Animals. Chapters Exam November 22, 2011

Transcription

1 Animals Chapters Exam November 22, 2011

2 Overview of Animals Chapter 32

3 General Features of Animals and Evolution of the Body Plan

4 General Features of Animals Heterotrophs Multicellular No Cell Walls Active Movement Diversity in Form and Habitat Sexual Reproduction Embryonic Development Unique Tissues

5 Key Evolutionary Developments Evolution of Tissues Evolution of Symmetry Types Evolution of the Body Cavity Evolution of Developmental Patterns Evolution of Segmentation

6 Tissues Tissues allow for Specialization and Differentiation Only the Parazoa do not have specialized tissues Even the Parazoa have cell-level specialization

7 Symmetry Parazoa are again the exception. Radial Bilateral

8 Body Cavity Most animals produce 3 types of tissue Bilaterally Symmetrical bodies follow three basic plans

9 Circulatory System As body sizes increases the need to move fluid becomes active and we see the evolution of a circulatory system Open Circulatory System Closed Circulatory System

10 Spiralians vs. Deuterstomes

11 Traditional Taxonomy of Animals

12 Parazoa vs. Eumetazoa Traditional taxonomy differentiates between the near animals (Parazoa) and true animals (Metazoa) Parazoa lack true differentiated tissue and symmetry

13 Molecular vs. Morphology On many groupings traditional morphology methods agree with molecular data. Morphology taxonomy is based on the presence or absence of the coelom. Molecular taxonomy is based on the genetics of differentiation End Result: While there is concurrence, molecular data shows that the coelom developed a number of times.

14 Roots of the Animal Family Tree

15 Where did we come from? Multinucleate Hypothesis Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis Molecular Data supports the Colonial model.

16 Noncoelomate Invertebrates Chapter 33

17 The New Invertebrate Phylogeny

18 Parazoa Animals That Lack Specialized Tissues

19 Dominant group of the Parazoa These are the Sponges Lacking true symmetry or tissues While the adults are sessile, the larval stage is motile. Porifera

20 Cell Types

21 Look Familiar?

22 Eumetazoa Animals with True Tissues

23 Phylum Cnidaria Distinct Specialized Tissues Mostly Marine in Nature No Organs Primitive Sensory System

24 Cnidaria Body Plans Polyp vs. Medusa Mesoglea glue material between the epidermis and gastrodermis Gastrovascular Cavity

25 Cnidaria Specialized Tissues

26 Cnidaria Life Cycles Life Cycles vary by species, but can include both a polyp and medusa stage or only one. Individuals are diploid tissue and sexual haploid gametes are produced, sexes can separate. The diploid zygote develops into a larval planula Asexual reproduction is also possible.

27 Nematocysts Defining characteristic of the phylum Used to incapacitate and acquire food Expulsion is one of the fastest known biological processes.

28 Major Groups of Cnidaria Class Anthozoa Sea Anemone and Corals Class Cubozoa Box Jellies Class Hydrazoa Hydroids Class Scyphozoa Jellyfish Class Staurozoa Star Jellies You should learn a defining characteristic of each

29 Phylum Ctenophora Surface similarity to the Cnidaria is not borne out. They do not possess nematocysts and possess an anal pore. They possess colloblasts for prey capture They possess mesoderm tissue

30 The Bilaterian Acoelomates

31 Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms Incomplete Guts Complex systems Cephalized

32 Platyhelminthes Groups Class Turbellaria* Free-Living Flatworms Subphylum Neodermata Parasites Possess a Neodermis and lack Eyepores Comprised of two Subgroups Trematodes Flukes Cercomeromorpha - Tapeworms

33 Schistosoma Life Cycle

34 Tapeworms Body divided into three sections Scolex Neck Proglottids No digestive systems

35 Acoel Flatworms Distinct from Flatworms Convergent Appearance Lack digestive cavity Primitive nervous system Uncertain position

36 Phylum Cycliophora Near Microscopic Live in the mouthparts of Claw Lobsters Sexual cycle is linked to Lobster molt

37 The Pseudocoelomates

38 A body cavity isolated from the exterior environment Serves as a hydrostatic skeleton Serves as a circulatory system Evolved numerous times Pseudocoelm

39 Phylum Nematoda Roundworms Possess a cuticle that they molt Developed digestive and reproductive systems Lack circular muscles

40 Nematoda Anatomy

41 Nematoda Life Cycle Most are gonochoric and exhibit sexual dimorphism Development is often indirect (larval to adult) Eutely (a precise number of cells) is common and allows for determination of cellular development in some species.

42 Nematoda Diseases

43 Phylum Rotifera

44 Coelomate Invertebrates Chapter 34

45 Phylum Mollusca

46 Phylum Mollusca

47 Mollusca Characteristics Extremely varied in body plan and appearance. Coelom is reduced and the role replaced by a shell in many. Highly efficient gas exchange system Most mollusks possess a radula Most posses open circulatory systems

48 Class Polyplacophora: Chitons Marine species Covered in shell plates Grazing animals Modified foot that serves as an anchor against predators.

49 Class Gastropoda Snails and Slugs Most adults are not bilaterally symmetrical due to torsion. Numerous predatory adaptations Evolution of a primitive lung.

50 Class Bivalvia Clams and such No radula or cephalization Extremely agile while digging or swimming Two shells

51 Class Cephalopoda Octopuses, squids, and nautiluses Highly divergent and specialized body plan Largest relative brain sizes of invertebrates Direct development Highly advanced eyes

52 Phylum Annelida

53 Annelida Characteristics Body Segmentation Cephalized with developed brains Head and Tail develop first, then the internal segments develop Segments are separated by septa, but communicate between the sections. Most possess chaetae Circulatory system is closed, but excretory system is segmented.

54 Possess paired fleshy parapodia Class Polychaeta

55 Class Clitellata Earthworms and leeches Named for the clitellum, a thicken saddle around the worm.

56 Hirudo medicinalis

57 The Lophophorates Bryozoa and Brachiopoda

58 Lophophore Defining characteristic of these Phyla A circular or U-shaped ridge around the mouth bearing one or two rows of ciliated tentacles into which the coelom extends.

59 Phylum Bryozoa Exclusively colonial Specialized members within the colony Can produce structures much like coral.

60 Phylum Brachiopoda Possess a U-shaped digestive system Solitary animals Possess hardened mantles or chitinous sheaths.

61 Phylum Anthropoda

62 Key Features of Arthropoda Segmentation Exoskeleton Jointed Appendages Circulatory System Nervous System (central and diffuse) Respiratory System Excretory Systems

63 Segmentation, Exoskeleton and Joints

64 Internals

65 Class Chelicerata Spiders, mites, ticks, and horseshoe crabs, etc. Defined by the chelicerae, pedipalps and four pairs of walking legs Two body segments

66 Class Crustacea Crabs, Lobsters, Pill Bugs, etc. 2 pairs of antennae, 3 pairs of feeding appendages, and various legs They have appendages on the abdomen.

67 Class Hexapoda Mandibles Three body regions One pair of antennae Thorax has three segments, each with a pair of legs Wings are derived from outgrowths, not legs

68 Class Myriapoda Having a myriad of legs Mandibles A head with various segments Each segment contains a pair of legs. Segments can be added as they grow.

69 Phylum Echinodermata

70 Characteristics Adults are pentaradially symmetrical, but larval forms are bilaterally symmetrical They possess an endoskeleton (the things you usually buy at gift shops) Water-Vascular System Regeneration

71 Anatomy

72 Classes Asteroidea Holothuroidea Echinoidea Crinoidea Ophiuroidea

73 Vertebrates Chapter 35

74 The Chordates and Nonvertebrate Chordates

75 Major Characteristics of the Phylum Single, Hollow Nerve Cord just below the dorsal surface. A Notochord is present just below the nerve cord during some part of development. Pharyngeal Pouches (or slits) are present in all Chordate embryonic development. There is a Postanal Tail at least during embryonic development.

76 Subphylums Urochordata Immobile adults with notochorded larvae Cephalochordata Developed notochord adults Vertebrates We will come back to these.

77 Urochrodata Marine Immobile during adulthood Larval state that posses the characters of a chordate. Adults of the Tunicate group secrete a cellulose tunic, hence the name.

78 Cephlachordata Lancets Single layered skin Minimal cephalization

79 Vertebrate Characters Vertebral Column surrounding the nerve cord Head, with protective case around the brain. Neural Crest develops out of the neural tube Internal organs Liver, Kidneys, closed Circulatory System, Endocrine System Endoskeleton

80 Evolutionary History Vertebrates appear about 500 MYA Jawed-fished gave rise to amphibians, then reptiles (300 MYA) Dinosaurs and Mammals arise around 220 MYA Birds and Mammals become dominate after the Cretaceous mass extinction 65 MYA

81 Phylogeny Fish Amphibian Mammals Reptiles Aves

82 Fishes

83 Characteristics of Fish Verterbral Column (exceptions: Hagfish & Lamprey) Jaw and Paired Appendages (exceptions: Hagfish and Lamprey) Internal Gills Single Loop Blood Circulation with 2- chambered heart Nutritional Deficiencies for aromatic amino acids.

84 Major Groups of Fish Sarcopterygii Lobed finned Actinopterygii Ray Finned (common fish ) Chondrichthyes Sharks and the like Cephlaspidomorphii Lampreys Myxini Hagfish Placodermi Extinct, Armored, Jawed Fish

85 Evolution of the Jaw

86 The Endoskeleton and Teeth Lead to

87 Differences between Sharks and Bony Fishes Bony fish have a bone endoskeleton not cartilage Bony fish retain buoyancy through a swim bladder Bony fish had a rigid cover over their gills called a operculum

88 Amphibians

89 Amphibian Evolution Arose from the lobed fish Transition Fossils showing characters of both are known. Ichthyostega Tiktaalik

90 Amphibian Characters Legs Lungs Cutaneous Respiration Pulmonary Veins Increased efficiency Partially Divided Heart

91 Orders of Amphibians Anura - Frogs and Toads Caudata Salamanders Apoda - Caecillians

92 Reptiles

93 Characteristics of Reptiles Amniotic Egg Dry Skin Thoracic Breathing

94 Amniotic Egg All Amniotes have multiple membraned eggs. Chorion Gas Exchange Amnion Encases embryo in fluid filled membrane Yolk Sac Food Source Allantois Waste Vessel

95 Dry Skin Unlike Amphibians, Reptiles do not need to keep moist. The evolution of the scale is important to this. Scales are pouches of skin filled with Keratin.

96 Anapsid, Synapsid, and Diapsid Turtles Tuataras Snakes/Lizards Crocodilians Archosaurs Aves Mammals

97 Circulation Evolution

98 Order Chelonia Turtles and Tortises Anapsids Diverged early in Reptile evolution Encased body plan

99 Taxonomy of Diapsid Reptiles Plesiosaurs Rhynchocephalia Squamata Saurischia Crocodylia Aves

100 Order Rhynchocephalia Tuataras Diverged from Lizards/Snakes over 250 MYA Parietal Eye One two species left, used to be very diverse group.

101 Order Squamata Lizards and Snakes Paraphyletic Group The most successful extant order of the Reptiles. Predators with numerous adaptations

102 Order Crocodylia Crocodiles and Alligators Closest extant relatives to the birds Descendent from Archosaurs Four chambered heart like mammals and birds

103 Birds

104 Characteristics of Birds Feathers Flight Skeleton

105 Feathers Unique modified scales Allow for flight Easily replaced Developed prior to flight.

106 Flight Skeleton Keeled Breastbone Fused Collarbone Allows attachments of large muscles for flight Skeleton is hollow and fused in many places.

107 Evolution of Birds

108 Mammals

109 Evolution of Primates