14 February th class meeting (Miller Chapter 3) Environmental Biology ECOL 206 University of Arizona spring 2005
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1 14 February th class meeting (Miller Chapter 3) Environmental Biology ECOL 206 University of Arizona spring 2005 Kevin Bonine, Ph.D. Alona Bachi, Matthew Herron, Graduate TAs 1 Hawaiian Vegetation Fire Effects Internship Opportunity We are seeking motivated, enthusiastic, physically fit individuals to assist with research on the impacts of an invasive scaly sword fern (Nephrolepis multiflora) and lava-ignited wild fires on native Hawaiian rainforest in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Work will involve backcountry hiking and possibly camping in various terrain and weather conditions. Field sites are located in Hawaiian rainforest communities with lava substrate and native matt ferns reaching 30' in height. Vegetation will be identified, measured and biomass sampled. Interns will occasionally assist the park's vegetation management program. Three internship positions will begin April 1st and end either June 1st (2 positions) or July 1st (1 position). Roundtrip airfare between Portland and Hilo, dorm style housing within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, and a daily meal reimbursement ($25/day) will be provided. Preference will be given to individuals with coursework in botany/forestry or related fields. If interested send a cover letter, resume, and names of three references to alison.ainsworth@oregonstate.edu and mychal.tetteh@oregonstate.edu. 1b Environmental Biology Course Web Link: Postponed a few things on website Thank T. Edwards and M. Herron Exam Wed 16 Feb Miller Chapter 3 (check out the CD/website for Miller text) 2 Phoenix Tucson 3 = Urban buffer = Tortoise Population Spermophilopsis leptodactylus 4 4b Xerus erythropus Paraphyletic X. rutilus X. princeps Polyphyletic MONOPHYLETIC X. inauris Fig.1 Zomlefer
2 Amphibian / Amniote Split Amphibians Anura frogs 5 Reptilia (= 4 orders, without birds) 6 To Fishes and Ancestor 340 MaBP (Paleozoic) Tetrapoda Synapsida Urodela Gymnophiona Mammalia Testudines salamanders caecilians turtles 1. Testudines (Chelonia, Turtles) -duh -shell shape ~ ecology -no arboreal or gliding forms Extant Reptile Groups Amniotes Reptilia Lepidosauria Squamata Amphisbaenia Serpentes Rhynchocephalia snakes tuatara 2. Squamata ( and Snakes) -lizards not monophyletic -repeated loss of limbs -very diverse Elgaria kingii Terrapene ornata ornata Crotaphytus collaris Diapsida Crocodylia crocs etc. See Fig 2-1 (Pough et al., 2001) Archosauria Aves birds Reptilia (= 4 orders, without birds) Crocodylia (Crocodiles, Alligators, Caiman) -threatened (21 spp. remain) -snout shape ~ diet -related to archosaurs (birds and dinosaurs) 4. Rhynchocephalia (Sphenodontida, Tuatara) -2 extant species -islands of New Zealand -operate at ~cold temperatures Crocodylus siamensis Ranking Biodiversity? R I = (D i + U i )(deltap i /C i ) D = distinctiveness U = utility delta P = enhanced probability of survival C = cost of strategy Direct limited funds Ecological Contribution? Sphenodon sp. 9 Genetic Code A (adenine), T (thymine), [U(uracil)] C (cytosine), G (guanine) 10 (Coding, sense strand) (5' -> 3') ATGGAATTCTCGCTC (3' <- 5') TACCTTAAGAGCGAG (Template, antisense strand) (5' -> 3') AUGGAAUUCUCGCUC (mrna made from Template strand) 1-Transcription 2-Translation DNA sequence Codes for Proteins etc. Proteins of amino acids 2
3 Natural Selection: Ricklefs 2001, Figure Result of Disruptive Selection (Favors Both extremes) Beak Size (for example) Favors Average Traits Favors One Extreme Favors Both extremes Ricklefs 2001, Figure Drosophila Bristle Count 13 Directional Stabilizing Disruptive 14 Disruptive Selection (Favors Both extremes) Ridley 1996 Stabilizing Selection for Human Birth Weight Stalk Eyed Flies Ridley 1996 Sexual Selection 3
4 17 Evolution by Natural Selection 18 Speciation often result of: 1. Geographic Isolation 2. Reproductive Isolation vs. Lamarck (Genetic Drift) Science Plus, 1997 p. S33 19 Darwin to the Galapagos 20 Genovesa Tarbuck and Lutgens 1999 Fernandina And Isabela 20b Only lizard to feed at sea -algae, seaweed Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae) Up to 10 or 12 m deep Up to a hour-long dives for large males (Darwin shipmate) Highly social 8,000 indivs/ km of coast 16 islands Cold upwelling water nourishes algae 21 Campbell 1993 Fernandina/Isabela males to 10+ kg females to almost 3 kg Genovesa males only to 1 kg females to < 1kg Why? Water temperature and current strength 4
5 22 23 Katrina Mangin 24 Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae) El Nino lack of food (Why?) Galapagos Marine Iguana (Iguanidae) 27 Starvation b/c high cost of salt excretion Animals may lose 15% body length -bone absorption Only adult vertebrate known to regularly shrink (astronauts) Largest animals die -sexual selection -natural selection 5
6 SHOW VIDEO! Primary Succession. Similarities to Hawaii? total # species, # endemics? Galapagos Marine Iguana Charles Darwin visited 1830s. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection 28 Why feed in the sea? Why salt glands? Why no fear of humans? Speciation? (Adaptive Radiation to fill available niches) Ground Finches 6
14 February th class meeting (Miller Chapter 3) Environmental Biology ECOL 206 University of Arizona spring 2005
1 14 February 2005 14th class meeting (Miller Chapter 3) Environmental Biology ECOL 206 University of Arizona spring 2005 Kevin Bonine, Ph.D. Alona Bachi, Matthew Herron, Graduate TAs Hawaiian Vegetation
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