Sea Turtles and Lights:
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1 Sea Turtles and Lights: Balancing Property Rights, Safety, and Sea Turtle Survival Tonya Long Imperiled Species Management Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Photo: T. Long, FWC
2 Sea turtles are ancient reptiles. Some species even pre-date dinosaurs. Photo: From F. A. Lucas, 1902, Animals of the Past, public domain Today s sea turtles may be smaller but no less remarkable. They are quite literally living fossils.
3 Photo: T. Hirama, FWC Photo: FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC Sea turtles have a complex life cycle Photo: T. Hirama, FWC Photo: B. Witherington, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC Photo: B. Witherington, FWC
4 Sea Turtles Nesting in Florida Photo: M. Nicholas, Gulf Islands National Seashore Loggerhead Status: Threatened Photo: B. Witherington, FWC Green Status: Threatened Photo: FWC Leatherback Status: Endangered Photo: T. Hirama, FWC Kemp's Ridley Status: Endangered Photo: N. Brockhoff Hawksbill Status: Endangered
5 Sea Turtle Nesting 101 Nesting season: May 1 October 31 (March 1 October 31 in Brevard through Broward). Nesting/hatching both occur at night. Nests contain ~100 eggs and incubate ~2 months. Females nest every 2 3 years and several times per season. Females return to nest in the same areas where they hatched! Photo: T. Long, FWC
6 Florida has: About 40% of all loggerhead nests in the WORLD Nesting in Florida The 2 nd largest nesting population of green turtles in the Western Hemisphere
7 Over harvesting caused populations to collapse Large commercial fishery - not sustainable. A sea turtle can take years to mature. Photo: Trip Advisor Many harvested before reproducing even once. Photo: Public Domain Photo: Marine Turtle Newsletter
8 Threats Hindering Sea Turtle Recovery Ingestion of Debris Disease Photo: Gulf World Marine Institute Photo: C. Johnson Photo: M. Care Entanglement Photo: R. Trindell, FWC Habitat Loss
9 Threats Hindering Sea Turtle Recovery Increase in Human Population and Development Photo: Mindlace Media & Photography Destin, Florida
10 Threats Hindering Sea Turtle Recovery Increase in Human Population and Development Photo: Mindlace Media & Photography Destin, Florida
11 Bay Threats Hindering Sea Turtle Recovery Artificial Lighting St. Johns Photo: FWC Photo: L. Brown, FWC Pinellas Volusia Photo: K. Schanzle, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC Collier Broward Photo: FWC Photo: K. Schanzle, FWC
12 Why is artificial lighting such a problem? Effects on Nesting Females Photo: S. Schaf, FWC Effects on Emerging Hatchlings Photo: T. Long, FWC
13 Effects on Nesting Females Deters females from nesting. Photo: Ecological Associates, Inc. Interferes with navigation back to the water. Disoriented females may be harmed or even killed. Photo: S. Schaf, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC
14 Effects on Nesting Females Photo: FWC LE Disoriented female on US 1 in Islamorada, June 2016
15 Effects on Hatchlings Hatchlings rely on multiple visual cues to find the water TOWARD bright open areas/horizons AWAY from dark silhouettes i.e. dunes and vegetation Attracted to SHORT wavelength light Less disturbed by LONG wavelength light ATTRACTION INDIFFERENCE AVERSION Witherington et al Conflicting cues often lead to disorientation.
16 What is a disorientation? Photo: T. K. Long, Schanzle, FWC FWC O C E A N
17 Hatchling Disorientations Ocean Ocean Photo: FWC Undisturbed hatchlings: seaward orientation in a V formation Photo: Sea Turtle Conservation League of Singer Island Disoriented hatchlings: circular orientation or not towards the ocean
18 Hatchling Disorientations Hatchlings have a limited energy reserve for their frenzy period. Any delay on the beach results in increased dehydration, exhaustion, predation, and death. Photo: Gumbo Limbo Nature Center Photo: C. Lorne Photo: R. Trindell, FWC
19 Documenting Disorientations Where is the impact? How severe? Reports submitted to FWC and Code Enforcement. Reports do not signify noncompliance with the ordinance. Can be used to trigger an inspection and focus enforcement efforts.
20 Disorientation Events Disorientation Events Hatchling Events Adult Events
21 Disorientation Events Disorientation Events Nests Nests Hatchling Events Adult Events
22 The Problems Tall bright lights White lights Unshielded fixtures Uplights / floodlights Decorative lights Photos: T. Long, and K. Schanzle, FWC
23 Local, State, and Federal Regulations The Solutions! Wildlife Lighting Certification Program Technological Advances Photo: T. Long, FWC Education and Outreach Lighting Reviews and Retrofits Photo: K. Schanzle, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC
24 Regulations who s in charge here? Federal Endangered Species Act Florida Marine Turtle Protection Act ( (1) F.S.) State Model Lighting Ordinance (62B-55 F.A.C.) Local Local Lighting Ordinances
25 FWC s Three Golden Rules 1) Keep it Low 2) Keep it Shielded 3) Keep it Long (wavelength)
26 FWC Golden Rule Number 1 1) Keep it Low Keep mounting heights low to minimize light trespass. Keep lumens low use only the lumen output needed. For most applications this can be minimal. Photo: T. Long, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC
27 Low Mounted Photos: FWC
28 FWC Golden Rule Number 2 1) Keep it Low 2) Keep it Shielded Eliminate the point source of light. Use full cut-off or fully recessed fixtures. Use 180 to 270 degree external beachside shields. Photo: K. Schanzle, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC
29 Unshielded lights contribute to cumulative sky glow. In 2016, 60% of disorientation reports listed sky glow as a contributing source of light! Photo: T. Long, FWC
30 How effective are full cut-off fixtures? Unshielded Full Cut-Off
31 Shielded, Full Cut-off Fixtures Photos: T. Long and K. Schanzle, FWC
32 Don t forget the accessories! Baffles Louvers Photo: T. Long, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC Focus light downward instead of outward Help prevent wall wash and excess glow
33 Baffles and Louvers Photo: K. Schanzle, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC Photo: K. Schanzle, FWC
34 FWC Golden Rule Number 3 1) Keep it Low 2) Keep it Shielded 3) Keep it Long (wavelength) Use bulbs with wavelengths greater than 560 nm. Photo: J. Higgins, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC
35 SHORT Wavelength Highly disruptive to sea turtles Incandescent Fluorescent and CFL White LED Bug Bulbs Also: Halogen, Mercury Vapor, Metal Halide, High Pressure Sodium
36 LONG Wavelength The best current technology Red LED Orange LED Amber LED Low Pressure Sodium (LPS)
37 Halfway Solutions to Lighting Problems Timers, switching off lights, or changing bulbs seasonally are NOT recommended long-term solutions. Malfunctions, tampering, forgetfulness Property manager turnover More work for the property More work for Code Enforcement Lower levels of compliance *May create unsafe conditions*
38 Don t forget about interior lights! Easy solutions: Close window coverings Turn off lights Move lamps away from windows Use fixtures with shades Put lights on a dimmer switch Use low wattage, warm white bulbs Photo: T. Long, FWC
39 Window Tint/Film 45% transmittance is the maximum allowance Current recommendation is 15% transmittance or less Photo: T. Long, FWC
40 Safety, Security, and Sea Turtles Ok, but is this lighting safe? The answer is YES! Many studies have found no increase in crime with reduced lighting. Several studies have even found the opposite! Lower intensity uniform lighting can reduce driver/pedestrian conflict.
41 Turtle Friendly Lighting and CPTED Strategies and design elements to deter criminal activity Overlapping recommendations Avoid bright security lights. Use shielded or cut-off luminaires. The amount of light is less critical than the evenness of light.
42 Night Vision Less is More Bright white light Destroys natural night vision Creates glare and shadow zones Low intensity longwavelength light See sharper contrast Detect movement quicker
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45 Reviewing Lights for Sea Turtle Impacts: Is the light source directly visible from the beach? Is the light being reflected off surfaces and becoming visible from the beach? Does the glow (indirect light) visible from the beach contain short wavelength light? Photos: FWC
46 You ve identified the problem now what? In General: Change the lamp to a RED, ORANGE, or AMBER LED. Install shielding to block light visible from the beach. Install a fixture that directs light down and away from the beach. Disconnect and turn off light ONLY IF IT IS NOT NEEDED. Photos: T. Long and K. Schanzle, FWC
47 Where to Find Good Fixtures and Bulbs
48 Where to Find Good Fixtures and Bulbs
49 Staying on Track Distribute pre-season educational information Conduct a pre-season lighting survey Conduct regular lighting surveys throughout the season Keep a stash of bulbs on hand for maintenance needs
50 Goal: Good Lighting for Turtles AND People Photo: T. Long, FWC Photo: T. Long, FWC Crown Hotel, Miami Beach Photo: T. Long, FWC
51 For more info visit Thanks for all your hard work! Tonya Long Photo: T. Long, FWC
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