Over-exploitation of resources

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1 Over-exploitation of resources

2 Quiz: Gill et al Describe Figure 2. What chronology does this figure suggest?

3 New Vocab: Gill et al Coprolite fossilized dung Coprophilous dung lover Edaphic soil Megafauna(l) large animals Paleoecology study of fossils/dead ecology No-analog no equivalent conditions on Earth today Insolation solar exposure

4 How many extinctions have humans caused (directly or indirectly)?

5 Over-exploitation of resources

6 What caused the megafauna extinction? Climate? Altered habitat Loss of food sources Thermal tolerance (more applicable to reptiles) People? Hunted to extinction Slow growing/reproducing organisms cannot repopulate fast enough

7 Paleobiology tells us: Climate Change causes extinctions

8 Lots of climate changes (glacial/interglacial) during the megafauna extinction Cooper et al., 2015

9 BUT: Megafauna loss precedes other ecological changes Gill et al., 2009

10 BUT: Megafauna loss precedes other ecological changes Human expansion in Australia Rule et al., 2012

11 Mystery of the megafauna extinction Climate Altered habitat Loss of food sources Thermal tolerance (more applicable to reptiles) People Hunted to extinction **For N. America and Australia Slow growing/reproducing organisms cannot repopulate fast enough

12 Spatially, extinctions occur in regions where humans were evolutionarily novel Megafauna lost Human invasion

13 Timing of megafauna extinction coincides with human arrival Australia Americas New Zealand

14 Humans hunted megafauna Holes in mammoth bones containing fragments of stone and/or bone projectiles Bones found in Siberia Nikolskiy & Pitulko, 2013

15 Evidence that humans played a substantial role in megafauna extinction Spatial pattern match between novelty of humans and amount of megafauna loss Timing of human arrival on continents matches extinction events Taxonomic bias towards large mammals and flightless birds (yummy)

16 Megafauna extinction climate + people Barnosky et al., 2004

17 Australia lost 21 mammals + 7 flightless birds (~90% of species >10 kg)

18 Giant Wombat (Diprotodon) Largest known marsupial Extinct ~50,000 years ago in Australia

19 Red = extinct N. America lost 33 mammals (~80% of species >10 kg)

20 Short-faced Bear (Arctodus simus) Once ranged throughout the US Weighed up to 1500 lbs Likely ran as fast as 30 mph Extinct 11,000 years ago in N. America

21 S. America lost 50 mammals (~80% of species >10 kg)

22 Glyptodon Related to armadillos, but 3 m long and weighing 2 tons Extinct 10,000 years ago in S. America Glyptodon Fossil in Vienna Natural History Museum

23 Shell close-up Glyptodon

24 Extinctions in recent human history Counts of species extinct or extinct in the wild since 1500 IUCN/NYTimes

25 Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis) Flightless birds of N. Atlantic ft tall Extinct in 1852 Naïve to predation

26 Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) Flightless birds on Mauritius (S. Indian Ocean) ~3 ft tall Extinct in 1662 Naïve to predation

27 Steller s Sea Cow (Hydrodamalis gigas) Huge (9 m) marine mammal in N. Pacific Extinct 1768 Hunted to extinction within 30 years of initial discovery

28 Collapse of North Atlantic Cod Fisheries

29 California grizzly bear (Ursus arctos californicus) Hunted to extinction (danger to livestock and people) - extinct in 1924

30 Eastern Elk (Cervus canadensis canadensis) Habitat loss + hunting Extinct 1877

31 Extinct birds of Hawaii (sample) Causes: Habitat loss Avian malaria Rats & cats

32 Land snail extinctions Regnier et al., 2015

33 Land snail extinctions Causes:??? Habitat loss Invasive species Giant African Snail (introduced via pet trade) Rosy Wolf Snail (carnivorous) introduced to control African Snail

34 What drives modern extinctions? Over-exploitation & direct hunting Habitat loss Invasive predators & pathogens Climate change (on the horizon)

35 Small Groups Discussion Go through remaining questions from Gill

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