14 February th class meeting (Miller Chapter 3) Environmental Biology ECOL 206 University of Arizona spring 2005

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1 1 14 February th class meeting (Miller Chapter 3) Environmental Biology ECOL 206 University of Arizona spring 2005 Kevin Bonine, Ph.D. Alona Bachi, Matthew Herron, Graduate TAs Hawaiian Vegetation Fire Effects Internship Opportunity 1b We are seeking motivated, enthusiastic, physically fit individuals to assist with research on the impacts of an invasive scaly sword fern (Nephrolepis multiflora) and lava-ignited wild fires on native Hawaiian rainforest in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Work will involve backcountry hiking and possibly camping in various terrain and weather conditions. Field sites are located in Hawaiian rainforest communities with lava substrate and native matt ferns reaching 30' in height. Vegetation will be identified, measured and biomass sampled. Interns will occasionally assist the park's vegetation management program. Three internship positions will begin April 1st and end either June 1st (2 positions) or July 1st (1 position). Roundtrip airfare between Portland and Hilo, dorm style housing within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and a daily meal reimbursement ($25/day) will be provided. Preference will be given to individuals with coursework in botany/forestry or related fields. If interested send a cover letter, resume, and names of three references to alison.ainsworth@oregonstate.edu and mychal.tetteh@oregonstate.edu. 1

2 Environmental Biology Course Web Link: Postponed a few things on website Thank T. Edwards and M. Herron Exam Wed 16 Feb Miller Chapter 3 (check out the CD/website for Miller text) 3 Phoenix Tucson = Urban buffer = Tortoise Population 2

3 Spermophilopsis leptodactylus 4 Xerus erythropus X. rutilus X. princeps X. inauris 4b Paraphyletic MONOPHYLETIC Polyphyletic Fig.1 Zomlefer

4 Amphibian / Amniote Split Amphibians Anura Urodela frogs salamanders 5 To Fishes and Ancestor 340 MaBP (Paleozoic) Tetrapoda Synapsida Gymnophiona Mammalia Testudines caecilians turtles Amniotes Lizards Lizards Amphisbaenia Extant Reptile Groups Reptilia Lepidosauria Squamata Serpentes Lizards Lizards Rhynchocephalia snakes tuatara Diapsida Crocodylia crocs etc. See Fig 2-1 (Pough et al., 2001) Archosauria Aves birds Reptilia (= 4 orders, without birds) 6 1. Testudines (Chelonia, Turtles) -duh -shell shape ~ ecology -no arboreal or gliding forms 2. Squamata ( Lizards and Snakes) -lizards not monophyletic -repeated loss of limbs -very diverse Terrapene ornata ornata Crotaphytus collaris Elgaria kingii 4

5 Reptilia (= 4 orders, without birds) 7 3. Crocodylia (Crocodiles, Alligators, Caiman) -threatened (21 spp. remain) -snout shape ~ diet -related to archosaurs (birds and dinosaurs) Crocodylus siamensis 4. Rhynchocephalia (Sphenodontida, Tuatara) -2 extant species -islands of New Zealand -operate at ~cold temperatures Sphenodon sp. 8 Ranking Biodiversity? R I = (D i + U i )(deltap i /C i ) D = distinctiveness U = utility delta P = enhanced probability of survival C = cost of strategy Direct limited funds Ecological Contribution? 5

6 9 DNA sequence Codes for Proteins etc. Genetic Code 10 A (adenine), T (thymine), [U(uracil)] C (cytosine), G (guanine) (5' -> 3') (3' <- 5') (5' -> 3') (Coding, sense strand) ATGGAATTCTCGCTC TACCTTAAGAGCGAG (Template, antisense strand) AUGGAAUUCUCGCUC (mrna made from Template strand) 1-Transcription 2-Translation Proteins of amino acids 6

7 Natural Selection: Ricklefs 2001, Figure Beak Size (for example) Favors Average Traits Favors One Extreme Favors Both extremes 12 Result of Disruptive Selection (Favors Both extremes) Ricklefs 2001, Figure

8 Drosophila Bristle Count 13 Disruptive Selection (Favors Both extremes) Ridley 1996 Directional Stabilizing 14 Disruptive 8

9 Stabilizing Selection for Human Birth Weight 15 Ridley Stalk Eyed Flies Sexual Selection 9

10 17 Speciation often result of: 1. Geographic Isolation 2. Reproductive Isolation (Genetic Drift) Science Plus, 1997 p. S33 Evolution by Natural Selection 18 vs. Lamarck 10

11 19 Tarbuck and Lutgens 1999 Darwin to the Galapagos Genovesa 20 Fernandina And Isabela 11

12 20b Campbell 1993 Only lizard to feed at sea -algae, seaweed Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae) 21 Up to 10 or 12 m deep Up to a hour-long dives for large males (Darwin shipmate) Highly social 8,000 indivs/ km of coast 16 islands Cold upwelling water nourishes algae Fernandina/Isabela males to 10+ kg females to almost 3 kg Genovesa males only to 1 kg females to < 1kg Why? Amblyrhynchus cristatus Water temperature and current strength 12

13 22 Martin Wikelski, Princeton 23 Katrina Mangin 13

14 24 Martin Wikelski, Princeton Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae) 25 Martin Wikelski, Princeton 14

15 26 Martin Wikelski, Princeton El Nino lack of food (Why?) Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae) 27 Starvation b/c high cost of salt excretion Animals may lose 15% body length -bone absorption Only adult vertebrate known to regularly shrink (astronauts) Largest animals die -sexual selection -natural selection Amblyrhynchus cristatus Martin Wikelski, Princeton 15

16 SHOW VIDEO! Primary Succession. Similarities to Hawaii? total # species, # endemics? Amblyrhynchus cristatus Galapagos Marine Iguana Charles Darwin visited 1830s. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 28 Why feed in the sea? Why salt glands? Why no fear of humans? Amblyrhynchus cristatus Speciation? (Adaptive Radiation to fill available niches) Ground Finches 16