Ecography. Supplementary material

Transcription

1 Ecography ECOG-2343 Lin, L.-H. and Wiens, J. J Comparing macroecological patterns across continents: evolution of climatic niche breadth in varanid lizards. Ecography doi: /ecog.2343 Supplementary material

2 Appendix 1. The number of point localities per species and region in this study. Species Africa Asia Oceania Varanus_acanthurus 639 Varanus_albigularis 169 Varanus_bangonorum 4 Varanus_baritji 53 Varanus_beccarii 2 Varanus_bengalensis 44 Varanus_boehmei 2 Varanus_brevicauda 227 Varanus_bushi 32 Varanus_caerulivirens 1 Varanus_caudolineatus 227 Varanus_cerambonensis 6 Varanus_cumingi 4 Varanus_doreanus 11 Varanus_dumerilii 11 Varanus_eremius 444 Varanus_exanthematicus 128 Varanus_finschi 5 Varanus_flavescens 17 Varanus_giganteus 343 Varanus_gilleni 297 Varanus_glauerti 59 Varanus_glebopalma 138 Varanus_gouldii 3115 Varanus_griseus Varanus_indicus Varanus_jobiensis 17 Varanus_keithhornei 1 Varanus_kingorum 14 Varanus_komodoensis 6 Varanus_macraei 1 Varanus_marmoratus 14 Varanus_melinus 5 Varanus_mertensi 23 Varanus_mitchelli 116 Varanus_nebulosus 38 Varanus_niloticus 287 Varanus_nuchalis 9 Varanus_olivaceus 12 35

3 Varanus_palawanensis 6 Varanus_panoptes 29 Varanus_pilbarensis 29 Varanus_prasinus 41 Varanus_primordius 39 Varanus_rainerguentheri 2 Varanus_rosenbergi 692 Varanus_rudicollis 1 Varanus_salvadorii 1 7 Varanus_salvator 13 2 Varanus_scalaris 495 Varanus_semiremex 9 Varanus_sparnus 4 Varanus_spenceri 49 Varanus_storri 54 Varanus_timorensis Varanus_togianus 2 Varanus_tristis 831 Varanus_varius 4317 Varanus_yemenensis 7 Varanus_yuwonoi 1 36

4 Appendix 2. GenBank accession numbers for 6 sampled varanid lizards and the outgroups Shinisaurus crocodilurus and Lanthanotus borneensis. Species 12S 16S BDNF CMOS cytb ND2 ND4 NT3 R35 RAG1 RAG2 Shinisaurus crocodilurus NC_5959 AB8274 GU AY99976 NC_5959 NC_5959 NC_5959 GU45613 HQ AY Lanthanotus borneensis AF GU AY AY GU AY Varanus acanthurus AF GU EU9257 DQ52514 GU45616 HQ GU Varanus albigularis AF JN JQ Varanus bangonorum KM Varanus baritji AF47489 DQ52516 JQ Varanus beccarii -- EF AF Varanus bengalensis GU GQ EU AF Varanus boehmei -- EF Varanus brevicauda AF AY26494 DQ JQ Varanus bushi JQ EU JQ Varanus caerulivirens -- EF Varanus caudolineatus EU9258 DQ JQ Varanus cerambonensis -- EF Varanus cumingi AF47523 Varanus doreanus -- EF AF JQ Varanus dumerilii GU AF JQ DQ AY DQ Varanus eremius AF EU926 DQ JQ Varanus exanthematicus GU JN9143 AB31968 AF47496 DQ GU45617 JF84611 GU Varanus finschi -- EF Varanus flavescens AF Varanus giganteus AF EU9262 DQ52516 JQ Varanus gilleni EU9263 DQ JQ

5 Varanus glauerti EU9264 DQ JQ Varanus glebopalma AF4751 DQ JQ Varanus gouldii AF EU9282 DQ JQ Varanus griseus U AY Varanus indicus AF4493 EF AF4756 DQ JQ Varanus jobiensis -- EF AF JQ Varanus keithhornei -- EF EU9284 DQ JQ Varanus kingorum EU9285 DQ52517 JQ Varanus komodoensis AB8275 AB AB8276 AB8275 DQ JQ Varanus macraei -- EF Varanus marmoratus -- EF Varanus melinus -- EF AF Varanus mertensi AF EU9287 DQ JQ Varanus mitchelli AF EU9289 DQ JQ Varanus nebulosus AF Varanus niloticus NC_8778 NC_ NC_8778 NC_8778 DQ JQ Varanus nuchalis JX Varanus olivaceus AF AF Varanus palawanensis JX Varanus panoptes -- EF EU9216 DQ JQ Varanus pilbarensis AF AF47518 DQ JQ Varanus prasinus AF457 EF EU AF47519 DQ JQ Varanus primordius AF4752 DQ JQ Varanus rainerguentheri -- EF Varanus rosenbergi AF AY DQ JQ Varanus rudicollis GU EU AF JQ Varanus salvadorii AF AF47522 DQ JQ

6 Varanus salvator GU NC_1974 EU42618 AF43517 EU NC_1974 DQ EU3992 JN5685 EU Varanus scalaris EU9211 DQ JQ Varanus semiremex EU92111 DQ JQ Varanus sparnus KP Varanus spenceri EU92112 DQ JQ Varanus storri EU92115 DQ JQ Varanus timorensis AF AF47532 DQ JQ Varanus togianus AF Varanus tristis AF EU92119 DQ52512 JQ Varanus varius AF EU92127 DQ JQ Varanus yemenensis JN Varanus yuwonoi -- EF AF

7 Appendix 3. The partitions and models used in the BEAST analyses are described below. We first list the gene and codon position type that each character in the combined matrix belongs to. Then we list the best-fitting sets of partitions and the best-fitting model of evolution for each partition (as selected by PartitionFinder). Partitions 12S = ; 16S = ; BDNF_pos1 = \3; BDNF_pos2 = \3; BDNF_pos3 = \3; cmos_pos1 = \3; cmos_pos2 = \3; cmos_pos3 = \3; cytb_pos1 = \3; cytb_pos2 = \3; cytb_pos3 = \3; ND2_pos1 = \3; ND2_pos2 = \3; 4

8 ND2_pos3 = \3; ND4_pos1 = \3; ND4_pos2 = \3; ND4_pos3 = \3; NT3_pos1 = \3; NT3_pos2 = \3; NT3_pos3 = \3; R35_pos1 = \3; R35_pos2 = \3; R35_pos3 = \3; RAG1_pos1 = \3; RAG1_pos2 = \3; RAG1_pos3 = \3; RAG2_pos1 = \3; RAG2_pos2 = \3; RAG2_pos3 = \3 Selected Sets of Partitions and Models 1 GTR+G , , \3 41

9 2 HKY \3, \3, \3 3 K \3, \3, \3, \3 4 HKY+G \3, \3, \3, \3 5 HKY \3, \3, \3, \3, \3, \3, \3 6 GTR+I+G \3, \3, \3 7 GTR+G \3, \3, \3 8 GTR+I+G \3, \3 42

10 Appendix 4. The phylogenetic tree provided in nexus format for 6 species of varanid lizards and two outgroups estimated in this study using BEAST. #NEXUS begin trees; tree TREE1 = [&R] (Shinisaurus_crocodilurus: ,(Lanthanotus_borneensis: ,((((((((((Var anus_acanthurus: ,varanus_baritji: ): ,varanus_storri: ): ,(Varanus_kingorum: ,Varanus_primordius: ): ): ,((Varanus_bushi: ,Varanus_gilleni: ): ,Varanus_ caudolineatus: ): ): ,(varanus_brevicauda: ,(varan us_eremius:8.3445,varanus_sparnus:8.3445): ): ): ,((((v aranus_glauerti: ,varanus_tristis: ): ,(((varanus_mitchelli: ,Varanus_semiremex: ):3.2666,Varanus_timorensis: ): ,Varanus_scalaris: ): ): ,Varanus_pilbarensis: ) : ,Varanus_glebopalma: ): ): ,((((Varanus_gigante us: ,((varanus_gouldii:6.9461,varanus_panoptes:6.9461): ,varanus _rosenbergi: ): ): ,varanus_spenceri: ):.62794, Varanus_mertensi: ): ,((Varanus_komodoensis: ,Varanus_v arius: ): ,varanus_salvadorii: ): ):1.1371): ,((((Varanus_bengalensis: ,Varanus_nebulosis: ): ,Varan us_flavescens: ): ,varanus_dumerilii: ): ,((varan us_marmoratus: ,varanus_rudicollis: ): ,((((varanus_salvat or: ,(varanus_bangonorum: ,varanus_togianus: ):.79181) : ,Varanus_nuchalis: ):.13833,Varanus_palawanensis: ):1. 43

11 3999,Varanus_cumingi: ): ):6.7499): ): ,((((Var anus_beccarii: ,varanus_keithhornei: ): ,(varanus_boehmei : ,(Varanus_macraei: ,Varanus_prasinus: ): ): ): ,((((Varanus_caerulivirens: ,Varanus_yuwonoi: ): ,(Varanus_doreanus: ,Varanus_finschi: ): ): , Varanus_jobiensis: ):.75482,(((Varanus_cerambonensis: ,Varanus _melinus: ): ,varanus_indicus: ):.78142,varanus_rainerg uentheri: ): ): ): ,varanus_olivaceus: ): ): ,((((Varanus_albigularis:5.6657,Varanus_yemenensis:5.6657): ,Varanus_exanthematicus: ): ,Varanus_niloticus: ) : ,Varanus_griseus: ): ): ): ); end; 44

12 Appendix 5. Data on niche characteristics for temperature (T) and precipitation (P) for 7 species (all species with >1 localities, including those not in the phylogeny), including the number of georeferenced localities per species (N), mean Bio1, mean Bio12, the mean within-locality niche breadths for each species (WL-NB), species niche breadths for temperature and precipitation (T-SNB, P-SNB), the ratio of within-locality niche breadth to species niche breadth averaged across localities for temperature and precipitation (T-WLS, P-WLS), and the niche position variance for temperature and precipitation (T-NPV, P-NPV). Species N Bio1 Bio12 T-WL-NB P-WL-NB TNB PNB T-WLS P-WLS T-NPV P-NPV Varanus acanthurus Varanus albigularis Varanus bangonorum Varanus baritji Varanus beccarii Varanus bengalensis Varanus bitatawa Varanus boehmei Varanus brevicauda Varanus bushi Varanus caudolineatus Varanus cerambonensis Varanus cumingi Varanus dalubhasa

13 Varanus doreanus Varanus dumerilii Varanus eremius Varanus exanthematicus Varanus finschi Varanus_flavescens Varanus giganteus Varanus gilleni Varanus glauerti Varanus glebopalma Varanus gouldii Varanus griseus Varanus hamersleyensis Varanus indicus Varanus jobiensis Varanus keithhornei Varanus kingorum Varanus komodoensis Varanus kordensis Varanus mabitang Varanus marmoratus

14 Varanus melinus Varanus mertensi Varanus mitchelli Varanus nebulosus Varanus nesterovi Varanus niloticus Varanus nuchalis Varanus obor Varanus olivaceus Varanus ornatus Varanus palawanensis Varanus panoptes Varanus pilbarensis Varanus prasinus Varanus primordius Varanus rainerguentheri Varanus rasmusseni Varanus reisingeri Varanus rosenbergi Varanus rudicollis Varanus salvadorii

15 Varanus salvator Varanus samarensis Varanus scalaris Varanus semiremex Varanus similis Varanus sparnus Varanus spenceri Varanus spinulosus Varanus storri Varanus timorensis Varanus togianus Varanus tristis Varanus varius Varanus yemenensis

16 Appendix 6 Figure A1. Point localities of varanid lizards in this study, showing the distribution range globally. Black solid lines indicate the boundaries among the continents. There are 44 species on Oceania, 35 on Asia, and 5 on Africa. One species (V. griseus) occurred on both Asia and Africa; and 4 species (V. indicus, V. salvadorii, V. salvator, and V. timorensis) occurred on both Asia and Oceania. No species occurred on all three continents. Different colors indicate different species. 49

17 o o o o o o E 3 E 6 E 9 E 12 E 15 E N o 3 N o 3 N Africa Asia o o Oceania o 3 S o 3 S 2 4 km o o o o o o E 3 E 6 E 9 E 12 E 15 E 5

18 Figure A2. Relationships between mean within-locality niche breadths of species (WL-NB; for temperature: T, and precipitation: P) and species niche breadths. Results are shown both across continents and globally, and are shown using the raw data for ease of interpretation. PGLS results are shown in Table Africa Africa 3 12 T-WL-NB 2 P-WL-NB Asia Asia 3 12 T-WL-NB 2 P-WL-NB Oceania Oceania 3 12 T-WL-NB 2 P-WL-NB Global Global 3 12 T-WL-NB 2 P-WL-NB Temperature niche breadth Precipitation niche breadth 51

19 Figure A3. Relationship between WLS ratio and species niche breadths, shown using the raw data for ease of interpretation. PGLS results are shown in Table Africa 1. Africa T-WLS ratio P-WLS ratio Asia 1. Asia T-WLS ratio P-WLS ratio Oceania 1. Oceania T-WLS ratio P-WLS ratio Global 1. Global T-WLS ratio P-WLS ratio Temperature niche breadth Precipitation niche breadth 52

20 Figure A4. Relationship between NPV and species niche breadths, shown using the raw data for ease of interpretation. PGLS results are shown in Table Africa 1.5e+5 Africa 2 T-NPV 15 1 P-NPV 1.e+5 5.e Asia e+5 Asia T-NPV P-NPV 1.e+5 5.e Oceania e+5 Oceania T-NPV P-NPV 1.e+5 5.e Global e+5 Global T-NPV P-NPV 1.e+5 5.e Temperature niche breadth Precipitation niche breadth 53