Ecological Archives E A2

Transcription

1 Ecological Archives E A2 David A. Pike, Ligia Pizzatto, Brian A. Pike, and Richard Shine Estimating survival rates of uncatchable animals: the myth high juvenile mortality in reptiles. Ecology 89: Appendix B: List of species with associated demographic data used in our analysis of juvenile survival rates of lizards, snakes, and turtles. If ranges of data were given for a single population we used the median value for analysis. When more than one literature source provided data on a single species in different locations we used each population in the analysis, and multiple entries for a single species correspond to the different populations. The number of eggs per year (annual reproductive output) was calculated by multiplying the mean number of clutches per year by the mean number of eggs per clutch. Juvenile survival to adulthood and annual juvenile survival were calculated using the model presented in Online Appendix A. Literature sources for all data follow the table.

2 Type Species Clutch size Clutches/ year Female age at maturity Adult survival rate Eggs/year Juvenile survival to adulthood Annual juvenile survival Reproductive mode Female size at maturity (mm) lizard Basiliscus basiliscus Oviparous lizard Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Oviparous lizard Cnemidophorus tigris Oviparous lizard Cnemidophorus tigris Oviparous lizard Cnemidophorus tigris Oviparous lizard Cnemidophorus uniparens Oviparous lizard Crotaphytus collaris Oviparous lizard Crotaphytus wislizeni Oviparous lizard Cyclura carinata Oviparous lizard Holbrookia maculata Oviparous lizard Lacerta vivipara Viviparous lizard Phrynosoma douglasi Viviparous lizard Sceloporus graciosus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus graciosus Oviparous Size at hatching (mm)

3 lizard Sceloporus graciosus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus graciosus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus jarrovi Viviparous lizard Sceloporus poinsetti Viviparous lizard Sceloporus scalaris Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus undulatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus virgatus Oviparous

4 lizard Sceloporus virgatus Oviparous lizard Sceloporus virgatus Oviparous lizard Takydromus tachydromoides Oviparous lizard Takydromus tachydromoides Oviparous lizard Takydromus tachydromoides Oviparous lizard Urosaurus ornatus Oviparous lizard Urosaurus ornatus Oviparous lizard Urosaurus ornatus Oviparous lizard Urosaurus ornatus Oviparous lizard Urosaurus ornatus Oviparous lizard Uta stansburiana Oviparous lizard Uta stansburiana Oviparous lizard Uta stansburiana Oviparous lizard Xantusia vigilis Viviparous lizard Xantusia vigilis Viviparous snake Agkistrodon contortrix Viviparous snake Agkistrodon contortrix Viviparous

5 snake Agkistrodon contortrix Viviparous snake Agkistrodon contortrix Viviparous snake Carphophis vermis Oviparous snake Carphophis vermis Oviparous snake Coluber constrictor Oviparous snake Coluber constrictor Oviparous snake Crotalus viridis Viviparous snake Crotalus viridis Viviparous snake Crotalus viridis Viviparous snake Cryptophis nigrescens Viviparous snake Diadophis punctatus Oviparous snake Diadophis punctatus Oviparous snake Elaphe quadrivirgata Oviparous snake Heterodon nasicus Oviparous snake Heterodon nasicus Oviparous snake Heterodon nasicus Oviparous snake Heterodon platirhinos Oviparous

6 snake Heterodon platirhinos Oviparous snake Hoplocephalus bungaroides Viviparous snake Masticophis taeniatus Oviparous snake Nerodia sipedon Viviparous snake Opheodrys aestivus Oviparous snake Opheodrys aestivus Oviparous snake Opheodrys aestivus Oviparous snake Pituophis melanoleucus Oviparous snake Pituophis melanoleucus Oviparous snake Pituophis melanoleucus Oviparous snake Rhabdophis tigrinus Oviparous snake Thamnophis ordinoides Viviparous snake Thamnophis proximus Viviparous snake Thamnophis sirtalis Viviparous snake Thamnophis sirtalis Viviparous snake Thamnophis sirtalis Viviparous snake Vipera aspis Viviparous

7 snake Vipera aspis Viviparous snake Vipera aspis Viviparous snake Vipera berus Viviparous snake Vipera berus Viviparous turtle Caretta caretta Oviparous turtle Chelodina longicollis Oviparous turtle Chelonia mydas Oviparous turtle Chelydra serpentina Oviparous turtle Chrysemys picta Oviparous turtle Chrysemys picta Oviparous turtle Chrysemys picta Oviparous turtle Geochelone gigantea Oviparous turtle Gopherus agassizii Oviparous turtle Gopherus polyphemus Oviparous turtle Kinosternon flavescens Oviparous turtle Kinosternon sonoriense Oviparous turtle Kinosternon sonoriense Oviparous 93 24

8 turtle Kinosternon sonoriense Oviparous turtle Kinosternon subrubum Oviparous turtle Mauremys leprosa Oviparous turtle Podocnemis voglii Oviparous turtle Sternotherus odoratus Oviparous turtle Terrapene ornata Oviparous turtle Terrapene ornata Oviparous turtle Testudo graeca Oviparous turtle Trachemys scripta Oviparous Data were compiled from the following sources: Dunham, A. E., D. B. Miles, and D. N. Reznick Life history patterns in squamate reptiles. Pages in Gans, C., and R. B. Huey, eds. Biology of the Reptilia. A. R. Liss, New York, USA. Ernst, C. H., and R. W. Barbour Turtles of the World. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. USA. Ernst, C. H., J. E. Lovich, and R. W. Barbour Turtles of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. USA.

9 Fitch, H.S Reproductive cycles in lizards and snakes. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Miscellaneous Publications 52: Pritchard, P. C. H., and P. Trebbau The Turtles of Venezuela. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Contributions to Herpetology. Shine, R., and E. L. Charnov Patterns of survival, growth and maturation in snakes and lizards. American Naturalist 139: Shine, R., and J. B. Iverson Patterns of survival, growth and maturation in turtles. Oikos 72: Shine, R., and L. Schwarzkopf The evolution of reproductive effort in lizards and snakes. Evolution 46: Webb, J. K., B. W. Brook, and R. Shine What makes a species vulnerable to extinction? Comparative life history traits of two sympatric snakes. Ecological Research 17: Wright, A. H., and A. A. Wright Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press, New York USA.