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1 Electronic Supplementary Material ASSOCIATED SKELETONS OF A NEW MIDDLE TRIASSIC RAUISUCHIA Marco Aurélio Gallo de França 1, Jorge Ferigolo 2 and Max Cardoso Langer 1 * 1 Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, , Brazil. 2 Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre- RS, , Brazil. *Author for correspondence ( mclanger@ffclrp.usp.br) This file includes: 1. DETAILS OF THE PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES 2 2. CHARACTER SCORING FOR D. QUARTACOLONIA IN THE DATA SET OF BRUSATTE ET AL SOURCE OF THE ANATOMICAL DATA FOR THE COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL REFERENCES 13 1

2 1. Details of the phylogenetic analyses A series of four phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the data-matrix of Brusatte et al. (2010), using PAUP 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) and TNT 1.1 (Goloboff et al., 2003; Goloboff et al., 2008). Firstly, we attempted to reproduce the results presented by those authors, using the same taxa and search parameters. A heuristic search was conducted in PAUP 4.0b10 (10,000 replicates; hold = 10; Branch-swapping algorithm = TBR tree bisection reconnection), with characters 36, 37, 48, 88, 102, 113, 123, 126, 138, and 162 set as ordered. The search produced 4,140 most parsimonious trees (MPTs) with 746 steps, summarized here in a strict consensus tree (figure ESM 1a). This result differs from that presented by Brusatte et al. (2010; fig. 5), which was based only on 70 MPTs of 747 steps. The result presented by Brusatte et al. (2010) is only recovered if the analysis is performed with a single tree retained for each replicate (hold = 1). The more exhaustive search preformed here (hold = 10) revealed a strict consensus that is much less resolved than that presented by Brusatte et al. (2010). Ambiguous positions were recovered for most major groups of Pseudosuchia, i.e., Phytosauria, Aetosauria, and the clade including Crocodylomorpha (figure ESM 1a), as well as for various taxa at the base of Rauisuchia. In addition, Rauisuchia is only monophyletic if ornithosuchids are incorporated into the group. 2

3 Figure ESM1. Phylogenetic relationships of Decuriasuchus quartacolonia among archosaurs, based on the data set of Brusatte et al. (2010). (a) Strict consensus of 4,140 most parsimonious trees (MPT s) of 746 steps recovered using the following parameters: PAUP software; heuristic search; 10,000 replicates; hold = 10; Branch-swapping algorithm = TBR (tree bisection reconnection); characters 36, 37, 48, 88, 102, 113, 123, 126, 138, and 162 set as ordered; Erythrosuchus, Euparkeria, and Proterochampsidae as outgroups. The results presented here are unlike those of the original article (see text for more information). (b) Strict consensus of 5,220 MPT s of 758 steps recovered including Decuriasuchus quartacolonia in the analysis as described above. The relationships within Ornithosuchia are identical to those presented by Brusatte et al. (2010) and the clade is collapsed as a single terminal. 3

4 A second analysis was performed including Decuriasuchus quartacolonia in the data matrix of Brusatte et al. (2010) and employing the more exhaustive set of parameters defined above. This analysis recovered 5,220 MPTs of 758 steps, summarized in a strict consensus tree (figure ESM 1b) that supports the sister-group relationship between D. quartacolonia and the clade composed of Prestosuchus plus Batrachotomus. Furthermore, the topology is similar to that recovered in the analysis without D. quartacolonia (figure ESM 1a), except for the more ambiguous position of Saurosuchus within a polytomic clade also composed of Prestosuchidae and Rauisuchidae. Another set of analyses was performed using the software TNT 1.1 (Goloboff et al., 2003; Goloboff et al., 2008) and the data-matrix of Brusatte et al. (2010). The first of these analysis was a heuristic search (10,000 replicates; hold = 10; Branch-swapping algorithm = TBR; ordered characters = 36, 37, 48, 88, 102, 113, 123, 126, 138, 162), performed without D. quartacolonia, and having Erythrosuchus, Euparkeria, and Proterochampsidae constrained as successive outgroup taxa to a monophyletic Archosauria. This is necessary because the original analysis does not include characters to define the relationships among outgroup taxa, and TNT 1.1, unlike PAUP, does not allow the inclusion of more than one terminal taxon within the outgroup. Topologies retained in overflowed replicates were branch-swapped for MPTs using TBR. The analysis recovered fewer (1,734) and shorter (741 steps) MPTs compared to the corresponding study using PAUP. The strict consensus of the MPTs (figure ESM 2a) is also less resolved, including a monophyletic, but highly polytomic Pseudosuchia. Except for a couple of pairing taxa (i.e., Batrachotomus + Prestosuchus, Effigia + Shuvosaurus, Stagonolepis + Desmatosuchus, Ornithosuchus + 4

5 Riojasuchus), the few recovered clades include Phytosauria, Rauisuchidae, and one consisting of Erpetosuchus, Gracilisuchus, and Crocodylomorpha. The inclusion of D. quartacolonia results in the recovery of 1,005 MPTs of 753 steps, the strict consensus of which (figure ESM 2b) shows that taxon isolated within the large pseudosuchian polytomy. Additional differences relative to the analysis without D. quartacolonia include: 1 nesting of Aetosaurus within a monophyletic Aetosauria; 2 nesting of Arizonasaurus, Bromsgroveia, Lotosaurus, Poposaurus, and Sillosuchus within a poposauroid lineage that also includes the Shuvosaurus + Effigia clade; 3 collapse of the Rauisuchidae clade, but retaining the sister group relationship between Postosuchus and Teratosaurus. 5

6 Figure ESM 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Decuriasuchus quartacolonia among archosaurs, based on the data set of Brusatte et al. (2010). (a) Strict consensus of 1,734 most parsimonious trees (MPT s) of 471 steps recovered using TNT 1.1 (heuristic search; 10,000 replicates; hold = 10; Branch-swapping algorithm = TBR; characters 36, 37, 48, 88, 102, 113, 123, 126, 138, and 162 set as ordered; Erythrosuchus, Euparkeria, and Proterochampsidae constrained as successive outgroup taxa). (b) Strict consensus of 1,005 MPT s of 753 steps recovered including Decuriasuchus quartacolonia in the analysis as described above. The relationships within Ornithosuchia are identical to those presented by Brusatte et al. (2010) and the clade is here collapsed as a single terminal. 6

7 The majority-rule consensus (figure ESM 3) of the 1,005 MPTs recovered in the latter analysis reveals a more resolved pattern of pseudosuchian relationships. D. quartacolonia is the sister taxon of the Prestosuchus + Batrachotomus clade in 94% of the MPTs, and these are nested within Prestosuchidae, along with Saurosuchus, in 82% of the MPTs. Similar arrangements were recovered using PAUP (figure ESM 1). The arrangement among major pseudosuchian groups seen in the majority-rule consensus was found in a meager percentage of MPTs: 50% for both the basalmost position of Revueltosaurus and the next-to-the-base position of phytosaurs, and 64% for the pairing of the crocodylomorph clade with Aetosauria. A clade Rauisuchia composed of Ornithosuchidae and all taxa usually assigned to Rauisuchia is found in 85% of the MPTs. An unnamed clade including Arganasuchus, Yarasuchus, Qianosuchus, Stagonosuchus, Ticinosuchus, and Fasolasuchus is in 53% of the MPTs, and the same percentage of MPTs shows the latter three taxa forming a clade. The sister group relationship of Ticinosuchus and Fasolasuchus is recovered in 71% of the MPTs. Ornithosuchidae and the remaining rauisuchians are united in 69% of the MPTs, and Ornithosuchidae is paired with Poposauridae in 75% of the Arizonasaurus and Bromsgroveia form clade in 82% of the MPTs, 70% of which also nest Poposaurus, Sillosuchus, Shuvosaurus, and Effigia within a monophyletic group. A clade composed of Prestosuchidae (discussed above) and Rauisuchidae (91% of the MPTs) is present in 89% of the MPTs. The latter group includes Tikisuchus and Rauisuchus as successive outgroups to the Teratosaurus + Postosuchus clade, recovered in 100% of the MPTs. 7

8 Figure ESM 3. Majority rule consensus of the 1,005 MPT s of 753 steps summarized in a Strict Consensus Tree in figure ESM 2b. 8

9 In addition, a reduced consensus of the most parsimonious trees (1,005 MPT s, 753 steps) found in the second analysis (Fig. 2b) was produced using the analytical protocol proposed by Pol & Escapa (2009). After four iterations, the analysis identified Fasolasuchus, Arganasuchus, Yarasuchus, Revueltosaurus, and Stagonosuchus as unstable taxa. Their positions are indicated in Fig. ESM4. The relationships among ornithosuchians remained identical to that seen in the original analysis. For the pseudosuchian lineage, phytosaurs form the basalmost group; Aetosauria and Crocodylomorpha+ Erpetosuchus+Gracilisuchus form a clade, that is a sister taxon to the clade including Ornithosuchidae and rauisuchians. Highly nested within that clade, Decuriasuchus forms a monophylum with Prestosuchus and Batrachotomus. 9

10 Figure ESM4. Reduced consensus tree obtained of 1,005 MPT s and 753 steps show in Fig. 2b. The alternative positions of the unstable taxa are indicate in tree as: a, Revuletosaurus; b, Fasolasuchus; c, Stagonosuchus; d, Yarasuchus; e, Arganasuchus. Those on the right of the symbol > belong the clade apical to the branch, but in positions not possible to depict because collapsed in the shown topology. 2. Character scoring for D. quartacolonia in the data set of Brusatte et al ? ? ???1??????????? ?????0100?? 0000? ? ??????? ??

11 11

12 3. Source of the anatomical data for the comparative description Rauisuchians cited in the comparative description and the source of the anatomical data. * indicates species observed first hand. Abbreviations: BPSG, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany; MCN, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; PURL, Museo de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina; PVL, Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; PVSJ, División de Paleontologia devertebrados del Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina; UFRGS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Batrachotomus (Gower, 1999; Gower & Schoch, 2009) Decuriasuchus * (MCN PV10105a-i; MCN PV10004) Effigia (Nesbitt & Norell, 2006; Nesbitt, 2007) Fasolasuchus * (Bonaparte, 1981; PVL-3850, PVL-3851) Luperosuchus * (Romer, 1971; PURL-04, PULR-057) Polonosuchus (Sulej, 2005; Brusatte et al., 2009) Postosuchus (Chatterjee, 1985; Long & Murry, 1995; Peyer et al., 2008) Prestosuchus chiniquensis * (Huene, 1942; Barberena, 1978; BPSG AS XXV 1 4, 6 7, 10 17, 22, 25, 28 33, 42 43; UFRGS PV0156 T) Prestosuchus loricatus * (Huene, 1942; BPSG AS XXV 24, 45, 19) Rauisuchus * (Huene, 1942; BPSG AS XXV ) Riojasuchus * (Bonaparte, 1978; Sereno, 1991; PVL-3827, PVL-3826, PVL-3838) Saurosuchus * (Reig, 1959; Sill, 1974; Alcober, 2000; PVL-2068, PVL-2198, PVL-2267, PVL-2472, PVL-2557; PVSJ-32, PVSJ615) Sillosuchus * (Alcober & Parrish, 1997; PVSJ-85) Ticinosuchus (Krebs, 1965, 1976; Pinna & Arduini, 1978) Yarasuchus (Sen, 2005) 12

13 4. Electronic Supplementary Material References Alcober, O Redescription of the skull of Saurosuchus galilei (Archosauria: Rauisuchidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: Alcober, O. and J. M. Parrish A new poposaurid from the Upper Triassic of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: Barberena, M. C A huge thecodont skull from the Triassic of Brazil. Pesquisas. 7: Benton, M. J. and D. J. Gower Richard Owen s giant Triassic frogs: Middle Triassic archosaurs from England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17: Benton, M. J. and A. D. Walker Erpetosuchus, a crocodile-like basal archosaur from the Late Triassic of Elgin, Scotland. Zoological Journal of Linnean Society 136: Bonaparte, J. F Los tetrápodos del sector superior de la Formación Los Colorados, La Rioja, Argentina. Opera Lilloana 22: Bonaparte, J. F El Mesozoico del América del Sur y sus Tetrápodos. Opera Lilloana. 26: Bonaparte, J. F Description de Fasolasuchus tenax y su significado en la sistemarica y evolucion de los thecodontia. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia 3: Bonaparte, J. F Classification of Thecodontia. Géobios, Mémoire Spéciale 6: Brusatte, S.L., R. J. Butler, T. Sulej and G. Niedźwiedzki The taxonomy and anatomy of rauisuchian archosaurs from the Late Triassic of Germany and Poland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54 (2):

14 Brusatte, S.L., M. J. Benton, J. B. Desojo and M. C. Langer The higher-level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 8(1):3-47. Chatterjee, S Postosuchus, a new thecodontian reptile from the Triassic of Texas and the origin of tyrannosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series B) 309: Chatterjee, S Shuvosaurus, a new theropod: an unusual theropod dinosaur from the Triassic of Texas. National Geographic Research and Exploration 9 (3): Chatterjee, S. and P. K. Majumdar Tikisuchus romeri, a new rauisuchid reptile from the Late Triassic of India. Journal Paleontology 61: Cope, E. D Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 14: Gauthier, J Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences 8:1-55. Gebauer, E. V. I Neubeschreibung von Stagonosuchus nyassicus v. Huene, 1938 (Thecodontia, Rauisuchia) aus der Manda-Formation (Mittlere Trias) von Südwest- Tansania. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 231:1 35. Goloboff, P., J. Farris and K. Nixon TNT: a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24: Goloboff, P.A., J.S. Farris and K. Nixon TNT: Tree analysis using new technologies. Program and documentation available from the authors and at 14

15 Gower, D. J Cranial osteology of a new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern Germany. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde B 280:1 49. Huene, F. von. 1907/1908. Die Dinosaurier der Europaiaschen Triasformation mit Berucksichtiging der Aussereuropaischen Vorkommnisse. Geologische und Palæontologische, Abhandlung 1: Huene, F. von Die fossilen Reptilien des südamerikanischen Gondwanalandes. Ergebnisse der Sauriergrabung in Südbrasilien 1928/29. C. H. Beck sche Verlag, Munich, 332 pp. Huene, F. von Paleontologie und Phylogenie der niederen Tetrapoden. Fischer- Verlag, Jena. Jalil, N.-E. and K. Peyer A new rauisuchian (Archosauria, Suchia) from the Upper Triassic of the Argana Basin, Morocco). Palaeontology 50: Krebs, B Ticinosuchus ferox nov. gen. nov. sp. ein neuer Pseudosuchier aus der Trias des Monte San Giorgio. Schweizerische Paläontologische Abhandlungen. 81: Krebs, B Die Archosaurier. Naturwissenschaften 61: Krebs, B Pseudosuchia. Pp in O. Kuhn (ed.) Handbuch der Paläoherpeteologie. 13. Gustav-Fischer, Stuttgart. Langer, M. C., A. M. Ribeiro, C. L. Schultz and J. Ferigolo The continental tetrapod-bearing Triassic of south Brazil. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 41: Li, C., X. C. Wu, Y. N. Cheng, T. Sato and L. Wang An unusual archosaurian from the marine Triassic of China. Naturwissenschaften 93:

16 Long, R. A. & P. A. Murry Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 4: Maddison, W. P. and D. R. Maddison Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. V Nesbitt, S. J Arizonasaurus and its implications for archosaur divergence. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 270: Nesbitt, S. J. and M. A. Norell Extreme convergence in the body plans of an early suchian (Archosauria) and ornithomimid dinosaurs (Theropoda). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 273: Nesbitt, S. J The anatomy of Effigia okeeffeae (Archosauria, Suchia), theropod-like convergence, and the distribution of related taxa. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 302: Nesbitt, S.J., C. A. Sidor, R. B. Irmis, K. D. Angielczyk, R. M. H. Smith and L. A. Tsuji Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature 464: Nopsca, F. von The genera of reptiles. Paleobiologica 1: Parker, W. G., R. B. Irmis, S. J. Nesbitt, J. W. Martz and L. S. Browne The Late Triassic pseudosuchian Revueltosaurus callenderi and its implications for the diversity of early ornithischian dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 272: Parrish, J. M Phylogeny of the Crocodylotarsi, with reference to archosaurian and crurotarsan monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13:

17 Peyer, K., J. G. Carter, H.-D. Sues, S. E. Novak and P. E. Olsen A new suchian archosaur from the Upper Triassic of North Carolina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28: Pinna, G. & Arduini, P Un nuovo esemplare di Ticinosuchus ferox Krebs, rinvenuto nel giacimento Triassico di Besano in Lombardia. Natura, Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali, Milano. 69: Pol, D. & Escapa, I. H Unstable taxa in cladistics analysis: identification and the assessment of relevant characters. Cladistics 25: Reig, O. A Primeros datos descriptivos sobre nuevos reptiles arcosaurios del Triásico de Ischigualasto (San Juan, Argentina). Revista de la Asociación Argentina de Geología. 13: Romer, A. S Vertebrate Paleontology, 3 rd edition. 468pp., Chicago (Univ. Press). Romer, A. S The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. VIII. A fragmentary skull of a large thecodont, Luperosuchus fractus. Breviora. 373: 1 8. Romer, A. S The Chãnares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov. Breviora 389: Sen, K A new rauisuchian archosaur from the Middle Triassic of India. Palaeontology 48: Sereno, P. C Basal archosaurs: phylogenetic relationships and functional implications. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 2: 53 pp. Sill,W. D The anatomy of Saurosuchus galilei and the relationships of the rauisuchid thecodonts. Bulletin of themuseum of Comparative Zoology 146:

18 Sulej, T A new rauisuchian reptile (Diapsida: Archosauria) from the Late Triassic of Poland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25: Swofford, D.L PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony. V4.0b10. Sinauer Associate, Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts. Walker, A.D Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 248: Weinbaum, J. C. & A. Hungerbühler A revision of Poposaurus gracilis Archosauria: Suchia) based on two new specimens from the Late Triassic of the southwestern U.S.A. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 81: Zittel, K.A. von Handbuch der Palaeontologie. 1. Abteilung: Palaeozoologie 3. xii p., München, Berlin (R. Oldenbourg). 18

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