Are Veterinary Medicines Causing Environmental Risks?
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1 Are Veterinary Medicines Causing Environmental Risks?
2
3 Nine species of vultures in the wild numbered 40 million birds in the early 1980s. Today, only about 60,000 birds are left (Vibhu Prakash, Bombay Natural History Society)
4 Boxall et al (2003) ES&T
5
6 Ivermectin Equivalents Excretion Profile Ivermectin Metabolite 1 Metabolite Days After Treatment
7 H H H H 3C H 3C H 3C H 3C H H H H H 2 B 1a Monosaccharide H 24 Hydroxymethyl H 2 B 1a Monosaccharide Ivermectin H 2 B 1a H 3C H H 3C H H 3C H 3C H H H H H 3C H H H 3C Aglycone H H H 3C H 3C H H 3C H 3C H 3 --Desmethyl H 2 B 1a H 24 Hydroxymethyl H 2 B 1a H
8 Dissipation in the Field Dung collected 3 days after treatment 500 ml dung pats
9 Ivermectin (µg/kg dw) Ivermectin Persistence in Dung Days in Field
10 Soil sampled directly beneath pats 3 depths 0-1cm 1-3cm 3-5cm For each pat and each time point Transfer of Ivermectin to soil
11 Ivermectin (ng/g ww) Transfer of Ivermectin to soil cm 1-3 cm Field Exposure (days)
12 Concentration (ug/kg) Direct excretion into water Ivermectin Dung, water, sediment Two treatment 6 cycles 5 No detection in water (LD 0.2 ng/l) Pretreatment Treatment 1 Treatment Days after treatment
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14 Antibiotics Sulfonamides Tetracyclines Fluoroquinolones Lincosamides Antiparasitics Macrocyclic lactones Benzimidazoles
15 Concentration (ug/kg) Persistence in soils DAT 103 DAT 152 DAT diazinon enrofloxacin florfenicol levamisole oxytetracycline phenylbutazone sulfadiazine trimethoprim tylosin Boxall et al., (2006) JAFC
16
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18 Drainflow Concentration (ug/l) Concentrations in drainflow 1000 Kay et al., ET&C SCP TC TYL Days after Treatment
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21 Surface runoff 2 days after slurry application: 47 µg/l SCP (dissolved phase) 8 µg/l TC (dissolved phase) 50 days after application: Less than 0.5 µg/l of both SCP and TC Much greater runoff generated by plot containing tractor wheelings Lots of sediment transported in surface runoff - high concentrations of TC likely
22 Leaching to groundwater Sampled throughout the soil profile using suction cups Intercepts leaching water Analysed for antibiotics and bromide tracer 3 depths (40, 80, 120 cm)
23 Field leaching studies Tylosin and oxytetracycline not detected Blackwell et al., Chemosphere2007
24 Pharmaceuticals in groundwater Class antiinflammatories antibiotics antiepileptics B-blockers X-ray contrast media hormones lipid regulators Examples diclofenac erythromycin, sulfadiazine, oxytetracyline carbamazepine sotalol iopromide estradiol, ethinylestradiol bezafibrate Monteiro and Boxall, 2010
25 Inputs to aquatic systems Cattle treated with ivermectin pour on Runoff from farmyard monitored continuously Concentrations of ivermectin in runoff detemined by HPLC-FD
26 Concentration (ng/l) Runoff results 90 Runoff volume (l) Days after first treatment
27 Peak concentrations in farmyard runoff Study site/active Concentration of active Maximum measured in product concentration in runoff ( g L -1 ) Site 1 dicyclanil 50 g/l ivermectin 8 g/l deltamethrin 1 g/l <0.100 cyromazine 6 g/l Site 2 ivermectin 5 g/l 0.085
28 Uptake into crops
29 Concentration (ug/kg) Uptake into crops amoxicillin diazinon enrofloxacin florfenicol levamisole oxytetracycline phenylbutazone sulfadiazine trimethoprim tylosin Boxall et al., JAFC (2006)
30 Effects on organisms? Limited toxicity to fish, invertebrates and green algae High toxicity to cyanobacteria Some antibiotics appear to be very toxic to terrestrial and aquatic plants Few impacts seen in standard C&N mineralisation studies with soils Effects on microbes can lead to impacts on key ecosystem processes (e.g. degradation of other substances) Human exposure very low
31 Halling Sorensen, 2000
32 Is their a risk
33 Peak concentrations in farmyard runoff Study site/active Concentration of active Maximum measured in product concentration in runoff ( g L -1 ) Site 1 dicyclanil 50 g/l LEC of g/l (Garric 2007) ivermectin 8 g/l deltamethrin 1 g/l <0.100 cyromazine 6 g/l Site 2 ivermectin 5 g/l 0.085
34 Toxicity to dung organisms Taken from Forster et al., 2010 RCR = 9000 (field study >8)
35 Ivermectin (µg/kg dw) Modelling reality Days Post Dose Excretion profile Medicine use patterns Impact on population Husbandry practices Compound dose response Insect life cycle and behaviour
36 Number of adults Are effects caused at the farm scale? - modelling insect numbers Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep ct Nov Month
37 Antibiotic resistance
38 Conclusions Veterinary medicines and their metabolites released to and occur in the environment We now have a very detailed understanding of the fate and standard effects of many veterinary drugs in the environment Standard risk assessment approaches suggest limited risk but. We may be missing the important pathways and important endpoints More intelligent approaches could help
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