Tissue Concentrations of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Anesthetized Dogs Following Single Intravenous Administration*
|
|
- Erik Potter
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Tissue Concentrations of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Anesthetized Dogs Following Single Intravenous Administration* Dawn M. Boothe, DVM, PhD a Albert Boeckh, DVM a Harry W. Boothe, DVM, MS b Scott Wilkie, BS b a Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology b Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University College Station, TX ABSTRACT Concentrations of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, were detected in tissues following single intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg to four anesthetized dogs. Two hours after treatment, serum samples were collected, animals were euthanized, and tissues were collected from each dog. Solid tissues were homogenized, and both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography. Enrofloxacin was detected in all tissues examined; the highest concentrations were found in the gall bladder, urine, bile, stomach, and liver. Concentrations in the cerebral cortex, cerebrospinal fluid, skin, and prostate were 5.7, 5.3, 9.2, and 23.5 µg/ml, respectively. Tissues for which the concentration of enrofloxacin was 4 µg/ml or lower included the trachea, articular cartilage, aqueous humor, fat, and tendon. An inhibitory quotient of 8 or more was achieved for enrofloxacin in the majority of tissues studied. Ciprofloxacin was detected in 29 of 40 tissues examined. *This study was sponsored by Bayer Corporation Animal Health, Shawnee Mission, KS. INTRODUCTION Enrofloxacin has been approved in the United States for several years for treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in small animals. 1 Most recently, a flexible label has been approved for this drug to be given once daily at 5 to 20 mg/kg. Serum drug concentration data are available either on the current label (2.5 mg/kg/day) 2 or in the literature for single 3 or multiple 4,5 (5-day) dosing at 2.5 to 11 mg/kg/day. A recent report 6 addresses plasma drug concentrations at the maximum label dosage rate of 20 mg/kg. However, for tissues other than serum, drug concentration data are available only for 2.5 mg/kg. Additional information is available for a limited number of tissues (e.g., bone, 7 skin, 8 urine 5 ). Achieving effective concentrations of a drug at the site of infection is a requirement for therapeutic success with antimicrobials This will facilitate eradication of the infection while decreasing the risk of antimicrobial resistance. 14 Administration of enrofloxacin at the maximum dosage should meet these objectives, particularly for organisms such as Pseudomonas, with high 120
2 D. M. Boothe, A. Boeckh, H. W. Boothe, and S. Wilkie (greater than 1 but less than 4 µg/ml) 15 minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). However, this expectation would be better met if data were available that supported evidence of tissue concentrations that would equal or exceed the MIC. Enrofloxacin is deethylated to its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin. 3,6 Previous studies have documented that the maximum serum concentration (C max ) achieved for ciprofloxacin is at least 40% of that achieved for enrofloxacin. 6 Therefore, administration of enrofloxacin at 20 mg/kg could also provide therapeutic concentrations of ciprofloxacin with activity against susceptible organisms in certain tissues. Additionally, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin act in an additive fashion, 16 and the metabolite increases the concentration and duration of antimicrobial drug at the site of infection. 6 Thus, in vivo studies that focus on the activity or kinetics of enrofloxacin should also include data for ciprofloxacin. The purpose of this study was to describe tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite following intravenous administration of a single dose of enrofloxacin at 20 mg/kg. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four hounds (two male and two female), 2 to 3 years of age and weighing 25 to 28 kg each, were used in the study. The dogs were apparently healthy at the start of the trial as determined by clinical laboratory tests (complete blood count and serum chemistry panel) and physical examination. Animals were fed a standard diet and provided free access to water. All experimental protocols were approved by the University Laboratory Animal Care Committee. Tissue Sampling Anesthesia was induced with pentobarbital. Immediately after induction, a baseline blood sample was collected, and enrofloxacin (Baytril Antibacterial Injectable Solution 22.7%, Bayer Corporation Animal Health, Agriculture Division, Shawnee Mission, KS) was given as a rapid intravenous infusion (20 mg/kg) via the cephalic vein. Blood samples were collected from the contralateral cephalic vein at 30, 60, and 120 minutes following administration, and serum was harvested from the samples. Dogs were euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital immediately following collection of the final blood sample, and tissues were collected for drug analysis. Animals were not exsanguinated prior to tissue collection. Approximately 3 g of each tissue was excised, blotted gently on a tissue to remove excess blood and other fluids (e.g., gastrointestinal luminal contents, bile, urine), and placed in a plastic storage tube. Tissue collection took place over a 30-minute period. Although the general sequence of tissue collection was similar for each animal, the exact timing of collection compared with time of euthanasia varied by up to 10 minutes. Additionally, the same tissues were not necessarily collected from all dogs, even those of the same sex. All samples were frozen in microcentrifuge tubes within 3 hours of collection and frozen at 20 o C until analysis. Sample Analysis On the day of analysis, serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were defrosted and centrifuged through a 10-kD membrane at 3000 rpm for 2 hours to remove cellular debris and proteins. Solid tissues were homogenized in 2 ml of physiologic saline and prepared in the same manner as fluid tissue samples. Filtrate was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using reverse-phase chromatography with fluorescence detection, with excitation at 280 nm 121
3 and emission at 450 nm. The upper and lower limits of quantification for the assay (based on the lowest and highest known concentrations accurately predicted within 15%) were 6.7 and 5400 ng/ml for enrofloxacin and 29 and 6100 ng/ml for ciprofloxacin. Precision was 96.4% for enrofloxacin and 95.7% for ciprofloxacin. Accuracy was 108.5% for enrofloxacin and 100.9% for ciprofloxacin. Recovery of both compounds approximated 100%. Standards of enrofloxacin were frozen in saline with each set of samples collected from study animals and were assayed in conjunction with the tissue samples to verify the absence of drug degradation during cold storage. Data Analysis Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations were reported for each tissue; when concentrations were available in the same type of tissue for two or more animals, an average was reported along with the standard deviation. Inhibitory quotients (IQs; C max :MIC) 11,17 19 were calculated for enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin plus ciprofloxacin, based on an MIC value greater than the MIC 90 for the majority of organisms previously reported for enrofloxacin (0.5 µg/ml) and the MIC ranges listed on the package insert for Baytril. 20 Tissue:serum ratios were calculated for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin based on mean tissue concentration to 120-minute mean plasma concentration. RESULTS Enrofloxacin, but not ciprofloxacin, was detected in all samples submitted (Table 1). Tissues with the highest concentration of enrofloxacin were (in descending order) the gall bladder (wall), urine, bile, stomach, and liver. Tissues with the lowest concentration of enrofloxacin were the aqueous humor, articular capsule, fat, trachea (cartilage), and tendon. Concentrations of enrofloxacin did not achieve 4 µg/ml (the current MIC above which organisms are considered resistant to enrofloxacin) 15 in these tissues. Tissues with the highest ciprofloxacin concentration included the gall bladder, urine, bile, and liver (Table 1). Tissues with the lowest ciprofloxacin concentrations included amniotic fluid, aqueous humor, peritoneal fluid, and CSF. Ciprofloxacin was not detected in the articular capsule, cerebral cortex, colon, cornea, ear cartilage, fat, muscle, omentum, pericardium, skin, spinal cord, subcutaneous tissues, synovial fluid, tendon, testicle, and trachea. Tissue:serum drug concentrations were greater for enrofloxacin than for ciprofloxacin for all tissues except gall bladder and urine. DISCUSSION Physiologic responses to general anesthesia may have impacted the results in this study, specifically the distribution of drug to tissues. The impact of general anesthesia on tissue drug distribution appears to have been largely ignored. 21 Among the physiologic responses to general anesthetics, including pentobarbital, decreased cardiac contractility, redistribution of blood flow from splanchnic organs to the brain and heart, and hypoxia and hypercapnia are particularly pertinent to drug distribution. 21 Assuming these responses did occur, pentobarbital anesthesia is likely to have decreased drug distribution in this study, particularly to splanchnic organs, resulting in an underestimation of drug concentrations. Continuous capillaries such as those found in the central nervous system (and other blood tissue barriers), muscle, adipose, and other somatic tissues present the greatest barrier to drug penetration and as such should contain the lowest drug concentration. 9,22 24 Fenestrated capillaries of splanchnic organs (e.g., kidney, endocrine glands) contain pores connecting endothelial cells and should achieve 122
4 D. M. Boothe, A. Boeckh, H. W. Boothe, and S. Wilkie TABLE 1. Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin Concentrations 2 Hours Following Single Intravenous Administration of Enrofloxacin at 20 mg/kg Enrofloxacin Ciprofloxacin No. of Mean Tissue: No. of Mean Tissue: Tissue Samples (µg/ml) SD IQ Serum* Samples (µg/ml) SD Serum* Amniotic fluid Aqueous humor Articular capsule NQ NQ Bile Bladder Bone marrow NQ NQ Cerebral cortex NQ NQ Colon NQ NQ Cornea NQ NQ Cerebrospinal fluid Diaphragm Ear cartilage NQ NQ Fat NQ NQ Gallbladder (wall) Jejunum Kidney (cortex) Large intestine Ligament NQ NQ Liver Lung Lymph node Muscle NQ NQ Myocardium Omentum NQ NQ Pancreas Pericardium NQ NQ Peritoneal fluid Prostate Salivary gland Serum (30 min) Serum (60 min) Serum (120 min) Skin NQ NQ Small intestine Spinal cord NQ NQ Spleen Stomach Subcutaneous tissue NQ NQ Synovial fluid NQ NQ Tendon NQ NQ (continues on next page) 123
5 TABLE 1. (Continued) Enrofloxacin Ciprofloxacin No. of Mean Tissue: No. of Mean Tissue: Tissue Samples (µg/ml) SD IQ Serum* Samples (µg/ml) SD Serum* Testicle NQ NQ Trachea NQ NQ Urine Uterus Vein (wall) NQ NQ *Tissue:serum ratio determined 120 minutes after treatment. IQ = peak serum concentration:0.5 µg/ml ratio; NQ = concentrations were below the lower limit of quantitation. higher drug concentrations. Sinusoidal capillaries offer minimal barrier and tend to have the highest concentration of drug. 22 Highly lipid-soluble (unbound) drugs also move through capillary endothelial cell membranes and basal lamina. 9 Despite the presence of general anesthesia, drug distribution of enrofloxacin in this study tends to follow the expected pattern based on vascular capillary anatomy. Concentrations of enrofloxacin in this study exceeded those reported on the package insert (for a single oral dose at 2.5 mg/kg) by at least fourfold, with the exception of bone marrow (3.5-fold increase) and urine (no increase). Tissues with the lowest concentration of enrofloxacin in this study (aqueous humor, articular capsule, and fatty tissues) are characterized by either a blood barrier (i.e., aqueous humor) or poor blood flow (cartilage and fat) and would, therefore, be expected to have the lowest drug concentration compared with plasma. Despite the presence of a blood barrier, both the brain and CSF had higher concentrations of enrofloxacin (approaching unity with plasma). The prostate and testicles, two other tissues characterized by barriers to drug penetration, had very high concentrations of drug compared with serum. These high concentrations suggest that factors other than simple passive diffusion play a role in enrofloxacin movement into and out of tissues. Organs capable of solute concentration (e.g., liver, kidney) had the highest concentrations of both enrofloxacin and the metabolite. De- Manuelle and coworkers 8 reported that enrofloxacin concentrations in skin homogenates increased following multiple oral dosing. Similar findings were reported for enrofloxacin in tissue cage fluid, 4 suggesting that higher concentrations might have been achieved in solid tissues with multiple daily dosing. Infecting bacteria located in extracellular fluid are exposed to drug that passes from plasma into the fluid. Although plasma provides a convenient, practical sampling compartment, drug concentrations in plasma have been described as having no value in determining the concentration of antibiotic at the level of infection. 9 However, measurement of drug in interstitial fluid is impractical in clinical patients and difficult in the experimental setting. A number of direct and indirect methods have been used to describe the relationship between plasma and interstitial fluid antibiotic concentrations, although each is characterized by drawbacks that preclude ideal application to clinical patients. 9,20,25 Homogenate data reported in this study have been among the most commonly 124
6 D. M. Boothe, A. Boeckh, H. W. Boothe, and S. Wilkie used methods to describe tissue drug concentrations. However, in addition to interstitial (extracelluar) fluid, homogenate data include drug located in lymph, blood, and intracellular fluids of the tissue. 22 Although animals were not exsanguinated in this study, previous studies have documented that levels of enrofloxacin present in erythrocytes are less than or equal to those in serum. 25 In this study, drug present in homogenates at concentrations that markedly exceeded plasma concentrations is likely to have been located in serum intracellular, rather than extracellular, fluid simply because the mechanisms by which a drug might accumulate are more likely to be found within cells. Passive transport alone cannot explain accumulation against a concentration gradient. However, the mechanism of accumulation of enrofloxacin in this study is not clear. Accumulation of a number of fluorinated quinolones including enrofloxacin has been documented in both circulating and tissue-phagocytic leukocytes. A contributing factor for accumulation of enrofloxacin and its metabolite in nonphagocytic cells is ion trapping within the cytoplasm of the cell. 31,32 Because both compounds are weak bases, a decrease in intracellular ph (compared with pka) should increase ionization and thus the intracellular concentration of nondiffusible drug. However, the pka of enrofloxacin is 7.7, suggesting that the amount of drug likely to be ionized and therefore trapped in the cell is not sufficient to explain the magnitude of accumulation. Active rather than passive transport has also been proposed as a mechanism for intracellular phagocytic accumulation of the fluorinated quinolones. 27,28,31,32 A number of nonphagocytic tissues in the body have the capacity for active transport of drugs, most notably organs of elimination such as the kidney and liver, which may contribute to higher drug concentrations that occur in urine and bile. Other organs and tissues capable of active transport include the central nervous system, eyes, and excretory glands such as the prostate, salivary glands, and pancreas. 9 Active transport might partially explain the higher concentrations that occurred in this study for enrofloxacin in the salivary gland and pancreas and may have contributed to movement of enrofloxacin into the central nervous system. Regardless of the mechanism of intracellular accumulation, infections caused by organisms that are intracellular may be more amenable to therapy with fluorinated quinolones. Because the fluorinated quinolones appear to remain active inside cells and are not located in subcellular organelles that preclude microbial exposure to drug, the high intracellular concentrations of enrofloxacin should facilitate antimicrobial efficacy against obligate and facultative intracellular organisms such as Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Nocardia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Brucella, and atypical Mycobacterium. The clinical relevance of intracellular accumulation of enrofloxacin to infections located in extracellular tissues is less apparent. Higher intracellular concentrations may serve as a pool of diffusible drug, replenishing drug removed from extracellular tissues by hepatic or renal clearance. This could prolong the exposure of the organism to antibacterial drug. However, the clinical relevance of longer exposure of a microbe to a fluorinated quinolone is not clear. The relationship between drug concentration at the site of infection and the MIC of an infecting microbe has been described as concentration dependent for fluorinated quinolones. Based on experimental studies, the ratio of plasma drug concentration to MIC (the IQ) should be 8 or higher. 1,12,33 36 Although the clinical impact of such recommendations is not clear, they do provide basic guidelines for targeting drug concentrations. Achieving effective antimicrobial drug concentrations that is, avoiding sub- 125
7 therapeutic concentrations is critical for diminishing the development of antimicrobial resistance. 9 More recent studies suggest that the area under the curve (AUC) divided by the MIC of the infecting organism (area under the inhibitory curve [AUIC]) is an alternative and perhaps better pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameter for predicting antimicrobial efficacy Parameters based on AUC (e.g., AUIC) could not be calculated for enrofloxacin in this study because serial samples were not collected. However, based on tissue concentrations measured at 2 hours following intravenous administration of enrofloxacin at 20 mg/kg and an MIC of 0.5 µg/ml, which incorporates most organisms considered susceptible to enrofloxacin, 15 an IQ of 8 or more was generated in all tissues, with the exception of tracheal cartilage, aqueous humor, articular cartilage, fat, and tendon. This suggests that enrofloxacin, a concentration-dependent drug, can reach most tissues at concentrations that support efficacy against most susceptible bacteria. Metabolism of enrofloxacin to ciprofloxacin in dogs is often overlooked when considering the efficacy of enrofloxacin; however, the two compounds have an additive antibacterial effect. 16 Laboratory studies indicate that ciprofloxacin may comprise more than 30% of total drug concentrations in plasma and greater than 50% of the total plasma AUC. 6 Serum concentrations of ciprofloxacin represented 34% of the total drug concentrations in this study. Culture and susceptibility cannot take into account the presence of ciprofloxacin and thus tend to underestimate drug efficacy. Assessment of tissue to serum ciprofloxacin concentrations reveals some potentially disturbing considerations. The tissue:serum drug concentration was lower (sometimes much lower) for ciprofloxacin than for enrofloxacin in all tissues except urine and gall bladder. Interestingly, concentrations were not quantifiable in several tissues, including the skin. Although data in this report were generated after single-dose administration, the lack of quantifiable ciprofloxacin in many tissues and lower tissue: plasma drug concentrations ratios for tissues in which both drugs were quantifiable may indicate less tissue penetrability for ciprofloxacin than for enrofloxacin. These findings are in contrast to two reports of penetration of ciprofloxacin into inflamed tissues. 37,38 Using tissue cages, Walker and coworkers 37 found serum:tissue cage fluid ratios of 0.55 for ciprofloxacin at 8 hours (based on C max and time to C max ) following a single dose. This compares to a ratio of 0.51 for enrofloxacin at 4.8 hours. In humans, Wise and Donovan 38 found a serum:blister fluid ratio for ciprofloxacin of 0.6 at 2.6 hours. These authors also summarized other ciprofloxacin distribution studies, including a report of tissues (normal and inflamed CSF, aqueous humor, normal and infected bone, fat, and pleural fluid) with tissue:serum ratios less than 1.0. Tissues whose concentrations exceeded levels in serum included sputum, muscle, prostate, lungs, and normal and cortical bone. Several points might be considered when comparing ciprofloxacin findings in this study with previous studies. The lower limit of quantitation of the assay for ciprofloxacin in the present study was fourfold higher than in other studies (29 versus 7 ng/ml), which may have precluded detection of ciprofloxacin at lower concentrations in some tissues. The report by Walker and coworkers 37 reflects multiple sampling over a 12-hour period; serum and tissue cage concentrations reflect predicted rather than actual concentration. For both drugs, the peak concentration occurred well beyond the 2-hour sampling time in the study reported by Walker and coworkers 37 (9 hours for ciprofloxacin and less than 5 hours for enrofloxacin). Peak concentrations of both enro- 126
8 D. M. Boothe, A. Boeckh, H. W. Boothe, and S. Wilkie floxacin and ciprofloxacin in the present study may have been undetected by sampling too early. Ciprofloxacin is the deethylated metabolite of enrofloxacin. As such, it should be expected to be less lipophilic and therefore less able to penetrate cell membranes than the parent compound. Indeed, the octanyl:water partition coefficient of ciprofloxacin is approximately 100-fold less than that of enrofloxacin. 1 The marked difference in this measure of lipid solubility supports the premise that ciprofloxacin may not move into tissues as easily as enrofloxacin. 32 Regardless of the reasons for differences in tissue concentrations, this study suggests that ciprofloxacin may not distribute into tissues as efficiently as enrofloxacin. CONCLUSIONS A single intravenous dose of enrofloxacin at 20 mg/kg achieved concentrations equal to or above the IQ of 8 recommended for efficacy against most susceptible microbes in all tissues. However, absolute drug concentrations and tissue:serum concentrations were less than the current breakpoint MIC (4 µg/ml or less) for enrofloxacin in the trachea, articular cartilage, aqueous humor, tendon, fat, and subcutaneous tissue, suggesting that drug concentrations may not be sufficient for organisms with a high MIC causing infection in these tissues. Concentrations of enrofloxacin were greatest in the gall bladder, urine, bile, stomach, and liver. In contrast, ciprofloxacin was not quantifiable in many tissues; however, highest concentrations were detected in the gall bladder, urine, bile, and liver. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to acknowledge Dr. Murl Bailey for his willingness to allow us access to animals and the collection of this data. REFERENCES 1. Papich MG: Comparison of fluoroquinolone antibacterials. Proc ACVIM 17:53 55, Stegemann M, Scheer M: Pharmacokinetics of Baytril in dogs and cats after oral and parenteral application:concentrations in serum, skin and saliva. Leverkusen, Germany, Bayer Communications, Bayer AG, Kung K, Riond JL, Wanner M: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 16: , Walker RD, Stein GE, Hauptman G, et al: Pharmacokinetic evaluation of enrofloxacin administered orally to healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 53: , Monlouis JD, De Jong A, Richez P: Plasma pharmacokinetics and urine concentrations after oral administration of enrofloxacin to dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 20(Suppl 1):61 62, Boothe DM, Boeckh A, Wilkie B, et al: Plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin in dogs following administration of single oral doses of enrofloxacin. Vet Ther In Press. 7. Duval JM, Budsberg SC: Cortical bone concentrations of enrofloxacin in dogs. Am J Vet Res 56: , DeManuelle TC, Ihrke PJ, Brand CM, et al: Determination of skin concentrations of enrofloxacin in dogs with pyoderma. Am J Vet Res 59: , Bergan T: Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of antibiotics. Rev Infect Dis 3(1):45 66, Whelton A, Stout RL:. An overview of antibiotic tissue penetration. In: Ristuccia AM, Cunha BA, eds. Antimicrobial Therapy. New York: Raven Press; 1984: Vogelman B, Gudmundsson S, Leggett J, et al: Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model. J Infect Dis 158: , Nix DE, Goodwin SD, Peloquin CA, et al: Antibiotic tissue penetration and its relevance: Impact of tissue penetration on infection response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35: , Johnson CC: In vitro testing: Correlations of bacterial susceptibility, body fluid levels and effectiveness of antibacterial therapy. In: Lorian V, ed. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine. 4 th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996: Bergogne-Berezin E: Who or what is the source of an- 127
9 tibiotic resistance? J Med Microbiol 46(6): , National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards: Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated from Animals: Approved Standards. NCCLS. June 1999; Document M31-A:19(11). 16. Pirro R, Scheer M, de Jong A: Additive in vitro activity of enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin. Proc 14th Annu Congr Eur Soc Vet Dermatol, Meinen JB, McCllure JT, Rosin E: Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in clinically normal dogs and mice and mice and drug pharmacodynamics in neutropenic mice with Escherichia coli and staphylococcal infections. Am J Vet Res 56: , Dalla Costa T, Derendorf H: AUIC: A general target for the optimization of dosing regimens of antibiotics? Ann Pharmacother 30: , Corvaisier S, Maire PH, Bouvier MY, et al: Comparisons between antimicrobial pharmacodynamic indices and bacterial killing as described by using the Zhi model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42: , Pirro F, Edinloh M, Schmeer N: Bactericidal and inhibitory activity of enrofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in small animal pathogens. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Fluoroquinolones. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 21(Suppl):9 25, Lumb WV, Jones EW: The cardiovascular system and anesthesia. In: Veterinary Anesthesia. 2 nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1984: Ryan DM: Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in natural and experimental superficial compartments in animals and man. J Antimicrob Chemother 31(Suppl D):1-161, Gerding DN, Bamberger DM, Foxworth J et al: Extravascular antimicrobial distribution and the respective blood concentrations in humans. In: Lorian V, ed. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine. 4 th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996: Klassen M, Edberg SC: Measurement of antibiotics in human body fluids: Techniques and significance. In: Lorian V, ed. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine. 4 th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1996: Clarke CR: Tissue-chamber modeling systems-applications in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 12: , Boeckh A, Boothe DM, Wilke S: Time course of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite in peripheral leukocytes of dogs. Vet Ther In Press. 27. Loo K, Cario A, Zhang F, Walters J: Regulation of ciprofloxacin uptake in human promyelocytic leukemia cells and polymorphoonuclear leukocytes. J Leukoc Biol 61: , Schuler P, Zemper K, Borner K, Koeppe P, Schaberg T, Lode H: Penetration of parfloxacin and ciprofloxacin into alveolar macrophages, epithelial lining fluid and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Eur Respir J 10: , Hawkins EC, Boothe DM, Guin A, et al: Concentration of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite in alveolar macrophages and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid of dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 21:18 23, Carlier MB, Scorneaux B, Zenebergh A Desnottes JF, Tulkens PM: Cellular uptake, localization and activity of fluoroquionolones in uninfected and infected macrophages. J Antimicrob Chemother 25(Suppl B):27 39, Tulkens PM: Accumulation and subcellular distribution of antibiotics in macrophages in relation to activity against intracellular bacteria. In: Fass RG, ed. Ciprofloxacin in Pulmonology. San Fransisco: W Zuckschwerdt Vering Munchen; 1990: Nikaido H, Thanassi DG: Penetration of lipophlic agents with multiple protonation site into bacterial cells: Tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones as examples. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37: , Lode H, Borner K, Koeppe P: Pharmacodynamics of fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis 27:33 39, Lister PD, Sanders CC: Pharmacodynamics of levovloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicob Chemother 43:79 86, Madaras-Kelly KJ, Larsson AJ, Rotschafer JC: A pharmacodynamic evaluation of ciprfloxacin and ofloxacin against two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginonsa. J Antimicrob Chemother 37(4): , Highet VS, Forrest A, Ballow CH, Shentag JJ: Antibiotic dosing issues in lower respiratory tract infection: population-derived area under inhibitory curve is predictive of efficacy. J Antimicrob Chemoth 43(Suppl A):55 63, Walker RD, Stein GE, Haputman JG, et al: Pharmacokinetics evaluation of enrofloxacin administered orally to healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 53: , Wise R, Donovan IA: Tissue penetration and metabolism of ciprofloxacin. Am J Med 82(Suppl 4A): ,
Pharmacokinetics of the Bovine Formulation of Enrofloxacin (Baytril 100) in Horses
C. Boeckh, C. Buchanan, A. Boeckh, S. Wilkie, C. Davis, T. Buchanan, and D. Boothe Pharmacokinetics of the Bovine Formulation of Enrofloxacin (Baytril 100) in Horses Christine Boeckh, DVM, MS a Charles
More informationTime Course of Enrofloxacin and Its Active Metabolite in Peripheral Leukocytes of Dogs
Time Course of Enrofloxacin and Its Active Metabolite in Peripheral Leukocytes of Dogs Albert Boeckh, DVM, DACVCP Dawn Boothe, DVM, PhD, DACVIM, DACVCP Scott Wilkie, BS Sarah Jones, DVM Department of Veterinary
More informationComparative studies on pulse and continuous oral norfloxacin treatment in broilers and turkeys. Géza Sárközy
Comparative studies on pulse and continuous oral norfloxacin treatment in broilers and turkeys Géza Sárközy Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Science Szent István University
More informationBaytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable is FDA-approved for BRD control (metaphylaxis) in high-risk cattle.
Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable is FDA-approved for BRD control (metaphylaxis) in high-risk cattle. Whether controlling or treating BRD, it s important to kill bacteria to let the calf s immune system
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/CVMP/627/01-FINAL COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS GUIDELINE FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF EFFICACY
More informationHealth Products Regulatory Authority
1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Genta 50 mg/ml solution for injection 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains: Active Substances Gentamicin sulphate equivalent to Gentamicin
More informationTHE STABILITY OF E1VROFLOXA CIN University Undergraduate Research Fellow. A Senior Thesis. Texas ASM University.
THE STABILITY OF E1VROFLOXA CIN A Senior Thesis By Meagan A. Dodge 1997-98 University Undergraduate Research Fellow Texas ASM University Group: Biology THE STABILITY OF ENROFLOXACIN MEAGANA, DODGE Submitted
More informationJournal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Advance Access published August 26, 2006
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Advance Access published August, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy doi:./jac/dkl Pharmacodynamics of moxifloxacin and levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae,
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Enrocare 50 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Cattle, Pigs, Dogs and Cats (UK, IE, FR) Floxadil 50 mg/ml Solution for Injection
More informationPrinciples of Anti-Microbial Therapy Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 1
Principles of Anti-Microbial Therapy Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali Lec 1 28 Oct 2018 References Lippincott s IIIustrated Reviews / Pharmacology 6 th Edition Katzung and Trevor s Pharmacology / Examination
More informationThe pharmacological and microbiological basis of PK/PD : why did we need to invent PK/PD in the first place? Paul M. Tulkens
The pharmacological and microbiological basis of PK/PD : why did we need to invent PK/PD in the first place? Paul M. Tulkens Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Unit Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels,
More informationIntroduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Diane M. Cappelletty, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice Wayne State University August, 2001 Vocabulary Clearance Renal elimination:
More information1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Summary of Prodcuct Characteristics 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Enrox Max 100 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Cattle and Pigs Enroxal Max 100 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Cattle and
More informationUSA Product Label CLINTABS TABLETS. Virbac. brand of clindamycin hydrochloride tablets. ANADA # , Approved by FDA DESCRIPTION
VIRBAC CORPORATION USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com P.O. BOX 162059, FORT WORTH, TX, 76161 Telephone: 817-831-5030 Order Desk: 800-338-3659 Fax: 817-831-8327 Website: www.virbacvet.com CLINTABS
More informationMARBOCYL FD SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
MARBOCYL FD SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT MARBOCYL FD 1 %, powder and solvent for solution for injection, for cats and dogs. 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Marbocare 20 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and pigs (UK, IE, FR) Odimar 20 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle
More informationComparative analysis of enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in dogs and cats
860 Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 19 (No 4) 2013, 860-865 Agricultural Academy Comparative analysis of enrofloxacin pharmacokinetics in dogs and cats D. DimitroVa 1*, A. Dimitrova 2 and D.
More informationCAUTION: Federal law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.
PFIZER INC. PFIZER ANIMAL HEALTH USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com 235 E. 42ND ST., NEW YORK, NY, 10017 Telephone: 269 833 4000 Customer Service: 800 733 5500 and 800 793 0596 Veterinary Medical
More informationPharmaceutical Form Ciprofloxacin 2 mg/ml Solution for infusion. Applicant Name Strength. Ciprofloxacin Nycomed. Ciprofloxacin Nycomed
ANNEX I LIST OF THE NAMES, PHARMACEUTICAL FORM, STRENGTH OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT, ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION, APPLICANT/ MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER IN THE MEMBER STATES Marketing Member State Authorisation
More informationYou can lock the gate for seven days, but you can t stop Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable.
You can lock the gate for seven days, but you can t stop Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable. Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable field trial investigates the lock the gate BRD treatment regimen. Often,
More informationReduce the risk of recurrence Clear bacterial infections fast and thoroughly
Reduce the risk of recurrence Clear bacterial infections fast and thoroughly Clearly advanced 140916_Print-Detailer_Englisch_V2_BAH-05-01-14-003_RZ.indd 1 23.09.14 16:59 In bacterial infections, bacteriological
More informationMARBOCYL 10% SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
MARBOCYL 10% SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT MARBOCYL 10%, solution for injection for cattle and swine 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Marbofloxacin...100.0
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Enrotron 50 mg/ml Solution for injection for cattle, pigs, dogs and cats
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Enrotron 50 mg/ml Solution for injection for cattle, pigs, dogs and cats 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each
More informationFederal (U.S.A.) law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.
BAYER HEALTHCARE LLC Animal Health Division USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com P.O. BOX 390, SHAWNEE MISSION, KS, 66201 0390 Customer Service Tel.: 800 633 3796 Customer Service Fax: 800 344 4219
More informationRecommended for Implementation at Step 7 of the VICH Process on 15 December 2004 by the VICH Steering Committee
VICH GL27 (ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: PRE-APPROVAL) December 2003 For implementation at Step 7 - Final GUIDANCE ON PRE-APPROVAL INFORMATION FOR REGISTRATION OF NEW VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR FOOD
More informationOPTIMIZATION OF PK/PD OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS
HTIDE CONFERENCE 2018 OPTIMIZATION OF PK/PD OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS FEDERICO PEA INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF UDINE, ITALY SANTA
More informationJAC Bactericidal index: a new way to assess quinolone bactericidal activity in vitro
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1997) 39, 713 717 JAC Bactericidal index: a new way to assess quinolone bactericidal activity in vitro Ian Morrissey* Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry
More informationDETERMINING CORRECT DOSING REGIMENS OF ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON THE THEIR BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY*
44 DETERMINING CORRECT DOSING REGIMENS OF ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON THE THEIR BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY* AUTHOR: Cecilia C. Maramba-Lazarte, MD, MScID University of the Philippines College of Medicine-Philippine
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology EMEA/MRL/728/00-FINAL April 2000 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS STREPTOMYCIN AND
More informationJerome J Schentag, Pharm D
Clinical Pharmacy and Optimization of Antibiotic Usage: How to Use what you have Learned in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics Jerome J Schentag, Pharm D Presented at UCL on Thursday
More informationAlasdair P. MacGowan*, Mandy Wootton and H. Alan Holt
Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1999) 43, 345 349 JAC The antibacterial efficacy of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed by combining antibiotic exposure and bacterial
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Kelacyl 100 mg/ml, solution for injection for cattle and pigs (BG, CY, CZ, DE, EL, FR, HU, IE, IT, LT, PL, PT, RO, SK, UK)
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE (CVMP) REVISED GUIDELINE ON THE SPC FOR ANTIMICROBIAL PRODUCTS
European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections London, 12 November 2007 EMEA/CVMP/SAGAM/383441/2005 COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE (CVMP) REVISED GUIDELINE ON THE SPC
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Amfipen LA 100 mg/ml suspension for injection 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substance: Each ml contains:
More informationPrinciples of Antimicrobial therapy
Principles of Antimicrobial therapy Laith Mohammed Abbas Al-Huseini M.B.Ch.B., M.Sc, M.Res, Ph.D Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Antimicrobial agents are chemical substances that can kill or
More informationPharmacological Evaluation of Amikacin in Neonates
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, JUlY 1975, p. 86-90 Copyright 0 1975 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 8, No. 1 Printed in U.SA. Pharmacological Evaluation of Amikacin in Neonates JORGE B.
More informationComparison of Efficacies of Oral Levofloxacin and Oral Ciprofloxacin in a Rabbit Model of a Staphylococcal Abscess
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Mar. 1999, p. 667 671 Vol. 43, No. 3 0066-4804/99/$04.00 0 Copyright 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Comparison of Efficacies of Oral
More informationANNEX III LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET
ANNEX III LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET 1 A. LABELLING 2 PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGE AND THE IMMEDIATE PACKAGE Card box and package leaflet for brown glass bottle (Type 1) 1. NAME OF THE
More informationSZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY. Doctoral School of Veterinary Science
SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY Doctoral School of Veterinary Science Comparative pharmacokinetics of the amoxicillinclavulanic acid combination in broiler chickens and turkeys, susceptibility and stability tests
More informationBAYTRIL 25 FLAVOUR ANTIBACTERIAL ORAL SUSPENSION
Pack insert Issue Date: 8-4-2010 Page: 1 of 12 PRESCRIPTION ANIMAL REMEDY KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN FOR ANIMAL TREATMENT ONLY BAYTRIL 25 FLAVOUR ANTIBACTERIAL ORAL SUSPENSION DESCRIPTION: Enrofloxacin
More information6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogenic microbes. Although
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Cephacare flavour 50 mg tablets for cats and dogs. Excipients: For a full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Cephacare flavour 50 mg tablets for cats and dogs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each tablet contains: Active
More informationConcentration of Enrofloxacin Residue from Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Muscular That Infected by Aeromonas salmonicida
Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A 4 (2014) 750-754 Earlier title: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, ISSN 1939-1250 doi: 10.17265/2161-6256/2014.09.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING Concentration
More informationPostgraduate Course ERS Glasgow 2004 Antibiotics and the lung: pharmacokinetics
Antibiotics and the lung: pharmacokinetics Educational aims To explain the importance of pulmonary deposition of antimicrobials. To show that drugs that penetrate well and remain at the pulmonary sites
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/389/98-FINAL July 1998 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS ENROFLOXACIN (extension to
More informationSELECT NEWS. Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable & Oral Therapy for Swine
SELECT NEWS Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable & Oral Therapy for Swine Did you know that? Florfenicol is one of the most powerful antibiotics currently available in veterinary medicine with one of the
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Metrobactin 500 mg tablets for dogs and cats (AT, BE, BG, CY, CZ, DE, EL, ES, FR, HR, HU, IE, IT, LU, NL, PL, PT, RO, SI,
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Marbocare flavour 80mg tablets for dogs (UK and IE) Marbocare F 80mg tablets for dogs (FR) Odimar 80mg tablets for dogs (BE,
More informationAuthor - Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz
Author - Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz is a professor of equine medicine at Colorado State University (CSU) College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. She began her veterinary
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE
European Medicines Agency Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/CVMP/211249/2005-FINAL July 2005 COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR VETERINARY USE DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN (Extrapolation to all ruminants)
More informationCHSPSC, LLC Antimicrobial Stewardship Education Series
CHSPSC, LLC Antimicrobial Stewardship Education Series March 8, 2017 Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Antibiotics: Refresher Part 1 Featured Speaker: Larry Danziger, Pharm.D. Professor of Pharmacy
More informationVOL. XXIII NO. II THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 559. ANTIBIOTIC 6640.* Ill
VOL. XXIII NO. II THE JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS 559 ANTIBIOTIC 6640.* Ill BIOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH ANTIBIOTIC 6640, A NEW BROAD-SPECTRUM AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC J. Allan Waitz, Eugene L. Moss, Jr., Edwin
More informationGastric Dilatation-Volvulus
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus The term "ACVS Diplomate" refers to a veterinarian who has been board certified in veterinary surgery. Only veterinarians who have successfully completed the certification requirements
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. NUFLOR 300 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and sheep
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT NUFLOR 300 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and sheep 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains:
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Revised: May 2014 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Enrox Flavour 150 mg Tablets for dogs (United Kingdom, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Greece, Ireland,
More informationImplantation of Tissue Chambers in Turkeys: A Pilot Study
CHAPTER 4 4 Implantation of Tissue Chambers in Turkeys: A Pilot Study Aneliya Milanova Haritova 1 and Huben Dobrev Hubenov 2 1 Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary Physiology and Physiological Chemistry,
More informationJeff Baier MS DVM Birds of Prey Foundation Broomfield, CO
Jeff Baier MS DVM Birds of Prey Foundation Broomfield, CO drjeffbaier@gmail.com Squamates Chelonians Snakes Lizards Varanids Monitor Lizards Crocodilians Reptilian adaptations Anaerobic glycolysis Low
More informationChapter 51. Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents
Chapter 51 Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents History of antimicrobial therapy Early 17 th century Cinchona bark was used as an important historical remedy against malaria. 1909 Paul Ehrlich sought a
More informationCopyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere
More informationAntibiotics in vitro : Which properties do we need to consider for optimizing our therapeutic choice?
Antibiotics in vitro : Which properties do we need to consider for optimizing our therapeutic choice? With the support of Wallonie-Bruxelles-International 1-1 In vitro evaluation of antibiotics : the antibiogram
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Information Technology Unit EMEA/MRL/693/99-FINAL October 1999 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS MARBOFLOXACIN
More informationETX2514SUL (sulbactam/etx2514) for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections
ETX2514SUL (sulbactam/etx2514) for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections Robin Isaacs Chief Medical Officer, Entasis Therapeutics Dr. Isaacs is a full-time employee of Entasis Therapeutics.
More informationDevelopment of Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Dogs with Otitis Externa or Urinary Tract Infections after Exposure to Enrofloxacin In Vitro
A. M. Brothers, P. S. Gibbs, and R. E. Wooley Development of Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Dogs with Otitis Externa or Urinary Tract Infections after Exposure to Enrofloxacin In Vitro Amy M. Brothers,
More informationUSA Product Label LINCOCIN. brand of lincomycin hydrochloride tablets. brand of lincomycin hydrochloride injection, USP. For Use in Animals Only
USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com PHARMACIA & UPJOHN COMPANY Division of Pfizer Inc. Distributed by PFIZER INC. 235 E. 42ND ST., NEW YORK, NY, 10017 Telephone: 269-833-4000 Fax: 616-833-4077 Customer
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT. Enrotab 50 mg tablets for dogs
Summary of Product Characteristics 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Enrotab 50 mg tablets for dogs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each tablet contains: Active substance Enrofloxacin
More informationJust where it s needed.
Relief. Just where it s needed. Tissue-selective 7,8 Strong safety profile 5,6,10,11 For dogs and cats Onsior is available in a range of convenient and easy-to-dose formulations. Injectable solution for
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. KARIDOX 100 mg/ml oral solution for use in drinking water for chickens and pigs [UK, ES, IT, NL, DK, RO]
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT KARIDOX 100 mg/ml oral solution for use in drinking water for chickens and pigs [UK, ES, IT, NL, DK, RO] DOXYSOL 10% [FR]
More informationEXCEDE Sterile Suspension
VIAL LABEL MAIN PANEL PRESCRIPTION ANIMAL REMEDY KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN READ SAFETY DIRECTIONS FOR ANIMAL TREATMENT ONLY EXCEDE Sterile Suspension 200 mg/ml CEFTIOFUR as Ceftiofur Crystalline Free
More informationPercent Time Above MIC ( T MIC)
8 2007 Percent Time Above MIC ( T MIC) 18 8 25 18 12 18 MIC 1 1 T MIC 1 500 mg, 1 2 (500 mg 2) T MIC: 30 (TA30 ) 71.9 59.3 T MIC: 50 (TA50 ) 21.5, 0.1 1,000 mg 2 TA30 80.5, 68.7 TA50 53.2, 2.7 500 mg 3
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT ENROXIL 100 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and pigs (AT, IE, NL, UK) ENROXAL 100 mg/ml solution for injection for
More informationBarriers to Intravenous Penicillin Use for Treatment of Nonmeningitis
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 7 July 2010 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.01012-10 Copyright 2010, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationEmergence and predominance of a hypervirulent, tetracyclineresistant. clone as a major cause of sheep abortion in the United States
Emergence and predominance of a hypervirulent, tetracyclineresistant Campylobacter jejuni clone as a major cause of sheep abortion in the United States Orhan Sahin DVM, PhD, Dip. ACVM Veterinary Diagnostic
More informationSELECT NEWS. Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable Therapy for Cattle
SELECT NEWS Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable Therapy for Cattle Did you know that? Florfenicol is one of the most powerful antibiotics currently available in veterinary medicine with one of the lowest
More informationFLOXYME 50 mg/ml SOLUTION FOR USE IN DRINKING WATER
FLOXYME 50 mg/ml SOLUTION FOR USE IN DRINKING WATER 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT FLOXYME 50 mg/ml SOLUTION FOR USE IN DRINKING WATER 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substance:
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Amphen 200 mg/g Granules for use in drinking water for pigs 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each g contains: Active
More informationResearch update - medicines for koalas
Sydney School of Veterinary Science istock photo Research update - medicines for koalas Merran Govendir Associate Professor in Veterinary Pharmacology merran.govendir@sydney.edu.au 1 Introduction Who we
More informationCopy in the header and footer will not appear on the final printed label LAB0042 Prepared: 28/02/01 SYRINGE LABEL
SYRINGE LABEL PRESCRIPTION ANIMAL REMEDY FOR ANIMAL TREATMENT ONLY VibraVet* 100 PASTE For Cats and Dogs 100 mg/g DOXYCYCLINE as monohydrate Infopest Verified Antibiotic READ LEAFLET BEFORE USE 2.5 g 2.0
More informationGENTAMICIN DISPOSITION IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF) AND AQUEOUS HUMOUR IN HEALTHY DOGS
Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol. 6, Suppl. 1, pp 14-18, 2008 Copyright 2007 Trakia University Available online at: http://www.uni-sz.bg ISSN 1312-1723 GENTAMICIN DISPOSITION IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
More informationPlease refer to Table 1 Dosage and Treatment Schedule TABLE 1 Species Product Number of Tubes Cats. Rabbits or Advantage 40 for Cats
Advantage Introduction Company name: Bayer plc Address: Animal Health Division Bayer House, Strawberry Hill, Newbury Berkshire RG14 1JA Telephone: 01635 563000 Fax: 01635 563622 Email: animal.health@bayerhealthcare.com
More informationChoosing the Ideal Antibiotic Therapy and the Role of the Newer Fluoroquinolones in Respiratory Tract Infections
...CLINICIAN INTERVIEW... Choosing the Ideal Antibiotic Therapy and the Role of the Newer Fluoroquinolones in Respiratory Tract Infections An interview with Robert C. Owens, Jr., PharmD, Clinical Pharmacy
More informationAnimal models and PK/PD. Examples with selected antibiotics
Animal models and PK/PD PD Examples with selected antibiotics Examples of animal models Amoxicillin Amoxicillin-clavulanate Macrolides Quinolones Andes D, Craig WA. AAC 199, :375 Amoxicillin in mouse thigh
More informationAntimicrobial Pharmacodynamics
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics November 28, 2007 George P. Allen, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice OSU College of Pharmacy at OHSU Objectives Become familiar with PD parameters what they
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Bottle of powder: Active substance: ceftiofur sodium mg equivalent to ceftiofur...
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT WONDERCEF powder and solvent for solution for injection for horses not intended for the production of foods for human consumption.
More informationprimary complaints of straining to urinate, bloody urine, and decreased appetite. The owner said she
Hillary Chase ID# 904307417 Clinical pharmacology It s so nice to read an excellent paper. A Prostatitis Champ a 4 year old, male intact, 60 pound, golden retriever, presented to the clinic with the primary
More informationStart of new generation of NSAIDs?
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Start of new generation of NSAIDs? Author : Peter Lees Categories : Vets Date : May 16, 2011 Peter Lees discusses development
More informationDiscover the. Discover the. innovative science. Veraflox (pradofloxacin) Veraflox. Efficacy. Safety. Ease-of-use.
Discover the Discover the innovative science. science of Veraflox Oral Veraflox. Suspension for Cats Efficacy. Safety. Ease-of-use. An unprecedented combination of efficacy, safety and ease-of-use. Designed
More informationTreatment of Respiratory Tract Infections Prof. Mohammad Alhumayyd Dr. Aliah Alshanwani
Treatment of Respiratory Tract Infections Prof. Mohammad Alhumayyd Dr. Aliah Alshanwani 30-1-2018 1 Objectives of the lecture At the end of lecture, the students should be able to understand the following:
More informationBuilding a Better Mousetrap for Nosocomial Drug-resistant Bacteria: use of available resources to optimize the antimicrobial strategy
Building a Better Mousetrap for Nosocomial Drug-resistant Bacteria: use of available resources to optimize the antimicrobial strategy Leonardo Pagani MD Director Unit for Hospital Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
More informationchoice The Rilexine Palatable Tablets First generation cephalosporin for skin infections Now registered for ONCE daily administration*
Virbac Dermatology Palatable Tablets The choice First generation cephalosporin for skin infections Now registered for ONCE daily administration* are only available under Veterinary Authorisation. www.virbac.co.nz
More informationComparative Evaluation of the Speed of Flea Kill of Imidacloprid and Selamectin on Dogs*
R. Everett, J. Cunningham, R. Arther, D. L. Bledsoe, and N. Mencke Comparative Evaluation of the Speed of Flea Kill of Imidacloprid and Selamectin on Dogs* Ronald Everett, PhD a Jerry Cunningham, MS a
More informationDetection of residues of quinolones in milk
Food Safety and Monitoring of Safety Aspects 77 Detection of residues of quinolones in milk Gertraud Suhren and P. Hammer Federal Dairy Research Centre, Institute for Hygiene, Hermann-Weigmann-Str. 1,
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
[Version 8, 10/2012] ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS (Based on the current SPC of the reference product Baytril RSI 100 mg/ml Injektionslösung für Rinder und Schweine) 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY
More informationEuropean Public MRL assessment report (EPMAR)
18 March 2016 EMA/CVMP/619817/2015 Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use European Public MRL assessment report (EPMAR) Gentamicin (all mammalian food producing species and fin fish) On 3
More informationContribution of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of antibiotics in the treatment of resistant bacterial infections
Contribution of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of antibiotics in the treatment of resistant bacterial infections Francois JEHL Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology University Hospital Strasbourg
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT COLICEN 4.000.000 UI/ml solution for use in drinking water/milk 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains:
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS (Based on the current SPC of the reference product Baytril RSI 100 mg/ml Injektionslösung für Rinder und Schweine) 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT
More informationDoes the Dose Matter?
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Does the Dose Matter? William A. Craig Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) parameters, such as the ratio of peak
More information, aminoglycoside carbenicllin,, breakpoint MIC. major error [3].
. breakpoint,,..,,,. 2006 1 6. MIC., aminoglycoside carbenicllin,, ciprofloxacin 60.6-64.8%., breakpoint MIC. major error.,, (pharmacokinetics) (pharmacodynamics) [1,2]., [3].. : 06 / 9 / 18 : 06 / 9 /
More informationIrish Greyhound Board. Scientific Advisory Committee on Doping and Medication Control. Opinion on Carprofen
Irish Greyhound Board Scientific Advisory Committee on Doping and Medication Control Opinion on Carprofen The Committee has been examining the advice it would give the Board on the threshold for carprofen
More informationPBPK/PD Modeling and Simulations to Guide Dose Recommendation of Amlodipine with Viekirax or Viekira Pak
PBPK/PD Modeling and Simulations to Guide Dose Recommendation of Amlodipine with Viekirax or Viekira Pak Dwaipayan Mukherjee, Ph.D. Jiuhong Zha, Ph.D. Rajeev Menon, Ph.D. Mohamad Shebley, Ph.D. Clinical
More information