Lecture 7, 15 Sept 2009 Biodiversity III. 506 meet in BSE129 9am next Wed (23 Sept)

Transcription

1 Lecture 7, 15 Sept 2009 Biodiversity III 506 meet in BSE129 9am next Wed (23 Sept) Conservation Biology ECOL 406R/506R University of Arizona Fall 2009 Kevin Bonine Mary Jane Epps Biodiversity Readings Primack Ch3 Costanza et al Driessen 2004 Primack Ch4 Suzuki Link Biocontrol Link 3 rd Lab SATURDAY 26 Sept 7am northwest corner BSE 1 Updated 15 Sept

2 Measuring Biodiversity - alpha - beta - gamma alpha rarity with increased number of species (fewer of each type) beta rarity with habitat specialists gamma rarity if restricted to particular geographic areas 3 gamma alpha beta Van Dyke

3 Gamma and Beta not same in Primack text as I explained, but similar. 5 Measuring Biodiversity - alpha - beta - gamma Missing? Species role in ecosystem? Rarity per se Phylogenetic Representation Ecological Redundancy Edges vs. Interior (e.g., fragmentation) (spp richness increases, but are broad generalists, not interior habitat specialists) All species are not equivalent (normative valuation?) 6 3

4 Genetic Diversity (heterozygosity) Alleles ~2 per indiv. # in population? polymorphic traits 7 Hardy Weinberg and Heterozygosity two alleles: p, q BB, Bb, bb (p + q) 2 = p 2 +2pq + q 2 Under Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium H e = 2pq H o is observed If p=0.6, q=0.4, then 2pq = 0.48 = H e Inbreeding, if H o < H e Outbreeding, if H o > H e 8 4

5 Wright s Fixation Index Fst = 0, or <0.01 indicate little divergence among pops. Fst > 0.1 indicate much divergence among pops. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium, two alleles: p, q Expected heterozygosity = 2pq Fst = (Ht-Hs)/Ht (H= heterozygosity) Total Pool Separate populations 9 Equilibrium Heterozygosity ( H = 0) H* = 2Nm H = heterozygosity N = population size m = mutation rate Therefore, smaller populations have lower equilibrium heterozygosity Assumption: reduced genetic variation in a population correlated with reduced ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. 10 5

6 Valuing Biodiversity R I = (D i + U i )(deltap i /C i ) D = distinctiveness U = utility delta P = enhanced probability of survival C = cost of strategy Direct limited funds 11 Adaptive Radiation & Endemism Hawaiian Silverswords 12 6

7 Hawaiian Honeycreepers: 13 Darwin s Finches Galapagos, Ecuador 14 7

8 Mountain Lion 15 Cyprinodon macularius Desert Pupfish Desert pupfish declined due to the introduction and spread of exotic predatory and competitive fishes, water impoundment and diversion, water pollution, groundwater pumping, stream channelization, and habitat modification. Photograph Courtesy of John Rinne Healthy population of almost 10,000 fish inhabits this oasis. This last refuge of a unique fish is 16 being actively managed. 8

9 Cyprinodon macularius Quitobaquito pupfish (Endangered since 1986) Desert Pupfish Family Cyprinodontidae This tiny fish was once part of a widespread population, the range of which included the Colorado, Gila, San Pedro, Salt and Santa Cruz rivers and their tributaries in Arizona and California. The ancestors of the Quitobaquito and Sonoyta river pupfish are believed to have been cut off from their relatives in the Colorado River drainage about one million years ago. Photograph Courtesy of John Rinne -1-1/4 inches long max. age of three years -females are gray and drab males are bluish, turning bright blue during spring breeding season. -feed on insect larvae and other organic matter from pond bottom. -prefer shallow pond depths, about 12 to 18 inches deep. The warm, slightly brackish water at Quitobaquito is ideal habitat for pupfish. Pupfish can tolerate salinity levels ranging from normal tap water to water three times saltier than the ocean. Therefore, they are well suited to desert environments where high evaporation rates create water with high salinity levels. Although the water temperature at the spring is a constant 74 F, the water temperature in the pond fluctuates greatly during the year, from about 40 F or cooler in January to almost 100 F in August, especially in shallow areas... very tolerant of rapid temperature change and low oxygen content due to summer heat. 17 Lissamphibia Anura Urodela frogs salamanders Gymnophiona caecilians To Fishes and Ancestor Tetrapoda Synapsida Mammalia Testudines turtles Amniota Lizards Lizards Amphisbaenia Extant Herp Groups Reptilia Lepidosauria Squamata Serpentes Lizards Lizards Rhynchocephalia snakes tuatara Diapsida Crocodylia crocs etc. See Fig 2-1 (Pough et al., 2001) Archosauria Aves birds 18 9

10 Rhynchocephalia -evolved before dinosaurs - world-wide distribution in Mesozoic - most extinct at end Cretaceous (65mya) Sphenodontidae - 1 extant genus (Sphenodon) - 2 extant species - restricted to small islands of New Zealand -long lived Henry 19 Valuing Biodiversity R I = (D i + U i )(deltap i /C i ) D = distinctiveness U = utility delta P = enhanced probability of survival C = cost of strategy Direct limited funds 20 10

11 Costanza et al Lesser long-nosed bat (Leptonycteris curasoae) pollinating saguaro flower (Carnegia gigantea) 22 11

12 Costanza et al $33 trillion/yr (16-54) Global GNP = $18 trillion EXTERNALITIES [excluded non-renewable] Gas regulation $1.3 trillion Disturbance reg. $1.8 trillion Waste treatment $2.3 trillion Nutrient cycling $17 trillion Marine Services $20.9 trillion (coastal $10.6 trillion) Forests $4.7 trillion Wetlands $4.9 trillion 23 Costanza et al Table

13 Costanza et al Table 25 2 Millenium Ecosystem Assessment Focus: Consequences of Ecosystem Change for Human Well-being

14 DDT Malaria Ecoimperialism ? 28 14

15 29 Valuing Biodiversity (Genetic, Species, Ecosystem, Processes/Services) Primack p Direct consumptive and productive use Indirect processes & services (~nonconsumptive) photosynthesis +, water & soil, climate, interrelationships (soil microbes & plants) amenity (Ecotourism), science & education Option value potential to benefit humans in the future Existence value now or for future generations 30 15

16 ECOTOURISM 31 ECOTOURISM? Downside? 32 16

17 Option value? Figura 1 Niveles de organización del concepto de biodiversidad