin bactericidal

Is erythromycin bactericidal Is erythromycin bactericidal Search Comparison of erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, telithromycin, roxithromycin: mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, side effects, drug interactions. Erythromycin

More information