8/19/2013. Topic 12: Water & Temperature. Why are water and temperature important? Why are water and temperature important?

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1 Topic 2: Water & Temperature Why are water and temperature important? Why are water and temperature important for herps? What are adaptations for gaining water? What are adaptations for limiting loss of water? What are the components of temperature balance? What are some adaptations for being at the right temperature? Animals are ~70% water Physiological processes are chemical reactions Cells swell and shrink depending on concentrations inside and out Water & Temp are linked Physiological processes are chemical reactions Cell membranes more fluid at high temp Herps are ectotherms Photos PJB, KP Bergmann Why are water and temperature important? Amphibians are primarily adapted to regulate Reptiles are primarily adapted to regulate Many mechanisms are used to do these things: Microhabitat selection Behavior Color Heart rate Blood flow, etc. Why are water and temperature important? What morphological, physiological or behavioral adaptations would a frog have to regulate its water balance? What morphological, physiological or behavioral adaptations would a lizard have to regulate its temperature? Photo PJB Photo KP Bergmann

2 Osmolarity Concentration of solutes in water (plasma & urine) Water moves by osmosis From area of osmolarity To area of osmolarity Generates pressure Source:?? Some species are more prone to water loss Terrestrial than others Cutaneous resistance to water vapor Measure of evaporative water loss Generally low resistance in: Aquatic Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6-4

3 Maintaining water balance Water gain = water loss Sources of water: Preformed water Losses of water: Urine & feces What are the main sources and losses of water for these species? Photos PJB

4 Source: Rain, fog, puddles, streams & rivers, lakes, ocean Many behavioral adaptations for getting liquid water Drinking adaptations: Bitis peringueyi Source: Liquid water Adaptations for drinking : Testudinidae : Phrynosoma & Moloch : Amphibians A. Normal cross section B. Fog collecting x.s. C. Drinking D. Running water down to accessible area Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6- Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6-3; KP Bergmann Source: Water molecules Very important in reptiles Water from the Animal prey: 70-80% H 2 O Plant prey: More variable Vertebrates are best balanced in terms of [salt] for eating by vertebrates Source: Metabolism of food produces water Chemical reactions that produce water g starch 0.56g water g fat.07g water Photos KP Bergmann, CA Morgan Loss: Skin of reptiles is less permeable than that of amphibians Amphibians have adaptations to limit evaporative water loss Behavior Postures that Loss: Evaporation Behaviors + glandular secretions Phyllomedusa Wiping behavior Ceratophrys, Amphiuma Burrowing behavior Aestivating behavior Resistant to desiccation Quick deposition Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6-8; PJB Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6-5;???

5 Loss: Some water is lost in feces Water loss by excretion depends on what is excreted Ammonia: NH 3 Urea: CH 4 ON 2 Uric Acid: C 5 H 4 O 3 N 4 What you excrete depends partly on where you live Loss: Urine Produced by kidneys Amphbians Waste Ammonia Solubility Toxicity Water usage Site of excretion Skin, gills, cloaca Urea Quite High Low Mid Cloaca Reptiles Uric Acid Cloaca Loss: Urine Amphibians in fresh water Steep osmotic gradient Produce lots of dilute urine Excretion of Amphibians in salty water (e.g. brackish) Steep osmotic gradient Need to raise internal osmolarity Excrete Increase [Na + ] & [Cl - ] in blood Loss: salt glands Used to Uses water, but less than excreting the salts via Many reptiles have them Sea Turtles Crocodylus porosus Acrochordus Amblyrhynchus Dipsosaurus B Stewart, National Geographic 2

6 Temperature Balance Is the lizard hot or cold? What is this lizard doing to regulate body temperature? Photo KP Bergmann Most modes of heat energy exchange are bidirectional Can be or Units of energy gain/loss are Watts per square meter of the animal s surface area (Wm -2 ) Heat energy gain = Q abs + M ± R ± C ± LE ± G Q abs = Radiation by surface of animal M = heat production (gain only, no loss) R = IR radiation received or emitted C = Gain or loss by to air or water LE = Gain via condensation, loss via evaporation Link to water balance G = Gain/loss via direct exchange by physical contact with environment

7 Air temp: 35 o C Lizard temp: 37 o C Q abs solar radiation absorbed by animal Q abs = S x A x vf s x a Q abs C LER M R S = A = animal vf s = proportion of animal exposed to sun a = of animal s surface G Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6- Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6- Q abs solar radiation absorbed Surface area of animal Function of body shape Posture (behavior) View factor Function of posture Orientation Phrynosoma cornutum Orients body to sun Relaxes and spreads ribs to influence surface area Is very broad catches a lot of sun Q abs Absorptivity Depends on of animal Many species can change color Darker color absorbs more heat Melanophores involved Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6-2 Photos KP Bergmann, PJB M Metabolic heat production Chemical energy is lost during Generally a low base level with ectotherms Some species can manipulate M Large Dermochelys have low SA:Vol retain metabolic heat Pythoninae brood eggs by raising metabolism associated with muscle activity KPB; Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6-5 Brooding Non-brooding R All objects emit & absorb IR Surface influences IR absorption A textured surface emits and absorbs well A smooth surface does not Distribution of surfaces can be adaptive Protects from hot ground Dorsum: Textured Ventrum: Smooth Callisaurus draconoides

8 C Heat exchange with surrounding fluid Terrestrial: Air Aquatic: Water Air movement (breeze) moves heat away if air temp < body temp More effective with smaller body size Why? LE Evaporation cooling heats things up Important in amphibians Not much evaporation in reptiles Photos PJB, CJ Hamilton Pough et al. 2004, Fig 6-4 G Heat transfer from hotter to cooler surface Surfaces in S Arizona can get >60 o C! Many behavioral adaptations prevent overheating on hot surfaces Behavioral thermoregulation Inactivity at low & high temperatures Shuttling between sun and shade during the day Panting Orientation Climbing in bushes at very high temperatures Lizards minimize Photos KP Bergmann, PJB Pough et al Fig 6-22 Ice crystal formation leads to tissue damage and cell dehydration Many animals burry selves to strata that are warmer Water in the body supercools without freezing e.g. Sceloporus jarrovii Glucose or glycerol is produced to protect cells from too much damage e.g. Lithobates sylvaticus Photos KP Bergmann 2

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