The Herpetofauna of Finca Rubel Chaim, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "The Herpetofauna of Finca Rubel Chaim, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala"

Transcription

1 ALTA VERAPAZ 2015 The Herpetofauna of Finca Rubel Chaim, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala A preliminary investigation Authors: Rowland Griffin and Adela Mei. Translation: Sheriyar Bokhari.

2 2015 The Herpetofauna of Finca Rubel Chaim, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala A preliminary investigation CONAP Authors: Rowland Griffin and Adela Mei Translation: Sheriyar Bokhari 14 September 2015 Indigo Expeditions info@explorewithindigo.com 0 2

3 Introduction The highlands of Central America are well known for their biological diversity, and the highlands of Guatemala are no exception. While the western highlands of Guatemala have received much attention from biologists, the central highlands of Alta Verapaz have not. The spectacular mountain cloud forests near the city of Coban, in the department of Alta Verapaz, are home to numerous species of reptiles and amphibians, many of which are little known and have very limited geographic ranges (eg Abronia gaiophantasma, Pletrohyla pokomchi, P. quecchi, and Craugastor lineatus) (Köhler 2008; Köhler 2011). The reptiles and amphibians are widely known to be subjected to considerable global population declines due to habitat degradation and disease (Stuart et al 2008). They also have been less studied than other groups of vertebrates and relatively little is known about their ecological requirements. The area around Finca Rubel Chaim ranges from 1300m to 2000m above sea level and covers a wide variety of both natural and manmade habitats. The lower elevations of land have been converted for agriculture and grazing. At the middle elevations (1400m to 1600m) the natural habitat is a mixed pine-oak forests, although some areas have become commercial pine plantations. It is only at higher elevations (above 1600m) that natural habitat is classified as cloud forest. During a three-day visit to Finca Rubel Chaim in 2014 Indigo Expeditions recorded 21 species of reptiles and amphibians, five of which are listed as critically endangered by the IUCN. It was concluded that this is an important area for reptiles and amphibians (Powell et al 2014). We hope that long term collection of data on communities of reptiles and amphibians of Finca Rubel Chaim will allow a better understanding of the distribution, status and ecology of these species in Alta Verapaz and contribute their conservation. 0 3

4 Methodology Amphibian Biosecurity To avoid the spread of emerging amphibian diseases (e.g. amphibian chytridiomycosis) all members of the field team disinfected their boots, upon arrival to site, in a solution of Virkon, following amphibian biosecurity guidelines (ARG-UK 2008; Powell et al 2014). This protocol was repeated on the final morning. Reptile and Amphibian Survey We conducted surveys in the following habitat categories: 1) Agricultural - the term is used for any land that is, or has recently been, used for agricultural practices including growing of crops and grazing of livestock; 2) Low forest is used to describe forest between 1300 m and 1600 m above sea level; 3) Cloud Forest forest above 1600 m above sea level; and 4) Riparian any habitat within three metres of a river of stream. Time restricted (2 hours) VES surveys were conducted using the network of trails around Finca Rubel Chaim. Transects were walked at a slow pace allowing a thorough examination of the vegetation for reptiles and amphibians. The vegetation surrounding each transect was examined up to a meter on each side of the transect and up to two meters high. Surveys were conducted during the day and at night (Crump & Scott 1994; Lovich et al 2012). For each transect the following environmental data was recorded: start and finish time (24 hours), air temperature ( C), relative humidity (%), cloud cover (%), barometric pressure (hpa), daily precipitation (mm), and moon phase (defined as full / first quarter / half / 3rd quarter / dark). 0 4

5 Methodology For each individual reptile and amphibian found the following data was taken: the time of observation (24 hours), position (leaves, shrub layer, branch [in case of branch diameter will be measured in mm] and the height from the ground [mm]), the distance along the transect, activity (resting, sunbathing, foraging), body temperature before capture (if possible, calculated with an infrared thermometer in C), species, age (adult, juvenile, neonate), sex (if possible), snout-vent length (mm), tail length if present (mm) and weight (g). The location of the individual will be recorded using a Garmin GPSMap 62. All animals were returned at the point of capture. If the data was collected in the field, then the animal was released within two hours. If, for any reason, an animal was taken to the laboratory of the CCFC agroecology campus to collect data, it was returned to the same point of capture within 48 hours. All animals taken to the laboratory for data collection were transported in a suitable manner. Amphibians were transported in plastic bags containing an air tank and a small amount of water, and reptiles were be transported in cloth bags. All bags contained fresh vegetation in order to maintain sufficient moisture levels to ensure that animals did not become dehydrated. 0 5

6 Results A total of 23 species were recorded during this current study (see Appendix 1). This consisted of 11 species of amphibian and 12 species of reptile. We found amphibians and reptiles in all four habitats, with a total of 13 species found in Agriculture, six in Low Forest, two in Cloud Forest and 10 in Riparian (table 1). Agricultural Low Forest Cloud Forest Riparian Amphibian species Reptile species Total Species Table 1: Distribution of reptile and amphibian species by habitat type. Of the 11 species of amphibians, seven are listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2015). The records of the treefrogs Plectrohyla hartwegi and P. teuchestes represent significant range extensions for those species. For the latter species this record represents the second location it has been recorded at. Until now P. teuchestes was only known from its type locality near Senahú, Alta Verapaz approximately 60 km to the east of our record. The most commonly encountered amphibian species were Ptychohyla hypomykter, Plectrohyla quecchi and P. pokomchi. Although only recent metamorphs of the latter two species were encountered during this study. We also identified three breeding choruses of Agalychnis moreletti in the forests around Finca Rubel Chaim. Of the 12 species of reptiles Abronia gaiophanstasma is Engangered and Bothriechis aurifer is Vulnerable (IUCN 2015). The small, leaf litter snake Ninia pavimentata is little known and occurs in an area of approximately 22,000 km 2 in Guatemala, as such we consider this new record to be significant. 0 6

7 Discussion Over the two field surveys at Finca Rubel Chaim we have recorded a total of 29 species of reptiles and amphibians. Many of these are new records for the Finca and represent significant range extensions for the species. Seven species of amphibians are considered Critically Endangered by the IUCN, with further three considered Vulnerable (IUCN 2015). We consider that this site is an important area for the conservation of highland amphibians in Guatemala and feel it is a priority to continue surveying the area to improve our knowledge of these rare species has seen a significant El Niño event and this has affected the weather in Guatemala. At the time of our survey in 2015 the rainy season had not yet started and the dry season had been prolonged. Our observations showed that rainfall during late May occurred on only four days. Additionally, we observed that the water tanks of many bromeliads were dry. This lack of precipitation is worrying as it may have consequences for the breeding cycles of many amphibians in the region. Powell et al (2014) identified four species of reptiles (Abronia sp., Corytophanes percarinatus, Norops petersii, and Bothriechis aurifer) as targets for this study. All were successfully located around Finca Rubel Chaim, with several accounts of B. aurifer being given to our team by locals, two of these came from altitudes of over 1800 metres above sea level. In future studies we would like to make further efforts to survey these higher altitudes more thoroughly to better understand the distribution and ecology of this species. 0 7

8 References ARG-UK Amphibian Disease Precautions: a Guide for UK Fieldworkers. ARG- UK, UK. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version (Accessed online 31/08/15) Köhler, G Reptiles of Central America. Herpeton Verlag, Offenbach. Köhler, G Amphibians of Central America. Herpeton Verlag, Offenbach. Lips, K., J.D. Reeve, & L.R. Witters Ecological Traits Predicting Amphibian Population Declines in Central America. Conservation Biology. 17:4. Pp Pounds, J.A., M.P.L. Fogden, & J.H. Campbell Biological Response to Climate Change on a Tropical Mountain. Nature Pp Pounds, J.A., M.R. Bustamante, L.A. Coloma, J.A. Consuegra, M.P. Fogden, P.N. Foster, E. La-Marca, K.L. Masters, A. Merino-Viteri, R. Puschendorf, S.R. Ron, G.A. Sánchez-Azofeifa, C.J. Still, & B.E. Young Widespread Amphibian Extinctions from Epidemic Disease Driven by Global Warming. Nature Pp Stuart, S.N., M. Hoffmann, J.S. Chanson, N.A. Cox, R.J. Berridge, P, Ramani, & B.E. Young (eds.) Threatened Amphibians of the World. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain; IUCN, Gland, Switzerland; and Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA. 0 8

9 Appendix 1 The Herpetofauna of Sierra Chilaxhá, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala FAMILY Species AMPHIBIA 1 Plethodontidae Bolitoglossa mulleri x x 2 Bolitoglossa rufescens x x 3 Centrolenidae Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni x 4 Craugastoridae Craugastor bocourti x x 5 Craugastor lineatus x x 6 Craugastor rivulus x 7 Hylidae Agalychnis moreletii x x 8 Plectrohyla hartwegi x 9 Plectrohyla pokomchi x x 10 Plectrohyla quecchi x x 11 Plectrohyla teuchestes x 12 Ptycohyla hypomykter x x 13 Ranidae Rana maculatus x x REPTILIA 14 Anguidae Abronia gaiophantasma x 15 Iguanidae Corytophanes percarinatus x 16 Phrynosomatidae Sceloporus taeniocnemis x x 17 Polychrotidae Norops cobanensis x x 18 Norops petersii x 19 Norops tropidonotus x * The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version

10 Appendix 1 FAMILY Species Colubridae Drymobius margaritiferus x 21 Imantodes cenchoa x x 22 Lampropeltis triangulum x 23 Ninia diademata x x 24 Ninia pavimentata x 25 Ninia sebae x x 26 Pliocercus elapoides x 27 Rhadinea kinkelinii x x 28 Stenorrhina degenhardti x 29 Viperidae Bothriechis aurifer x * The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version

11 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

THE HERPETOFAUNA OF ESTACIÓN BIOLÓGICA LAS GUACAMAYAS AND SURROUNDING AREAS, SOUTH EAST LAGUNA DEL TIGRE NATIONAL PARK.

THE HERPETOFAUNA OF ESTACIÓN BIOLÓGICA LAS GUACAMAYAS AND SURROUNDING AREAS, SOUTH EAST LAGUNA DEL TIGRE NATIONAL PARK. LAGUNA DEL TIGRE 2016 GUATEMALA THE HERPETOFAUNA OF ESTACIÓN BIOLÓGICA LAS GUACAMAYAS AND SURROUNDING AREAS, SOUTH EAST LAGUNA DEL TIGRE NATIONAL PARK. Authors: Rowland Griffin and Adela Mei. Translation:

More information

Proponent: Switzerland, as Depositary Government, at the request of the Animals Committee (prepared by New Zealand)

Proponent: Switzerland, as Depositary Government, at the request of the Animals Committee (prepared by New Zealand) Transfer of Caspian Snowcock Tetraogallus caspius from Appendix I to Appendix II Ref. CoP16 Prop. 18 Proponent: Switzerland, as Depositary Government, at the request of the Animals Committee (prepared

More information

LAGUNA DEL TIGRE The Herpetofauna of Estación Biológica las Guacamayas and Surrounding Areas. Laguna del Tigre National Park, Guatemala

LAGUNA DEL TIGRE The Herpetofauna of Estación Biológica las Guacamayas and Surrounding Areas. Laguna del Tigre National Park, Guatemala LAGUNA DEL TIGRE 2013-2014 The Herpetofauna of Estación Biológica las Guacamayas and Surrounding Areas Laguna del Tigre National Park, Guatemala Author: Rowland Griffin. Translation: Aitor Cevidanes. License:

More information

Reptile And Amphibian Team Max Gamblin and Allison Herdje

Reptile And Amphibian Team Max Gamblin and Allison Herdje Reptile And Amphibian Team 2016 Max Gamblin and Allison Herdje Why did we go to the Rainforest? To help the scientific community Continue research on chytrid fungus Background of Reptile & Amphibian Team

More information

Conservation of Scinax alcatraz (Anura: Hylidae): Captive breeding and in situ monitoring of a critically endangered tree-frog species

Conservation of Scinax alcatraz (Anura: Hylidae): Captive breeding and in situ monitoring of a critically endangered tree-frog species REPORT TO AMPHIBIAN ARK OF THE PROJECT: Conservation of Scinax alcatraz (Anura: Hylidae): Captive breeding and in situ monitoring of a critically endangered tree-frog species Project Leader: Cybele Sabino

More information

Table of Threatened Animals in Amazing Animals in Australia s National Parks and Their Traffic-light Conservation Status

Table of Threatened Animals in Amazing Animals in Australia s National Parks and Their Traffic-light Conservation Status Table of Threatened Animals in Amazing Animals in Australia s National Parks and Their Traffic-light Conservation Status Note: Traffic-light conservation status for the book was determined using a combination

More information

Outline. Identifying Idaho Amphibians and Reptiles

Outline. Identifying Idaho Amphibians and Reptiles Identifying Idaho Amphibians and Reptiles Wildlife Ecology, University of Idaho Fall 2011 Charles R. Peterson Herpetology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho Museum of Natural History Idaho

More information

Three snakes from coastal habitats at Pulau Sugi, Riau Islands, Indonesia

Three snakes from coastal habitats at Pulau Sugi, Riau Islands, Indonesia SEAVR 2016: 77-81 ISSN : 2424-8525 Date of publication: 31 May 2016. Hosted online by ecologyasia.com Three snakes from coastal habitats at Pulau Sugi, Riau Islands, Indonesia Nick BAKER nbaker @ ecologyasia.com

More information

A Comparison of morphological differences between Gymnophthalmus spp. in Dominica, West Indies

A Comparison of morphological differences between Gymnophthalmus spp. in Dominica, West Indies 209 A Comparison of morphological differences between Gymnophthalmus spp. in Dominica, West Indies Marie Perez June 2015 Texas A&M University Dr. Thomas Lacher and Dr. Jim Woolley Department of Wildlife

More information

Writing: Lesson 23. Today the students will practice planning for informative/explanatory prompts in response to text they read.

Writing: Lesson 23. Today the students will practice planning for informative/explanatory prompts in response to text they read. Top Score Writing Grade 4 Lesson 23 Writing: Lesson 23 Today the students will practice planning for informative/explanatory prompts in response to text they read. The following passages will be used in

More information

SLOW DOWN, LOVE WIZARD. HERE S WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE HORNED LIZARD.

SLOW DOWN, LOVE WIZARD. HERE S WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE HORNED LIZARD. SLOW DOWN, LOVE WIZARD. HERE S WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE HORNED LIZARD. Horned lizards predominately eat ants. In small doses the ants venom does not harm the lizard; however, a swarm can kill an

More information

ESIA Albania Annex 11.4 Sensitivity Criteria

ESIA Albania Annex 11.4 Sensitivity Criteria ESIA Albania Annex 11.4 Sensitivity Criteria Page 2 of 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 SENSITIVITY CRITERIA 3 1.1 Habitats 3 1.2 Species 4 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1 Habitat sensitivity / vulnerability Criteria...

More information

5/10/2013 CONSERVATION OF CRITICALLY ENDANGERED RUFFORD SMALL GRANT. Dr. Ashot Aslanyan. Project leader SPECIES OF REPTILES OF ARARAT VALLEY, ARMENIA

5/10/2013 CONSERVATION OF CRITICALLY ENDANGERED RUFFORD SMALL GRANT. Dr. Ashot Aslanyan. Project leader SPECIES OF REPTILES OF ARARAT VALLEY, ARMENIA 5/10/2013 RUFFORD SMALL GRANT Project leader CONSERVATION OF CRITICALLY ENDANGERED Dr. Ashot Aslanyan SPECIES OF REPTILES OF ARARAT VALLEY, ARMENIA Yerevan, 2013 Application ID: 11394-1 Organization: Department

More information

PETITION TO LIST THE Virgin Islands Coqui (Eleutherodactylus schwartzi)

PETITION TO LIST THE Virgin Islands Coqui (Eleutherodactylus schwartzi) PETITION TO LIST THE Virgin Islands Coqui (Eleutherodactylus schwartzi) UNDER THE U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Photograph: Kristiina Ovaska (used with permission) Petition Submitted to the U.S. Secretary

More information

Biodiversity and Extinction. Lecture 9

Biodiversity and Extinction. Lecture 9 Biodiversity and Extinction Lecture 9 This lecture will help you understand: The scope of Earth s biodiversity Levels and patterns of biodiversity Mass extinction vs background extinction Attributes of

More information

A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the BFREE (Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education)

A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the BFREE (Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education) A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of the BFREE (Belize Foundation for Research and Environmental Education) lames Patrick Tumulty (Siena College) SIT Study AbroadlBelize Fall, 2005 First I would

More information

Cyprus biodiversity at risk

Cyprus biodiversity at risk Cyprus biodiversity at risk A call for action Cyprus hosts a large proportion of the species that are threatened at the European level, and has the important responsibility for protecting these species

More information

Amphibians of Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica.

Amphibians of Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Amphibians of Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Caecilians (Gymnophiona) 3 species in Osa Family Caeciliidae (1 sp) Oscaecilia osae/osa Caecilian/Cecílido de Osa Family Dermophiidae (2 sp) Dermophis occidentalis/pacific

More information

Gambel s Quail Callipepla gambelii

Gambel s Quail Callipepla gambelii Photo by Amy Leist Habitat Use Profile Habitats Used in Nevada Mesquite-Acacia Mojave Lowland Riparian Springs Agriculture Key Habitat Parameters Plant Composition Mesquite, acacia, salt cedar, willow,

More information

Lithuania s biodiversity at risk

Lithuania s biodiversity at risk Lithuania s biodiversity at risk A call for action Lithuania hosts a large proportion of the species that are threatened at the European level, and has the important responsibility for protecting these

More information

IUCN Red List. Industry guidance note. March 2010

IUCN Red List. Industry guidance note. March 2010 Industry guidance note March 21 IUCN Red List The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species TM provides an assessment of a species probability of extinction.

More information

4 Many species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish 940L. Source 1 Habitats

4 Many species of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish 940L. Source 1 Habitats Source 1 Habitats 1 American Alligators can be found in fresh water environments like rivers, lakes, ponds, swamps and marshes. They also like to live in areas that are brackish, which means the water

More information

ACTIVITY #6: TODAY S PICNIC SPECIALS ARE

ACTIVITY #6: TODAY S PICNIC SPECIALS ARE TOPIC What types of food does the turtle eat? ACTIVITY #6: TODAY S PICNIC SPECIALS ARE BACKGROUND INFORMATION For further information, refer to Turtles of Ontario Fact Sheets (pages 10-26) and Unit Five:

More information

May Dear Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard Surveyor,

May Dear Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard Surveyor, May 2004 Dear Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard Surveyor, Attached is the revised survey methodology for the blunt-nosed leopard lizard (Gambelia sila). The protocol was developed by the San Joaquin Valley Southern

More information

Distribution, population dynamics, and habitat analyses of Collared Lizards

Distribution, population dynamics, and habitat analyses of Collared Lizards Distribution, population dynamics, and habitat analyses of Collared Lizards The proposed project focuses on the distribution and population structure of the eastern collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris

More information

Endangered and Endemic Species of India (8 Marks)

Endangered and Endemic Species of India (8 Marks) Endangered and Endemic Species of India (8 Marks) According to International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) the species are classified into various types. Extinct species.

More information

Most amphibians begin life as aquatic organisms and then live on land as adults.

Most amphibians begin life as aquatic organisms and then live on land as adults. Section 3: Most amphibians begin life as aquatic organisms and then live on land as adults. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned Essential Questions What were the kinds of adaptations

More information

II, IV Yes Reptiles Marine Atlantic, Marine Macaronesian, Marine Mediterranean

II, IV Yes Reptiles Marine Atlantic, Marine Macaronesian, Marine Mediterranean Period 2007-2012 European Environment Agency European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity Chelonia mydas Annex Priority Species group Regions II, IV Yes Reptiles Marine Atlantic, Marine Macaronesian,

More information

Amphibians Research Activities

Amphibians Research Activities Amphibians Research Activities *Use the internet to research interesting facts about * Use the internet to research the reasons for recent declines in amphibian populations. * Use the internet to research

More information

Classification Key for animals with backbones (vertebrates)

Classification Key for animals with backbones (vertebrates) Classification Lab Name: Period: Date: / / Using the classification key of animals with backbones, classify each of the animals shown in Figure 1. Classification Key for animals with backbones (vertebrates)

More information

Anole Density and Biomass in Dominica. TAMU Study Abroad Dr. Woolley, Dr. Lacher Will Morrison Lori Valentine Michael Kerehgyarto Adam Burklund

Anole Density and Biomass in Dominica. TAMU Study Abroad Dr. Woolley, Dr. Lacher Will Morrison Lori Valentine Michael Kerehgyarto Adam Burklund Anole Density and Biomass in Dominica TAMU Study Abroad Dr. Woolley, Dr. Lacher Will Morrison Lori Valentine Michael Kerehgyarto Adam Burklund 1 Anole Density and Biomass in Dominica Abstract The genus

More information

Title of Project: Distribution of the Collared Lizard, Crotophytus collaris, in the Arkansas River Valley and Ouachita Mountains

Title of Project: Distribution of the Collared Lizard, Crotophytus collaris, in the Arkansas River Valley and Ouachita Mountains Title of Project: Distribution of the Collared Lizard, Crotophytus collaris, in the Arkansas River Valley and Ouachita Mountains Project Summary: This project will seek to monitor the status of Collared

More information

Mr T.B Brown. Land off Turweston Road, Northamptonshire REPTILE SURVEY REPORT

Mr T.B Brown. Land off Turweston Road, Northamptonshire REPTILE SURVEY REPORT Mr T.B Brown Land off Turweston Road, Northamptonshire REPTILE SURVEY REPORT June 2013 FPCR Environment and Design Ltd Registered Office: Lockington Hall, Lockington, Derby DE74 2RH Company No. 07128076.

More information

Reading Science! Name: Date: Darwin s Fancy with Finches Lexile 1190L

Reading Science! Name: Date: Darwin s Fancy with Finches Lexile 1190L 7.11/.12: daptation of Species Name: ate: arwin s Fancy with Finches Lexile 1190L 1 2 Whales are mammals that live in water and can hold their breath underwater for a long time, yet need to breathe air

More information

Field Herpetology Final Guide

Field Herpetology Final Guide Field Herpetology Final Guide Questions with more complexity will be worth more points Incorrect spelling is OK as long as the name is recognizable ( by the instructor s discretion ) Common names will

More information

Skink Survey Protocol April 4, 2011

Skink Survey Protocol April 4, 2011 Skink Survey Protocol April 4, 2011 Following the 5-year review for sand and bluetail mole skinks (Service 2007) and our assessment of the skink surveys to date, the Service provides this revised skink

More information

Bullfrogs - a Trojan horse for a deadly fungus?

Bullfrogs - a Trojan horse for a deadly fungus? December OCTOBER 2017 2018 Bullfrogs - a Trojan horse for a deadly fungus? Authors: Susan Crow, Meghan Pawlowski, Manyowa Meki, Lara Authors: LaDage, Timothy Roth II, Cynthia Downs, Barry Tiffany Sinervo

More information

Fibropapilloma in Hawaiian Green Sea Turtles: The Path to Extinction

Fibropapilloma in Hawaiian Green Sea Turtles: The Path to Extinction Fibropapilloma in Hawaiian Green Sea Turtles: The Path to Extinction Natalie Colbourne, Undergraduate Student, Dalhousie University Abstract Fibropapilloma (FP) tumors have become more severe in Hawaiian

More information

Romania s biodiversity at risk

Romania s biodiversity at risk Romania s biodiversity at risk A call for action Romania hosts a significant proportion of the species that are threatened at the European level, and has the important responsibility for protecting these

More information

How do dogs make trouble for wildlife in the Andes?

How do dogs make trouble for wildlife in the Andes? How do dogs make trouble for wildlife in the Andes? Authors: Galo Zapata-Ríos and Lyn C. Branch Associate editors: Gogi Kalka and Madeleine Corcoran Abstract What do pets and wild animals have in common?

More information

Piggy s Herpetology Test

Piggy s Herpetology Test Piggy s Herpetology Test Directions : There will be 20 stations. Each station will have 5 questions, and you will have 2.5 minutes at each station. There will be a total of 100 questions, each worth 1

More information

Appendix 6.4. Reptile Survey

Appendix 6.4. Reptile Survey Appendix 6.4 Reptile Survey University of Reading Whiteknights Campus Reptile Survey 2008 Prepared by:, Oxford July 2008 Mallams Court 18 Milton Park Abingdon Oxon OX14 4RP Tel 01235 821888 Fax 01235 820351

More information

Erin Maggiulli. Scientific Name (Genus species) Lepidochelys kempii. Characteristics & Traits

Erin Maggiulli. Scientific Name (Genus species) Lepidochelys kempii. Characteristics & Traits Endangered Species Common Name Scientific Name (Genus species) Characteristics & Traits (s) Kemp s Ridley Sea Turtle Lepidochelys kempii Triangular head w/ hooked beak, grayish green color. Around 100

More information

Amphibian Declines Are Not Uniquely High amongst the Vertebrates: Trend Determination and the British Perspective

Amphibian Declines Are Not Uniquely High amongst the Vertebrates: Trend Determination and the British Perspective Diversity 2009, 1, 67-88; doi:10.3390/d1010067 OPEN ACCESS diversity ISSN 2071-1050 www.mdpi.com/journal/diversity Review Amphibian Declines Are Not Uniquely High amongst the Vertebrates: Trend Determination

More information

GUIDELINES FOR APPROPRIATE USES OF RED LIST DATA

GUIDELINES FOR APPROPRIATE USES OF RED LIST DATA GUIDELINES FOR APPROPRIATE USES OF RED LIST DATA The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the world s most comprehensive data resource on the status of species, containing information and status assessments

More information

LITTLE ACRE 80 THE STREET KENNINGTON ASHFORD KENT: REPTILES

LITTLE ACRE 80 THE STREET KENNINGTON ASHFORD KENT: REPTILES LITTLE ACRE 80 THE STREET KENNINGTON ASHFORD KENT: REPTILES BY MARTIN NEWCOMBE 4 th August 2014 D96. Ashford (TR02294505) R2 Martin Newcombe Wildlife Management Consultancy 01233 720229 Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION

More information

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNAL REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY IRCF Primary Descriptions of Defense Mechanisms Employed by Neotropical Salamanders (Bolitoglossa, Oedipina,

More information

Silvery Legless Lizard (Anniella pulchra pulchra)

Silvery Legless Lizard (Anniella pulchra pulchra) Silvery Legless Lizard (Anniella pulchra pulchra) Status State: Federal: Population Trend Species of Concern None Global: Declining State: Declining Within Inventory Area: Unknown 1998 William Flaxington

More information

Meet the Gopher Tortoise!

Meet the Gopher Tortoise! Meet the Gopher Tortoise! 1 Identification Stumpy back legs Shovel like front feet Broad head with nonprojecting snout Juvenile gopher tortoises Adult gopher tortoises Where do gopher tortoises live? Where

More information

State of the Turtle Raising Awareness for Turtle Conservation

State of the Turtle Raising Awareness for Turtle Conservation State of the Turtle Raising Awareness for Turtle Conservation 1 January 2011 Trouble for Turtles The fossil record shows us that turtles, as we know them today, have been on our planet since the Triassic

More information

Living Planet Report 2018

Living Planet Report 2018 Living Planet Report 2018 Technical Supplement: Living Planet Index Prepared by the Zoological Society of London Contents The Living Planet Index at a glance... 2 What is the Living Planet Index?... 2

More information

GLOBAL WARMING AND ANIMAL DISEASE

GLOBAL WARMING AND ANIMAL DISEASE GLOBAL WARMING AND ANIMAL DISEASE A.J. Wilsmore Eight of the warmest years on record have occurred during the last decade, thereby, superficially at least, seeming to support the concept of imminent climate

More information

Composition and species richness of herpetofauna in two isolated regions of southern Nicaragua

Composition and species richness of herpetofauna in two isolated regions of southern Nicaragua Herpetology Notes, volume 3: 341-352 (2010) (published online on 12 December 2010) Composition and species richness of herpetofauna in two isolated regions of southern Nicaragua Marco D. Barquero 1 *,

More information

The Echidna The Eastern Long Beaked Echidna Nick Corlew, Harrison Simons, and Charlie Lichauer

The Echidna The Eastern Long Beaked Echidna Nick Corlew, Harrison Simons, and Charlie Lichauer The Echidna The Eastern Long Beaked Echidna Nick Corlew, Harrison Simons, and Charlie Lichauer Zaglossus bruijini / Z. Bruijini The Eastern Long-Beaked Echidna Thesis: Nothing that is innocent deserves

More information

Natural Selection. What is natural selection?

Natural Selection. What is natural selection? Natural Selection Natural Selection What is natural selection? In 1858, Darwin and Alfred Russell proposed the same explanation for how evolution occurs In his book, Origin of the Species, Darwin proposed

More information

GLOBAL DECLINES OF AMPHIBIANS

GLOBAL DECLINES OF AMPHIBIANS GLOBAL DECLINES OF AMPHIBIANS Vance T. Vredenburg and David B. Wake University of California, Berkeley I. Amphibian Biodiversity II. Dimensions of the Problem III. Factors Responsible for the Declines

More information

Distribution and species richness of amphibians in Awi zone and Wombera District, Northwest Ethiopia

Distribution and species richness of amphibians in Awi zone and Wombera District, Northwest Ethiopia 2016; 3(4): 01-06 ISSN 2348-5914 JOZS 2016; 3(4): 01-06 JOZS 2016 Received: 30-06-2016 Accepted: 01-08-2016 Abeje Kassie Teme Wild animals Case team, Animal Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopian Biodiversity

More information

John Thompson June 09, 2016 Thompson Holdings, LLC P.O. Box 775 Springhouse, Pa

John Thompson June 09, 2016 Thompson Holdings, LLC P.O. Box 775 Springhouse, Pa John Thompson June 09, 2016 Thompson Holdings, LLC P.O. Box 775 Springhouse, Pa. 19477 Subject: Paraiso Springs Resort PLN040183 - Biological update Dear John, At your request I visited the Paraiso springs

More information

Fun Facts About Frogs! (I Like Reptiles And Amphibians!) By Carmen Bredeson

Fun Facts About Frogs! (I Like Reptiles And Amphibians!) By Carmen Bredeson Fun Facts About Frogs! (I Like Reptiles And Amphibians!) By Carmen Bredeson If searching for the book by Carmen Bredeson Fun Facts About Frogs! (I Like Reptiles and Amphibians!) in pdf format, in that

More information

Big Chino Valley Pumped Storage Project (FERC No ) Desert Tortoise Study Plan

Big Chino Valley Pumped Storage Project (FERC No ) Desert Tortoise Study Plan November 16, 2018 1.0 Introduction Big Chino Valley Pumped Storage LLC, a subsidiary of ITC Holdings Corp. (ITC), submitted a Pre- Application Document (PAD) and Notice of Intent to file an Application

More information

Ciccaba virgata (Mottled Owl)

Ciccaba virgata (Mottled Owl) Ciccaba virgata (Mottled Owl) Family: Strigidae (Typical Owls) Order: Strigiformes (Owls) Class: Aves (Birds) Fig. 1. Mottled owl, Ciccaba virgata. [http://www.owling.com/mottled13.htm, downloaded 12 November

More information

Writing: Lesson 31. Today the students will be learning how to write more advanced middle paragraphs using a variety of elaborative techniques.

Writing: Lesson 31. Today the students will be learning how to write more advanced middle paragraphs using a variety of elaborative techniques. Top Score Writing Grade 4 Lesson 31 Writing: Lesson 31 Today the students will be learning how to write more advanced middle paragraphs using a variety of elaborative techniques. The following passages

More information

A Field Guide to the Herpetofauna on Dominica, W.I. by Brandi Quick Wildlife and Fisheries Science Texas A&M University.

A Field Guide to the Herpetofauna on Dominica, W.I. by Brandi Quick Wildlife and Fisheries Science Texas A&M University. A Field Guide to the Herpetofauna on Dominica, W.I. by Brandi Quick Wildlife and Fisheries Science Texas A&M University June 11, 2001 Study Abroad Dominica 2001 Dr. Thomas Lacher Dr. Bob Wharton ABSTRACT

More information

Animal Biodiversity. Teacher Resources - High School (Cycle 1) Biology Redpath Museum

Animal Biodiversity. Teacher Resources - High School (Cycle 1) Biology Redpath Museum Animal Biodiversity Teacher Resources - High School (Cycle 1) Biology Redpath Museum Ecology What defines a habitat? 1. Geographic Location The location of a habitat is determined by its latitude and its

More information

Field notes on Craugastor azueroensis (Savage, 1975) (Amphibia: Anura: Craugastoridae)

Field notes on Craugastor azueroensis (Savage, 1975) (Amphibia: Anura: Craugastoridae) Herpetology Notes, volume 5: 157-162 (2012) (published online on 10 May 2012) Field notes on Craugastor azueroensis (Savage, 1975) (Amphibia: Anura: Craugastoridae) Gunther Köhler 1,*, Abel Batista 1,2,

More information

Notes on natural history and call description of the Critically Endangered Plectrohyla avia (Anura: Hylidae) from Chiapas, Mexico

Notes on natural history and call description of the Critically Endangered Plectrohyla avia (Anura: Hylidae) from Chiapas, Mexico Official journal website: amphibian-reptile-conservation.org Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 10(2) [General Section]: 11 17 (e123). Notes on natural history and call description of the Critically Endangered

More information

Site Selection and Environmental Assessment for Terrestrial Invertebrates, Amphibians and Reptiles

Site Selection and Environmental Assessment for Terrestrial Invertebrates, Amphibians and Reptiles Site Selection and Environmental Assessment for Terrestrial Invertebrates, Amphibians and Reptiles Kurt Mazur Senior Biologist North/South Consultants Inc., Winnipeg Senior Biologist Environmental Impact

More information

Pacing Guide for 7-12 Curriculum

Pacing Guide for 7-12 Curriculum Pacing Guide for 7-12 Curriculum Course Title: Zoology Length of Course: 36 Weeks Week Number Week 1 Week 2 Chapter COS Objectives Student Will Be Able To: Biology COS 1- Select Successfully follow appropriate

More information

Big Cat Rescue Presents. Tigrina or Oncilla

Big Cat Rescue Presents. Tigrina or Oncilla Big Cat Rescue Presents Tigrina or Oncilla 1 Tigrina or Oncilla Big Cat Rescue 12802 Easy Street Tampa, Florida 33625 www.bigcatrescue.org Common Name: Oncilla Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrata)

More information

Disappearing Marine Iguanas: A Case of Population Collapse

Disappearing Marine Iguanas: A Case of Population Collapse WLHS/Marine Biology/Oppelt Name Disappearing Marine Iguanas: A Case of Population Collapse Directions: Read the following scenarios and answer the corresponding questions Part 1: Disappearing Marine Iguanas

More information

AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE PRE-CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS AND PRIORITY SPECIES EVALUATION ADDENDUM

AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE PRE-CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS AND PRIORITY SPECIES EVALUATION ADDENDUM Calligan Creek Hydroelectric Project FERC No. 13948 AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE PRE-CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS AND PRIORITY SPECIES EVALUATION ADDENDUM Prepared for: Everett, WA Prepared by: Bellingham, WA Calligan

More information

Habitats and Field Methods. Friday May 12th 2017

Habitats and Field Methods. Friday May 12th 2017 Habitats and Field Methods Friday May 12th 2017 Announcements Project consultations available today after class Project Proposal due today at 5pm Follow guidelines posted for lecture 4 Field notebooks

More information

Taseko Prosperity Gold-Copper Project. Appendix 5-6-D

Taseko Prosperity Gold-Copper Project. Appendix 5-6-D Appendix 5-6-D Appendix C Prosperity Mine 2006 Amphibian Survey Field Report C.1 Methods C.2 Results Amphibian surveys were conducted between June 13 23, 2006 and July 24 August 2, 2006 using a combination

More information

Density, growth, and home range of the lizard Uta stansburiana stejnegeri in southern Dona Ana County, New Mexico

Density, growth, and home range of the lizard Uta stansburiana stejnegeri in southern Dona Ana County, New Mexico Great Basin Naturalist Volume 33 Number 2 Article 8 6-30-1973 Density, growth, and home range of the lizard Uta stansburiana stejnegeri in southern Dona Ana County, New Mexico Richard D. Worthington University

More information

CONSERVATION ACTIONS FOR NATIVE AND THREATENED AMPHIBIANS OF COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN REGION

CONSERVATION ACTIONS FOR NATIVE AND THREATENED AMPHIBIANS OF COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN REGION CONSERVATION ACTIONS FOR NATIVE AND THREATENED AMPHIBIANS OF COLOMBIAN CARIBBEAN REGION Andrea Marcela Echeverry. BSc. Biology. Animal Collection and Research Coordinator, Fundación Botánica y Zoológica

More information

AMITY. Biodiversity & Its Conservation. Lecture 23. Categorization of Biodiversity - IUCN. By Prof. S. P. Bajpai. Department of Environmental Studies

AMITY. Biodiversity & Its Conservation. Lecture 23. Categorization of Biodiversity - IUCN. By Prof. S. P. Bajpai. Department of Environmental Studies Lecture 23 Biodiversity & Its Conservation Categorization of Biodiversity - IUCN By Prof. S. P. Bajpai 2 Endangered and Endemic Species Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined

More information

April 2018 Featured Expert: Katey Duffey

April 2018 Featured Expert: Katey Duffey I happily introduce Katey Duffey. a Zoologist and Snow Leopard Biologist, who was recently promoted to Director of Communications for The Tulsi Foundation where she has worked for the past four years.

More information

Short Communication. Retrospective Assessment of Black Leg in Kafta Humera Woreda

Short Communication. Retrospective Assessment of Black Leg in Kafta Humera Woreda Short Communication Retrospective Assessment of Black Leg in Kafta Humera Woreda Gebru Hailu 1 and Berihun Afera 2* 1 Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Welkayt, Tigray, Ethiopia. 2 College of

More information

Tagging Study on Green Turtle (Chel Thameehla Island, Myanmar. Proceedings of the 5th Internationa. SEASTAR2000 workshop) (2010): 15-19

Tagging Study on Green Turtle (Chel Thameehla Island, Myanmar. Proceedings of the 5th Internationa. SEASTAR2000 workshop) (2010): 15-19 Title Tagging Study on Green Turtle (Chel Thameehla Island, Myanmar Author(s) LWIN, MAUNG MAUNG Proceedings of the 5th Internationa Citation SEASTAR2000 and Asian Bio-logging S SEASTAR2000 workshop) (2010):

More information

Amphibians. Caeciliidae - Caecilians. Plethodontidae - Salamanders. Bufonidae - Toads. Centrolenidae - Glass Frogs

Amphibians. Caeciliidae - Caecilians. Plethodontidae - Salamanders. Bufonidae - Toads. Centrolenidae - Glass Frogs Amphibians 4 Caeciliidae - Caecilians Small-headed Caecilian Purple Caecilian Plethodontidae - Salamanders Dermophis parviceps Gymnophis multiplicata Alvarado's Salamander Bolitoglossa alvaradoi Ridge-nosed

More information

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR A PRESENCE/ ABSENCE SURVEY FOR THE DESERT TORTOISE (Gopherus agassizii),

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR A PRESENCE/ ABSENCE SURVEY FOR THE DESERT TORTOISE (Gopherus agassizii), C.5 Desert Tortoise EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR A PRESENCE/ ABSENCE SURVEY FOR THE DESERT TORTOISE (Gopherus agassizii), on the proposed Alta Oak Creek Mojave Wind Generation Project near Mojave, Kern County,

More information

VIRIDOR WASTE MANAGEMENT LIMITED. Parkwood Springs Landfill, Sheffield. Reptile Survey Report

VIRIDOR WASTE MANAGEMENT LIMITED. Parkwood Springs Landfill, Sheffield. Reptile Survey Report VIRIDOR WASTE MANAGEMENT LIMITED Parkwood Springs Landfill, Sheffield July 2014 Viridor Waste Management Ltd July 2014 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION... 1 2 METHODOLOGY... 3 3 RESULTS... 6 4 RECOMMENDATIONS

More information

Saving Amphibians From Extinction. saving species from extinction saving species from extinction

Saving Amphibians From Extinction. saving species from extinction saving species from extinction Saving Amphibians From Extinction Durrell s Global Amphibian Programme Strategy 2014 2020 Preventing a catastrophe for amphibians worldwide saving species from extinction saving species from extinction

More information

American Bison (Bison bison)

American Bison (Bison bison) American Bison (Bison bison) The American Bison's recovery from near extinction parallels what happened to the European Bison, Bison bonasus. Once abundant and widespread in northern latitudes, their decline

More information

Squamates of Connecticut

Squamates of Connecticut Squamates of Connecticut Reptilia Turtles are sisters to crocodiles and birds Yeah, birds are reptiles, haven t you watched Jurassic Park yet? Lizards and snakes are part of one clade called the squamates

More information

Required and Recommended Supporting Information for IUCN Red List Assessments

Required and Recommended Supporting Information for IUCN Red List Assessments Required and Recommended Supporting Information for IUCN Red List Assessments This is Annex 1 of the Rules of Procedure for IUCN Red List Assessments 2017 2020 as approved by the IUCN SSC Steering Committee

More information

Plestiodon (=Eumeces) fasciatus Family Scincidae

Plestiodon (=Eumeces) fasciatus Family Scincidae Plestiodon (=Eumeces) fasciatus Family Scincidae Living specimens: - Five distinct longitudinal light lines on dorsum - Juveniles have bright blue tail - Head of male reddish during breeding season - Old

More information

Reintroduction of the Mugger Crocodile, Crocodylus palustris, in India

Reintroduction of the Mugger Crocodile, Crocodylus palustris, in India Reintroduction of the Mugger Crocodile, Crocodylus palustris, in India Introduction Christina Jacobson Endangered species management has become an important issue for many countries as animals and their

More information

The effect of invasive plant species on the biodiversity of herpetofauna at the Cincinnati Nature Center

The effect of invasive plant species on the biodiversity of herpetofauna at the Cincinnati Nature Center The effect of invasive plant species on the biodiversity of herpetofauna at the Cincinnati Nature Center Nicholas L. McEvoy and Dr. Richard D. Durtsche Department of Biological Sciences Northern Kentucky

More information

Gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) are a keystone species in Florida scrub habitats.

Gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) are a keystone species in Florida scrub habitats. Amanda Lindsay Final Report Gopher Tortoise Inventory May 1, 2011 Introduction: Gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) are a keystone species in Florida scrub habitats. Keystone species are defined as

More information

GREATER SAGE-GROUSE BROOD-REARING HABITAT MANIPULATION IN MOUNTAIN BIG SAGEBRUSH, USE OF TREATMENTS, AND REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY ON PARKER MOUNTAIN, UTAH

GREATER SAGE-GROUSE BROOD-REARING HABITAT MANIPULATION IN MOUNTAIN BIG SAGEBRUSH, USE OF TREATMENTS, AND REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY ON PARKER MOUNTAIN, UTAH GREATER SAGE-GROUSE BROOD-REARING HABITAT MANIPULATION IN MOUNTAIN BIG SAGEBRUSH, USE OF TREATMENTS, AND REPRODUCTIVE ECOLOGY ON PARKER MOUNTAIN, UTAH Abstract We used an experimental design to treat greater

More information

Guide for Incubation of Eggs and Care of Newborn Livestock

Guide for Incubation of Eggs and Care of Newborn Livestock Guide for Incubation of Eggs and Care of Newborn Livestock Goffle Road Poultry Farm 549 Goffle Road, Wyckoff, N.J. 07481 www.gofflepoultry.com Version_020518 Roadmap This presentation will cover how to

More information

DESERT TORTOISE SIGN RECOGNITION INITIAL REQUIREMENTS DESERT TORTOISE SIGN RECOGNITION. Find Sign in the Open INITIAL REQUIREMENTS.

DESERT TORTOISE SIGN RECOGNITION INITIAL REQUIREMENTS DESERT TORTOISE SIGN RECOGNITION. Find Sign in the Open INITIAL REQUIREMENTS. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0-1.4 1.5-2.9 3-4.4 4.5-5.9 6-7.4 7.5-8.9 9-10.4 10.5-11.9 12-13.4 13.5-14.9 15-16.4 16.5-18 PERPENDICULAR DISTANCE 0-1.4 1.5-2.9 3-4.4 4.5-5.9

More information

Current Status of Amphibian Populations. Amphibian biology - characteristics making

Current Status of Amphibian Populations. Amphibian biology - characteristics making Global Amphibian Declines: What Have We Done? Mike Tyler Steve Holmer Nikki Maxwell University of Tennessee Knoxville Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Graduate Student Seminar 15 October

More information

Snowshoe Hare and Canada Lynx Populations

Snowshoe Hare and Canada Lynx Populations Snowshoe Hare and Canada Lynx Populations Ashley Knoblock Dr. Grossnickle Bio 171 Animal Biology Lab 2 December 1, 2014 Ashley Knoblock Dr. Grossnickle Bio 171 Lab 2 Snowshoe Hare and Canada Lynx Populations

More information

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) IUCN Members Commissions (10,000 scientists & experts) 80 States 112 Government agencies >800 NGOs IUCN Secretariat 1,100 staff in 62 countries, led

More information

An inventory of anolis lizards in Barra Del Colorado Wildlife Refuge

An inventory of anolis lizards in Barra Del Colorado Wildlife Refuge An inventory of anolis lizards in Barra Del Colorado Wildlife Refuge Examining the species diversity, abundance, microhabitat associations and the effects of flooding on anolis lizards living near Caño

More information

Cerros del Sira m asl, Ucayali-Huánuco-Pasco, Central Peru Amphibians of the Sira Communal Reserve

Cerros del Sira m asl, Ucayali-Huánuco-Pasco, Central Peru Amphibians of the Sira Communal Reserve 1 1 Allobates femoralis 2 Allobates femoralis 3 Allobates sp. 4 Allobates sp. AROMOBATIDAE AROMOBATIDAE AROMOBATIDAE AROMOBATIDAE 5 Rhaebo guttatus 6 Rhaebo guttatus 7 Rhinella margaritifera 8 Rhinella

More information

Our ref: Your ref: PPL - D. Clendon. Date: 1/10/2015. From: Technical Advisor Ecology - J. Marshall. Waitaha Hydro - Lizards

Our ref: Your ref: PPL - D. Clendon. Date: 1/10/2015. From: Technical Advisor Ecology - J. Marshall. Waitaha Hydro - Lizards Internal Correspondence To: PPL - D. Clendon Our ref: Your ref: Date: 1/10/2015 From: Technical Advisor Ecology - J. Marshall Subject: Waitaha Hydro - Lizards Summary The applicant has employed a respected

More information

S7L Algal blooms that pollute streams, rivers, and lakes are caused by the presence of

S7L Algal blooms that pollute streams, rivers, and lakes are caused by the presence of S7L-4 1. Algal blooms that pollute streams, rivers, and lakes are caused by the presence of A. lead. B. oxygen. C. mercury. D. phosphates. 2. Plants with spines and waxy leaves are well-suited for life

More information