Family; LACERTIDAE. Lacertiens part., Cuvier, 1817, Regne Anim., II. Lacertinidae Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil. (2) X. p. 200, and 1827, Phil.

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1 Family; LACERTIDAE. Lacertiens part., Cuvier, 1817, Regne Anim., II. Lacertinidae Gray, 1825, Ann. Phil. (2) X. p. 200, and 1827, Phil. Mag. (2) II.. Trachydromoidea part., & Lacertoidea Fitzinger, 1826, Neue Classif. Rcpt. Autarchoglossae pleurodontes part., Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph. Lacertae p;:!rt., Wiegmann, 1834, Herp. Mex. Lacertiens coelodontes Dumeril. & Bibrori, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p Lacertinidae & Zornuridae part., Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz. 'Holaspidae Gray, 1863, P.Z.S. Land., p Lacertidae part., Cope, 1864, Proc. Acad. Philad., p Lacertidae Boulenger, 1884, A.M.N.H. (5), XIV, p. 120, and 1887, Cat. Liz... III, p. 1, and 1890, Fauna Brit. Ind., p Gadow, 1901, Amph. & Rept., p Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, p Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p. 26. Boulenger, 1920/21, Monogr. Lacertidac, I & II. Camp, 1923, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., XLVIII, p. 297 et seq. Hewitt, 1937, Guide Vert. Fauna E. Cape Provo S. Afr., II, p. 33. Tongue fiat, moderately elongate, deeply notched or bifurcate jn front, covered with rhombic scale-like papillae or with transverse or oblique plicae, converging inwards and forwards. Dentition pleurodont; teeth slightly curved, bi- or tricuspid and hollow at base; small teeth often also present on pterygoids. Premaxillary bone single; nasal and frontal paired; parietal single; postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches complete, entirely roofing over the supratemporal fossa; palatine and pterygoid bones separated in the middle line; columella cranii well-developed; upper surfaces of head covered with large symmetrical shields, intermixed more or less with small scales or granules,' the large shields usually with dermal ossifications completely fused with cranial bones when in contact with them; ear-opening rather widely exposed, or partly covered by a fold or projecting lobules. Clavicle dilated and perfo~ated proximally; interclavicle cruciform. No dermal ossifications on body; dorsal and ventral scaling usually well-differentiated, the former, though somewhat variable in size, usually small and the latter large,' and arranged for the most part, in more or less regular transverse and longitudinal rows; limbs well-developed, with long slender' fingers and toes, all sharply clawed; femoral pores present (exceptionally absent, vide Aporosaura); tail generally long and slender, brittle and easily lost. The Lacertidae or True Lizards are most abundant in Africa, where they occur over a wide diversity of environment, ranging from sea level to mountain top and from desert to forest country. They are largely terrestrial (sometimes also rupicolous or arboreal).and diurnal in habits, revelling in the sunshine and darting hither and thither with agile graceful movements after their insect prey.. Each individual invariably has its own favourite retreat, consisting of a hole below the ground, a convenient nook or cranny under a stone, etc., or a crevice in. a rock or tree trunk, where it sleeps, and. to which it immediately retires.on alarm. WIth one or two exceptions these lizards are all oviparous. These typically Old World lizards, distributed throughout Africa (excluding Madagascar) and occurring also in Europa and Asia,are represented in South Africa by seven genera. 299

2 length of head and body. Nasals separated by a suture between rostral and frontonasal or sometimes iii short contact behind rostral; frontonasal broader than long, subhexagonal. Prefrontals in contact. Frontal hexagonal, sides slightly concave, from I~ to 2i times as long as broad, longer than its distance' from tip of snout and from occipital, as broad as or a little broader than supraoculars. A pair' of frontoparietals. Parietals from '1-~ to n times as long as broad. Interparietal. pentagonal, 2-2i times as long as broad, in contact behind with a small occipital, whose posterior border extends beyond that of parietals. 'Two temporal shields on each side, anterior about twice length of posterior.and in contact with last supraocular. ~ Supra oculars, 1st very' small or reduced to a granule, 2nd largest and longer than broad, 4th small but larger than 1st. 4 Supraciliaries,. 2nd much the longest. No granules between supra oculars and supra- Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Eig Tropidosaura montana. monta.na (S.A.M. No Schoongesicht), dorsal view of head. Troptdosaura m. montana (S.A.M. No ), side view of head. Tropidosaura m. montana (S.A.M. No ), scaling on middle of back.. Tropidosaura m. montana (S.A.M. No Heidelberg, C.P.), preanal ~egion and femoral pores. ciliaries. Rostral pentagonal or s'~bpentagonal, about Ii times as broad ~l~ deep. Nostril pierced iq the nasal and bordered behind by 2 small superposed postnasals, the lower of which is usually well separated from rostral: rostral and 1st upper labial usually separated from nostril by a narrow rim, or 1st labial just entering nostril. Anteriolloreal smaller than posterior, as long as or a little shorter. 4 Upper labials anterior to subocular which is distinctly narrowed below, and there as long as or a little ionger than adjacent labials. Temporai. scales moderate to large, mostly hexagonal, keeled or smooth, imbricate.. A large tympanic shield on upper anterior border of ear-opening. ~I[ental subpentagonal, broader than rostral. Usually 6 lower labials_ 302

3 5 Large chin-shi~lds on each side bordering lower labials: 4th largest, three anterior pairs in median contact with one another. Gular scales. large, imbricate. Gular fold feebly indicated on either side of throat. Scales on side of neck somewhat reduced in. size, but distinctly keeled. Scales on nape, just behind head, very small and keeled, passing gradually into the large; elongate, strongly keeled and sharply mucronate scales on back; on sides of body,. scales become more rounded behind, lowermost row feebly keeled or smooth; scales across middle of body, dorsal scales in transverse rows. V. entral plates smooth, fiat, imbricate and arranged. in 22--'-26 transverse and 6 longitudinal rows, in which the plates in the 2nd row from the middle are largest and much broader than. long. A single large preanal plate, bordered anteriorly by a semicircle of 5-6 smaller plates. 5-8 Femoral pores on each side (usually 7-8). Subdigital lamellae smooth. often divided by a longitudinal groove; (usually 18~20) la:mellae below 4th toe. Scales on upper surface limbs rhombic, keeled and subimbricate. On tail above, scales similar to dorsals, below, more feebly keeled and: obtusely pointed.. Colour: Above,.olive brown to dark brown (old specimens usually tend to get very dark both above and below), with a dark vertebral streak and a greenish-white or yellowish dorsolateral stripe' (sometimes broken up into a series of spots or indistinctly marked). from above eye or ear-opening and over back, continuing on tail as a series of spots; a pale lateral stripe or series of spots from lower lip, through ear to groin and reappearing again. on side of tail basally; a pale yellow (orange yellow to vermilion in breeding season) band or series cif large spots on each side along lowermost row of lateral scales from axil to groin); head more or less uniform or dark spotted; a dark streak from nostril to eye; upper labials (excluding 1st) spotted with black. Dusky. pale spots or marblings on limbs. above. Lower surfaces pale greenish-white to bluish-green, uniform or with dark brown to.black spots, which in old specimens are usually transversely enlarged over belly, where they cover the anterior half of each plate; tail usually spotted below with black. Dimensions: Male (S.A.M Ceres Dist.), H. & B. 58, tail. reproduced, length head 13, breadth head 8, forelimb 16, hind-limb 23,. foot 12.4 mm. Field notes: Usually found among rocks on grassy mountain slopes and plateaux up to altitudes of four to five thousand feet. Distribution: Confined to the western and south-western Cape' Province. Recorded localities:. Table Mtn., Cape Town; Cold Bokkeveld; Schoongezicht, Olifants River Mtns.; Sneeuwgat Pass, Tulbagh Dist.; Bokkeveld Tafelberg, N. or Ceres; Rivierzondereinde Mtns.;. Hermanus; Lemoen's Hoek Peak, nr. Heidelbel'g, C.P. (S.A.M.). Remarks:' Types in the Paris Museum. TROPIDOSAURA MONTANA RANGERI Hewitt. Ranger's Mountain Lizard.?Tr orpidosaura burcheui A. Smith, 1849, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept. App., p. T (' Eastern districts of the Cape Colony and Kaffirland '). Tropidosaura montana part., Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus.. II, p. 114 (Pirie Forest). Boulenger, 1921, Mon. Lacert., II, p. 160 (Peri = Pirie' Bush, Kingwil1iamstown). Essex, 1925, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p. 341, and 1927, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 934 (Amatolas; Grahamstown). Tropidosaurus montana rangeri Hewitt, 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., XX, p. 485, pi. XLIV, fig. 3 (Type locality: Farm' Gleniffer,' nr. Kei Rd.), and 1927, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, pp. 376 & 390 (Kei Rd.; George Mtn.; Grahamstown; Hogsback; Macleantown; Hamburg), and 1937, Guide Vert. Fauna ~. Cape Provo S. Afr., II, p. 36, PI. X, fig. 5 (Katberg;. Dordrecht). 303

4 Description: Distinguishedfr;om typical montana on the following: Head usually shorter in proportion to length head and body, going about 4~ times (or a little more) into length from snout to vent. Lower postnasal in direct contact with rostral or separated therefrom Scales across middle of body. Dorsals in transverse rows. Gular fold absent, or very faintly indicated. 5-6 (usually 5) Femoral pores on each side in males. Frontal as long as or shorter' than its distance from end of snout, equal to its distance from occipital; interparietal usually shorter and broader than in typical montana.. Colour: Usually olive green, olive or olive brown above. with a dark vertebral stripe or series of spots from back of head to base of tail (sometimes feebly marked or absent); a conspicuous creamy white to greenish dorsolateral stripe, dark-edged above and below, from back of head to tail; a pale lateral stripe from below eye to groin, dark-margined along labial region, sometimes ill-defined between axil and groin; lowermost row of laterals bearing a series of yellow to orange coloured spots from axil to groin. Head usually dark-spotted above, sometimes. blackish on snout. Lower surfaces greenish-white to bluish-green or blackish, uniform or scales infuscated to varying degree with lead colour to black as follows:. (1) scales on throat infuscated basally, belly scales densely infuscated leaving only margins pale (2) scales infuscated transversely across anterior margins, giving a barred effect (3) scales with black margins.and pale centres. Tail usually spotted with black below, spots often transversely widened. Dimensions: (T.M Grahamstownl. H. & B. 46.5, tail 91, length head 10.5, breadth head 6.3, forelimb 13, hindlimb 19, foot 10 mm. Distribution: South-eastern and eastern Cape Province, replacing there typical montana. Recorded localities: Gleniffer, Kei Rd.; Fenella Falls, Tarkastad; Macleantown; Hamburg; Katberg; Dordrecht; 'George Mtn. (A.M.), Grahamstown (A.M., K.~. & T.M.).. Hogsback (A.M. & K.M.). Kwelegha; Stutterheim (K.M.). Remarks: Types in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown. A. Smith, in his original description of burchelli, cites a nljmber of characters which would appear to indicate a form quite distinct from T. montana rangeri; Boulenger (1921, II, p. 160) on the other hand, in his description of T. montana (based on Gray's types of montana and :Smith's burchelli), gives no hint of any divergent characters in the latter, so that the exact designation of burchelli still remains somewhat uncertain. The occurrence of T. montana rangeri from so far west as George Mountain is surprising, but no doubt further exploration will bring to light specimens from the intervening areas, thus linking up the above locality with the eastern Cape Province, which is the centre of distribution for rangeri. TROPIDOSAURA GULARIS Hewitt. (Text-figs ). Yellow-striped Mountain Lizard. Tropidosaura montana part., Essex, 1925, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p. 341, and 1927, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 934 (Montagu Pass, Outeniqua Mtns). 'Tropidosaura gularis Hewitt, 1927, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p. 387 (Type locality: Table Mountain, Cape Province). Rose, 1929, 'Veld & Vlei,' p Description: Snout somewhat attenuate and rather pointed. Head slightly depressed, about 4 times into length head and body in males (a little more in females), about It times as long a broad, as 304'

5 broad' as or broader than neck. Loreal region vertical; canthus rostralis rounded. Limbs moderate, adpressed hindlimb reaches elbow or a little beyond in males, just overlapping forelimb in females. Foot as long as or a little longer than head. Nasals in contact with one another behind rostral. Frontonasal' broader than long, more or less '4-sided (with anterior border almost semicircular) or 5ubpentagonal. Prefrontals in good contact with one another. Frontal hexagonal, a little shorter than' its distance from tip of snout, from 1i to almost twice as long as broad, a little longer than frontoparietals + interparietal, as broad as or a little broader than supraoculars. Parietals about 1 times as long as broad. Interparietal elongate, pentagonal much longer than broad (about 21 times), broader in front than behind, in contact..yith occipital which is as Fig. 19C Flg Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Tropidosaura guzaris (S.A.M. Type No ), dorsal view of head. Tropidosaura gularis IS.A.M. Type No. l7723j. side view of head. Tropidosaura gutaris (S.A.M. No ), preanal region and femoral pores, Tropidosaura gulorls IS.A.M. No Montagu Pass), scaling on middle of back. broad as or a little broader than interparietal, and projects slightly beyond parietals. Two upper temporals on each side, anterior over twice length of posterior and in contact with last supraocular. Four supraoculars, 1st very small and elongate, 2nd much the largest and 305

6 in contact with prefrontal, 4th larger than first. Four supraciliaries~ 1st largest but as long as or shorter than 2nd. Nostril pierced in the-' nasal and bordered behind by two small superposed postnasals (exceptionally only one present owing to upper one fusing with nasal); 1st upper labial usually entering nostril (exceptionally narrowly separated therefrom); rostral usually narrowly separated from nostril (exceptionally just entering); lower postnasal resting on 1st 'upper labial only, exceptionally just overlapping 2nd. AnteriOlloreal distinctly smaller and shorter than posterior. Four upper labials anterior to subocular, which is moderately narrowed below, and there much longer than adjacent upper labials; a distinct keel from freno-ocular and along upper border of subocular. Temporal scales smooth, one or two immediately preceding the large obliquely elongate tympanic shield (in the same line), vertically elongate and. distinctly larger than remainder. 6 Lower labials; 5 enlarged chinshields on each side, the three anterior pairs being in median contact with one another. Gular scales moderate and imbricate; a wellmarked gular fold across throat. 3~4 Rows of scales on nape very small, smooth and granular, passing gradually into the large strongly keeled and moderately mucronate scales on back; dorsals in transverse series between occiput and base of tail; scales less strongly keeled towards sides. but lowermost row only sometimes smooth; scales across middle of body. Scales on side of neck (from ear-opening to axil) small, smooth and more or less granular. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal rows and (usually 22-25) transverse series, those in the 2nd row from middle line largest and much broader than long. Two enlarged preanal plates, one in front of the other, the posterior being larger than the anterior (usually 9-12) femoral pores on each side. Scales on upper surface forearm smooth or feebly keeled, on tibia rhombic. keeled and imbricate. Sub digital lamellae smooth, and for the most part, paired on longer digits, (usually 22) lamellae under 4th toe. Scales on tail keeled and shortly mucronate, except at base below, where they aresmooth and much broader. Colour: (Adult male) above, very dark brown to black. sometimes with a yellow, greenish-yellow to olive vertebral stripe (or serieqs' of spots) which is bifurcate from just behind shoulder level forwards to back of head. more usually double over whole length; fusing only 'on base of tail; a yellow to pale greenish-blue dorsolateral stripe or series of spots on each side from upper temporals. over back to basal part of tail sides of body with irregular spotting and flecking of yellow; a pale yellowish or white lateral stripe from upper labials. to groin, often broken up into series of spots; a bright yellow to orange-yellow streak or series of large spots along lowermost row of laterals,' from axil to groin. Yellow spots and streaks on head, more or less edging the upper head shields. Forelimbs spotted with yellow, hindlimbs with yellowish-white. Tail dark bluish-green, with darker markings. Lower surfaces pale greenish- to bluish-white; chin and throat speckled with black; abdominal plates all blackcentred in varying degree 'or often lower surfaces almost wholly black, with scales merely pale edged; the amount of black.ventrally varies considerably with age and season. Colour markings in females are for the most part similar to males. hut in general less clearly defined, the speckling and spotting below usually being weakly marked or sometimes absent. Dimensions: Male (T.M Jonkersberg), H. & B. 62, tail 119. length head 16.5, breadth head 10.1, forelimb 19.5, hindlimb foot 15.2 mm. Female (T.M J onkersberg), H. & B. 60.5, tail 306

7 lob, length head 13.5, breadth 'head B.5, forelimb 17, hindlimb 25, foot 13 mm. (Fully adult females attain 'to 67 mm. for H. & B.). Field notes: A montane form found only on the higher mountain slopes, living among rocks and boulders. Normally very shy and alert, darting away over rock faces and into cracks at the slightest. alarm; towards. late afternoon however, they can often be closely approached when basking in the last rays of the setting sun. A female taken on the Langeberg towards the end of November, contained B well-developed eggs. Distribution:. Western 'and south-western Cape Province, extending eastwards along the coastal moun tain chain to the Outeniqua Mountains jl,lst north of Knysna. Recorded localities: Sneeuwkop, Du Toits Mts. (4500 ft.), Wellington Dist.; Swartberg Pass ( ft.), Prince Albert Dist.; Montagu Pass,' Outeniqua Mtns. (S.A.M.). Table Mountain (S.A.M. & T.M.). Grootvadersbosch, Langeberg; Jonkersberg, Attaqua Mtns.; Prince Alfred's Pass, Outeniqua Mtns. (T.M.). Remarks: Type in the South African Museum, Cape Town. TROPIDOSAURA COTTRELL! (Hewitt). (Text-figs ). Cottrell's Mountain Lizard. BaslLtosaura ~ottrelli Hewitt, 192q, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p. 356 and text-fig. (TYPE:! )ocality: Nemahedi Camp, nr. Mont.aux Sources, Basuto Jand), and 1927, III, p Description: Snout somewhat attenuate,' obtusely pointed. Head depressed, 'length about 4 times into distance from snout to vent, H times as long as broad, 'as broad as neck. Loreal region slightly concave; canthus rostralis rounded. Limbsm0derately long, adpressed. hindlimb reaches axil or shoulder. Foot slightly longer than head. Nasals separated from one another by a short suture between rostral and frontonasal. Nostril pierced in lower half of nasal and bounded behind by a single large postnasal, which is well separated from the rostral, is broader than anterior loreal and rests on upper labials 1 and 2. Frontonasal much broader than long. Prefrontals in long contact with one another mesially.' Frontal' hexagonal, about twice as long as broad,equal in lenght to its distance from tip of snout; a little less than length. of frontoparietals + interparietal, as broad as S1,lpraoculars. 4 Supraoculars,lst reduced fo a smah granule or absent (Le. fused in with preocular), 2nd largest and distinctly longer than broad, 3rd broader than long, 4th smaller than 3rd. 4 Supraciliaries, 2nd much the longest. Two small granules on each side lying between. supraoculars 2 and 3 and supraciliaries 2 to 4. A pair of frontoparietals. Interparietal pentagonal, elongate, much broader in front than behind, a little over twice as long as broad, in contact behind with a small occipital. Parietal elongate, almost twice as long as broad. Two upper temporal shields on each side, the anterior longer. than posterior and in contact with last supraocular. Rostral 6-sided, a little less than It times as broad as deep. 4 Upper labials anterior to subocular, which narrows moderately below, where it is still much longer than adjacent upper labials; a distinct keel from frenocular and along upper edge of subocular. Anterior loreal much narrower than posterior. Temporal scales smooth, a longitudinal row on each side enlarged (and vertically elongate) and terminating in the enlarged tympanic shield" two rows of small~r scales above and 1 or 2 below the row of enlarged scales. 6 Lower labials; five large chin-shields 307.

8 on each side bordering lower labia Is, 4th and 5th largest and subequal, three anterior pairs in median contact with one another. Upper head shields more or less smooth, though frontoparietals and parietals are slightly corrugated. Parietal foramen present Rows of scales on neck (just behind head) small, subgranular and faintly keeled, passing gradually into the larger, rhombic. strongly keeled and shortly mucronate, imbricate scales on back; scales on sides of body more feebly keeled, while 3-4 lowermost rows are quite smooth; scales across middle of body, and 50 transverse rows of dorsals Fig Fig. 1!;l3. Fig Fig Tropidosaura cottre!!i (A.M. Type--Nemahedi), dorsal view of head. Tropidosaura cottrelli (A.M. Type). side view. of head. Tropidosaurrr: cottrelli (A.M. Type). scaling on middle of back. between head and base of tail. Scales on sides of neck small, smooth and subgranular. Gular scales small, smooth, flat and imbricate. A distinct gular fold across throat. made up of much smaller scales. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal'rows, second row on each side of ltiiddle line broadest (about twice as broad as long); 21 transverse rows of ventrals. A single large pre'anal plate, bordered in front by 308 /

9 a semicircle of 6 smaller shields, of which the median pair are a little larger. 11 Femoral pores on each side. Digits laterally compressed; subdigital lamellae smooth or deeply furrowed, undei' 4th toe. Scales on upper side forearm and thighs large and smooth, on tibia smaller and weakly keeled. Colour: Above, very dark brown to black with numerous pale brown, green or blue spots scattered over head, back, limbs and tail; over posterior part of back and on tail these pale spots tend to form incomplete crossbars. Sides of body pale blue, with a black lateral stripe from -margin of upper lip to groin. Lower surfaces pale blue; intensely spotted and suffused with black, most heavily so on belly. Dimensions: Male (Type, A.M. No. -), H. & B. 66, tail missing, length head 16.4, breadth head 10.8, forelimb 23, hindlimb 34. foot 17 mm.. -. Field notes: Little is known of the habits of this species, beyond the fact that it is apparently confined to the higher mountain. tops, and is probably largely rupicolous. Distribution: Known only from the type locality, viz. Nemahedi Camp, nr. Mont aux Sources, Drakensberg, Basutoland, elt an altitude of 10,600 ft. Remarks: Type in the Albany Mu.seum, Grahamstown. TROPIDOSAURA ESSEXI Hewitt. (Text-figs ). Essex's Mountain Lizard. Tropidosaura essexi Hewitt. 1927, Rec. Alb. Mus.. III. p pl. XXII. fig. 2 (Type locality: Mont aux Sources (11,500 ft.). Basutoland). Description: Snout short and obtuse. Head small. about 4, _ times into length from snout to vent, a little less than' 1} times a~ long as broad, as broad as neck, a little broader than deep. Limbs moderate, adpressed hindlimb barely r'eaches elbow of forelimb in females or almost to shoulder in males. Foot subequal in length to head. Nasals widely separated from one another above, by a suture between rostral and frontonasal. Nostril pierced in the nasal and bordered behind by a single postnasal, which is well separated from -rostral and rests on 1st upper labial only, or just overlaps on to 2nd as well. Frontonasal much broader than long, anterior border almost semicircular. Prefrontals in long contact with one another mesially. Frontal hexagonal, about twice as "long as' broad, equal to or a little longer than its distance from tip of snout,. equal in length to frontoparietals -I- interparietal, a little broader than supraoculars. 4 Supraoculars, 1st very small, 2nd la'rgest and distinctly longer. than broad. 4 Supraciliaries 2nd longest. Usually no granules between supraoculars and supra~iliaries. occasionally a single granule present opposi te j unction of 2nd and 3rd supra oculars (exceptionally 2-3 granules.present). Interpal-ietal pentagonal, almost twice as long as broad, in good contact behind with occipital (exceptionally parietals in contact and occipital absent). Parietal foramen present. Two upper temporals on each side (broader than in cottrelli), anterior longei' than posterior and in contact with 4th supraocular. Rostral pentagonal, about H times as broad as deep. 4 Upper labials anterior to subocular, which is much narrowed below and there much shorter than adjacent labia Is. Temporal scales all smooth, median longitudinal row usually more or less enlarged and terminating in the large tympanic shield (enlarged temporals well marked in juvenile); scales above and below longitudinal row of enlarged temporal scales smaller 309

10 and elongate. 6-7 Lower labials; 5 large chin-shields.on each side adjoining lower labials, the' three anterior pairs in median contact with one another. Gular scales small and imbricate. A well marked gular fold across throat.. Scales on' nape (just behind head)' small, but distinctly ke.eled and usually a little larger and more strongly keeled in the middle than towards the sides (in juveniles first few E E.,... 9 Fig mm. r ~ ~~~~ _, Fig Tropidosaura 'essexi (A.M. Type, No Mont aux Sources), dorsal view of head. Fig Tropidosaura essexi (A.M. No. 5227), side view of head~ F ig Tropidosaura essexi (A.M. No. 5227), scaling on. middle of back. rows unkeeled), passing imperceptibly into the large imbricate. strongly keeled and mucronate scales on back; transverse rows of scales between back of head and base of tail; towards the sides of body scales become less strongly keeled and more rounded behind, three lowermost rows of laterals smooth; scales across middle 310

11 <of body. Scales on sides of neck small and subgranular to granular. Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal rows, those in the 2nd row on each side of middle line largest and about twice as broad as long; arranged in transverse series. A single large preanal shield, bordered jn front by 5-6 smaller shields. 7-9 (Usually B) femoral pores on,each side. Digits somewhat compressed laterally; subdigital lamellae :smooth (on longer digits usually paired proximally and single distally), under 4th toe. Scales on upper surface forearm :smooth or feebly keeled; on thigh more or less smooth, except posteriorly where a few are keeled; on tibia scales distinctly keeled'. Scales on tail in regular whorls, strongly keeled and mucronate (less sharply than on back) above; below, smooth basally, keeled distally.,on reproduced tails scales very similar to original, but narrower. Colour: Above, olive to olive green, with a dark brown to black. pale-edged, vertebral stripe from occiput to base of tail; a well 'marked, dark-edged, pale dorsolateral'stripe on each side from above eye, over back and well down tail, a pale, dark-edged lateral stripe from below eye, through ear to groin, and. thence along anterior surface of thigh to knee joint (often continued along basal part of tail). Head usually bluish-green, spotted with brown (spots more or less.aggregated along edges of head shields). Lower surfaces bluish-white to blue, uniform or with a few dark spots' on preanal region, femora.2nd tail, or sometimes abdominal plates dark-edged and femora and underside tail yellowish-white. Juveniles bluish above, vertebral 'strip'e. not pale-edged; white dorsolateral an.d lateral stripes well marked. Dimensions: (Type-A.M. No. 5227), H. & B. 50, tail reproduced, length head 11.B; breadth head 8, forelimb 14.5, hindlimb 24.5, foot :11.9 mm. Distribution: Known only fram the type locality, viz. Summit <0 Drakensberg at Mont aux Sources (11,500 ft.), Basutoland. Remarks: Types in the Albany Museum, Grahamstown. NUCRAS Gray. ]Jucras Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., I, :D. 280 (type: lalandii = dclala-nd-ii). Lataste, 1885, Ann. Mus. Genova (2), II, p Boulenger, Cat. Liz., III, p. 52. Hewitt, 1909, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, p. 40. Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p Sternfeld, 1911,. Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p. 27. Boulenger, 1917, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., XIII, p. 195, and 192Q, Monogr. Lacert., I, p. 7. Lacerta part., Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p Bedriaga, 1886, Abh. Senck. Ges., XIV,p. 24. Nucras part., Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 33. Zootoca part., Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 27. Bettaia Bedriaga, 1886, Abh. Senck. Ges., XIV, p Head shields normal; nostril pierced between 2 or 3 nasals' and 'Well separated from upl'er labials. Lower eyelid scaly, opaque. Collar well marked. Dorsal scales small, smooth, juxtaposed. Ventral' plates smooth, feebly imbricate. Digits more or less cylindrical, not serrated laterally; subdigital lamellae smooth. Femoral pores present. 'Tail long and cylindrical. Terrestrial lizards distributed throughout tropical and southern.africa and represented in South Africa by five species and subspecies. Key to the South African Species and Subspecies of NUCRAS. 1 A series of 2-7 small scales or granules between supraciliaries and supraocuiars; a series of transversely enlarged plates under 311

12 forearm; lamellae under 4th toe; scales across. middle of body 2 No small scales or granules betwe'en supraciliaries and supraoculars (or exceptionally 1-3); transversely enlarged plates under forearm absent or but feebly enlarged; lamejiae under 4th toe; scales across middle of body N. delalandii (Milne-Edw;), p Head much broader than deep; foot much longer than head; parietal foramen abs~nt; lameliae under 4th toe N. tessellata (Smith), p. 315 Head not" or only slightly broader than deep; foot equal to or only slightly longer than head; parietal foramen usualiy present; lamellae under 4th toe '" 3. 3 Back spotted throughout life N. intertexta interte.rta (Smith), p. 318 Back usually striated throughout life 4 4 Interparietal and occipital usually. well-developed and "in contact with one another, separating parietals; scales across middle of body; head and body mm. N. intertexta holubi (Steind.), p Interparietal shortened and parietals in contact, separating interparietal from the much reduced or absent occipital; scales across middle of body; he~ad and body 54 mm. N. intertexta damarana Park., p. 322 Delalande's Spotted.Lizard. NUCRAS DELALANDII (Milne-Edwards). (Text-figs ). Lacerta lalandii Milne-Edwards, 1829, Ann. Sci. Nat., XVI, pp. 70 & 84. pi. V, fig. 6 (Type locality: 'Cape of Good Hop~ '). Eremiq,s (Nucras) lalandii Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., I, p Lacerta delalandii vars. a & c, Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen.. V, p. 241, pi. XLVIII. A. Smith, 1"849, Ill. Zoo1. S. Afr. Rept. App., p. 8 (Southern Africa). Nucras lalandii Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 33. Bettaia delalandii Bedriaga, 1886, Abh. Senck. Ges., XIV, p. 435, pl. -, figs. 1, 5 & 35. NUcras delalandii Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 53 (Peri = Pirie Bush). Boettger, 1889, Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges., p. 292 (Pondoland). Werner, , Jahresb, Ver. Magdeburg, p. 141 (Grahamstown). Matschie, 1890, Zoo1. Jahrb. Syst., V, p. 604 (Haen~sburg). Boulenger, 1905, P.Z.S. Lond., II, p, 254 (Sibudeni, Zululand). Roux, 1907, Zoot Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p, 425 (Transvaal). Boulenger, Ann. Natal Mus., I, p. 225 (Swartkop, Natal; Drakensberg (6000 ft.)), and 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 475 (Knysna; Kentani; Uitenhage; Port Elizabeth; Burghersdorp; East London; Engcobo; Morija; Umvoti; Johannesburg). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. TvI. Mus., II, p BoulengcL 1917, Ann. S. Afr: Mus., XIII, p. 201, pi. VI, figs. 1-5 (Krugcrsdorp: Van Reenen; Lessouto; Barberton), and 1920, Mon. Lacert., I, p. l~ (East London). Essex, 1925, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p.,142, and 1927, P.Z.S. Lond., II, p. 935 (Grahamstown). Hewitt, 1937, Guide. Vert. Fauna E. Cape Prov.S. Afr., II, p. 34, pi. V,' fig. 4 & pi. XIII, fig. 1 (Herschel Dist.; E. Pondoland; Katberg; Queenstown). Nucras delalandii var. bedriagai Werner, , Jahrb. Nat. Vcr. Magdeburg, p. 141 (Cape Province). 312

13 Description : Head small, not or but little broader than deep, from If to H times as long as broad, length from 4i to 5} times into distance from snout' to vent (head in males on the average longer than in females). Snout very obtuse or rounded. Nostril directed outwards and fo'rwards. Body not depressed, cylindrical and elongate. Foot equal to or'a little shorter than head. Digits short, not or but feebly compressed. Tail in males from H to 2~ times length of head Fig.!98. Fig Nucras delalandii (T.M. No Wakkerstroom), dorsal view of head. Fig Nucras delalandii (T.M. No. 4432), underside of head. Fig Nucrus delalandii (T.M. No. 4432). side view of head. and body.' Upper head shields usually slightly rugose. Nasals in' contact behind rostral. Frontonasal hexagonal, broader than long and usually broader than internasal space. Prefrontals in median contact with one another. Frontal pentagonal, as long as its distance from rostral or tip of snout, H to H times as long as broad, broader in front than behind where it is usually narrower than supraoculars. Frontoparietals much shorter than frontal, and usually slightly shorter than their distance from posterior border of parietals; latter longer than broad (from It to Htimes). Interparietal elongate, from 2--4 times as long as broad, usually. in contact behind with a small 313

14 occipital thus separating parietals, exceptionally not reaching occipital; and parietals in contact. Parietal foramen usually' absent. Four supraoculars, 1st and 4th very small, former usually in contact with frontal (i.e. in two out of three specimens). 5-7 <Supraciliaries (exceptionally more or less), in contact with supra oculars or with one small-intervening granule (exceptionally 2 or 3). '-Rostral pentagonal, from Ii to H times' as broad as deep. Nostril pierced between three nasals, comprising a large 'superior and two smaller superposed postnasals (exceptionally a single postnasal). Anterior loreal much deeper than long and much smaller than posterior. Subocular bordering lip between 4th and 5th (exceptionally 5th and 6th) upper Iabials, lower border a little shorter than upper. An elongate upper temporal shield, usually in contact anteriorly with 4th supraocular, often divided into 2 or 3 sections. Temporal scales small, granular or hexagonal, subequal in size to dorsals. A rounded or oval tympanic 'shield usually present. Lower eyelid scaly, with a series of 5-6 verti cally elongate, polygonal scales in the middle. Mental subpentagonal. :'>-7 Lower labials (usually 6-7). 4 Large chin-shields on.each side, the 4th largest, three anterior pairs usually in median contact with one another. Gular scales small, smooth, ova'l, juxtaposed anteriorly, becoming large:r, rounded and imbricate towards collar, which is feebly serrated and composed of 7~14 (usually 8-10) plates. Scales on back subgranular, rounded to oval, smooth, juxtaposed; scales across middle of body. Ventral plates large, imbricate, in 8 regular longitudina:l series (the second row being broadest and outermost smallest) and transverse rows (from collar to inguinal region). Usually a single large preanal plate bordered by smaller plates, or sometimes preanal region covered with a number of small irregular plates. A series of transversely enlarged plates along antero.:superior surface of arm, but lower surface of forearm usually granular or exceptionally with a few feebly enlarged plates. Scales on upper. surface tibia granular, subconical, smaller than on back;.lower surface with a series of 3-4 much enlarged plates. A series.qf (usually 12-14) femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae smooth, (usually 18-20) under fourth toe. Scales on tail in regular 'transverse whorls, elongate (two median rows broader than others), keeled and obtusely pointed behind; below, a little broader than above, imbricate, mucronate and feebly keeled, Colour: Juvenile, usually a light rufous brown above, with 8-11l longitudinal rows of white black-edged ocellar spots over back, and traces of a pale vertebral streak on nape and anterior part of back; :sides of head and often also of neck, with black and white vertical barring; hindlimbs and tail orange-buff to orange-red. Adults vary '-from grey, greyish-brown to reddish-brown above, with the pale -DceJIi often persisting but with ~he black rings usually expanded'into large spots which often run together to form irregular crossbars, when the white ocelli may become much reduced or disappear; head spotted with black above, on sides with black spots or vertical bars. Under parts white to creamy-white or yellow, uniform or more often with numerous rounded black spots arranged in more or less -longitudinal series over chest and belly. Tail usually spotted with 'black above, on sides and below with narrow dark and pale barring. Dimensions: Male (T.M Wakkerstroom), H. & B. 99, tail 170, length head 18.6, breadth head 11.8, depth head 10.8, forelimb. 26, 'hindlimb 37, foot 17 mm. Female (T.M. 563-Wakkerstroom), H. & B. 99, tail 182, length head 17, breadth head ll.8,depth head 9.2, fore-. iimb 22, hindlimb 33, foot 15 mm

15 Field notes: Found usually in open grassy country from the sea {?oast to' high mountain slopes. In comparison with other South African Lacertids, these lizards are somewhat sluggish and easy 'to secure. They live under stones or in holes in the ground, the entrances to which are often small anc;l inconspicuous, being just large enough to permit the entrance of the occupants: Diet consists mainly of beetles, orthoptera and inse'ct. larvae, and the stomachs often. contain quite considerable quantities of soil, which is no doubt taken in with the prey. The eggs, four in number, are laid in midsummer,.and the newly hatched young measure mm. from snout to vent. Distribution : From the eastern Cape Province, northwards through Pondoland and Basutoland, to Natal and the Transvaal. Recorded localities:. Queenstown; Somerset East; Peddie; Katberg; Redhouse; Butterworth; Matatiele; Quingquolo; Indwe; Mxambuli; Mbulu; Mquanduli; Emfundisweni (A.M.). Grahamstown (A.M., D.M., K.M. & T.M.). Port Elizabeth (A.M., S.A.M. & T.M.). Roux 'ville (B.M.). Qumbu (K.M.). Telle Junction; Swartkop; Nkandhla Forest; Van Reenen; Cathkin Peak; Bushman's Peak; Mont aux Sources' (N.M.). Giants Castle (RM. & T.M.). Elands Riv., Uitenhage Dist. (P.E.M.). Wakkerstroom (P.E.M. & T.M.). Knysna; Uitenhage; Engcobo; Burghersdorp; Kentani; Umlengana; Mcirija; Umvoti; nr. Johannesburg (S.A.M.). East London (S.A.M. & T.M.). Bushmans River, Natal; Weenen; Pretoria; 'Rustenburg; Pietersburg; Haenertsburg; Woodbush (T.M.). Remarks: Types in the Paris Museum. NVCRAS TESSELLAT A (A. Smith). (Text-figs ). striped or Banded Sand Lizard. Lacerta tessellata A. Smith, 1838, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) II, p. 92 (Type locality: 'Eastern parts of the Cape Colony'). Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p A. Smith, 1849, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept. App., p. 8 (" Districts on the Western Coast of Southern Africa, particularly Little Namaqualand "). Bedriaga, 1886, Abh. Senck. Ges., XIV, p Lacerta livida A. Smith, 1838, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) II, p: 92 (N Northern parts of Cape Colony"). Lacerta e!egans A. Smith, 1838, Mag. Nat. Rist. (2) II, p. 92 (" Little Namaqualand and country towards the Orange River "). Lacerta taeniolata A. Smith, 1838, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) II, p. 93 (" Grassy districts of Cape Colony"). Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p Bedriaga, 1886, Abh. Senck. Ges., XIV, p Zootoca taeniolata Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 29. Nucras tessellata Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 33. Fischer, 1888, Mittl. ZooL Mus. Hamburg, p. 12 (Aus-Bethanien). Boettger, 1894, Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges., p. 89 (Rehoboth). Boulenger, 1905, P.Z.S. Loncl., II, p. 254 (Klipfontein). Sternfeld, 1911, Mittl. ZooL Mus. Berlin, V, p. 404 'S.W. Africa). Methuen & Hewitt, 1914, Ann. Tvl. Mus., IV, p. 140 (Kraikluft, Gt. Karas Mts.; Nakeis-Groendoorn). Boulenger, 1917, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., XIII, p. 212, pl. VII, figs (Deelfontein; Guires = Garies?; Clan william; Klip'fontein; Smithfield), and 1920, Mon. Lacert.-; I, p. 24. FitzSimons, 1935, Ann. Tv!. Mus., XV, p. 535 (Van Rhyn's Pass; Van Rhynsdorp; Lekkersing; Soebatsfontein), and 1938, XIX, p. 194 (Klipfontein; Klipfontein-Port Nolloth; Steinkopf; Calvinia). Teira ornata Gray, 1864, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 58 (South-eastern Africa). Lacerta tessellata part., Peters, 1882, Reise n. Mossamb., III, p. 44. Lacerta tessellata pseudotessenata Beclriaga, 188'6, Abh. Senck. Ges., XIV, p. 377, pl., figs. 8 &

16 Nucras tessellata part., Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 52. Roux, 1907, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p. 425 (Jakhalswater). Hewitt, 191O,Ann. Tv!. Mus., II, pp. 107 & 114. Hewitt & Power, 1913, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., III, p. 155 (Ky Ky; Nosob; Lower Molopo). Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr. XVI, p. 329 (Kubub). Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2" p. 27 (Rehoboth; Kubub, Aus-Bethanien: Little Namaqualand).... Nucras tessellata val.'. elegans Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr.. Mus., V, p. 474 (Little N!lmaqualand). Nucras tessellata var. livida Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.. V, P (Little Namaqualand). Hewitt, 1937, Guide Vert. Fauna E. Cape' Provo S. Afr., II, p. 35 (Dunbrody, Sunday's River; Hanover Dist.). NltCras tessellata var. taeniolataboulenger, 1910, Ann. S. 'Afr. Mus., V.. p. 474 (Little Namaqualand). Essex, 1925, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p. 342, and 1927, P.Z.S. Lond., p, 935 (Bushmans River, nr. Grahams- town). Hewitt, 1937, Guide Vert. Fauna E. Cape Provo S, Mr" II,. p. 35 (Grahamstown), Description: Head sma.ll, distinctly broader than deep, from 11. to 1~ tiines as long as broad, its length from 4-5 times into length from snout to vent. Snout obtusely pointed. Body slightly depressed. Foot much longer than head. Nostril directed outwards and slightly forwards. Tail from 2 to 2!l times length of head and body, somewhat flattened and thickened basally in males. Nasals in short contact behind rostral. Frontonasal subhexagonal, broader than long. Prefrontals in short median contact with one' another. Frontal equal to or a little longer than its distance from tip of snout, from Ii times to twice as long as broad, narrowing slightly behind" and there narrower than supraoculars. Frontoparietals much shorter than:.frontal or thelr distance from posterior border of parietals, which are from 1! to 1~ times as long as broad. Interparietal narrow and elongate, from 2} to' 4 times as long, as broad, in contact, behind with a small occipital which may often be a little broader. Parietal foramen usually absent. 4 Supraoculars, 1st and 4th smallest and sometimes divided in two, first usually in good contact with frontal. 6-8 Supraciliaries, 1st longest. A series of 2-7 (usually 4-5) small scales or granules between supraciliaries and supraoculars. Rostral pentagona( from H to Iff times as broad as deep. Nostril pierced between three nasals, comprising a large upper nasal and two superposed postnasals (exceptionally one postnasal). Anterior 10reaL smaller than posterior, from a half to threequarters length of latter. Subocular a little longer above than below, bordering lip behveen 4th and 5th upper labials (exceptionally between 3rd and 4th or 5th and 6th); upper labials 5-8, usually 6. An elongate anterior upper. temporal shield, often in contact with 4th supra ocular, followed behind' by one or two smaller, shields. Temporal scales small,. hexagonal or rounded, sub equal to or a little smaller than scales on back. A roundish tympanic shield usually present, sometimes very small or absent. Gular scales small, juxtaposed,.becoming larger and imbricate towards collar, which is more or less straight and composed of 8~13 (usually about 10) enlarged plates. Scales on body, above. rounded to oval-hexagonal, smooth, juxtaposed, (usually from 44-54) across middle of back. Ventral plates in 8 longitudinal rows. of which those of the 2nd row from middle line are broadest, outermost smallest, in (usually 28-30) kansverse rows. Preanal region with 2-3 transversely enlarged plates, usually arranged one behind the other mesially, or sometimes covered with several irregular plates. Lower surface forearm with a series ot 6-7 transve'rsely enlarged plates.' Scales on upper surface tibia smaller than on back, granular and sub imbricate, on. under surface a series of 4-5 much enlarged plates. A series of (usually 14 or 15) 316

17 femoral pores on each side (Usually 27-30) lamellae under 4th toe. Scales on tail in regular whorls, somewhat elongate, strongly keeled and truncate behind, two median rows above usually a little broader; below, scales smooth basally and feebly keeled distally. Colour: A number of colour varieties are known. among which the following are the most distinctive: 1 (var. typica): neck and anterior half of back black. usually with 4 white longitudinal stripes above.(the outer stripes often extended' forwards along outer border of parietals); posterior half of back greyish to pale buff or orangy brown and unstriped; sides of head, neck and anterior part of body vertically barred with black and white; lower surfaces uniformly white; sometimes the two pale median dorsal stripes are absent; tail pale buff to pinkish distally, usually with a dark lateral streak. Fig Fig Fig NUCTILS tesseuutu (T.M. No Calvinia), dol'sal view of head. NucTas tessellata (T.M. No ), ui-tderside of head. NucTas tesseuata (T.M. No ), side view Of head. 2 (var. elegans): pale reddish-brown to buff above and on sides, with only two pale, bla<;k-edged stripes on nape. 3 (var. Zivida): neck and anterior part of back black. with 6 longitudinal white stripes above. passing behind to pale buff vermiculated with black; a white, black" edged dorsolateral stripe usually present; sides of body black, with numerous white spots, which form irregular vertical bars on temple and neck. 4 (var. taeniolata): black above anteriorly, with S (sometimes 9 on nape) white longitudinal stripes, the upper lateral sometimes broken up into series of spots; posterior part of back brown; tail brown, with a blackish lateral streak fading out towards the 317

18 tip, which is uniformly reddish. In juveniles, usually the whole of the upper surfaces are black, with 8 longitudinal white stripes extending from nape to base of tail (sometimes the upper lateral stripe on each side is broken up into a series of spots); tail orangeto coral-red. The varieties' typica, degans and livida are largely confined to the west while taeniolata predominates in the east. Dimensions: Male (T.M Kraikluft), H. & B. 84, tail (partly reproduced) 176, length head 17.1, breadth head 11.6, depth head 9, forelimb.22.5, hindlimb 41, foot 21 mm. Female (T.M. 3170~Kraikluft), Roo & B. 76, tail 176, length head 15" breadth head 10, depth head 8.5, forelimb 21.5, hindlimb 38, foot 19 mm. Field notes: Found in open, dry; scrub-covered flats and sandveld country. Extremely active in movement. but unlike many other Laceitids which occur in the same areas, they are nowhere very common, usually only single isolated individuals being encountered. Stomach contents mainly beetles, together with spider and scorpion remains. The eggs are usually 4 in number.. Distribution: Great Namaqualand, Gordonia, north-western Cape Province and Little Namaqualand, extending southwards into the south-western Cape Province and' eastwards across the Karroo to the eastern Cape Province. Recorded localities: Rehoboth; Garies Kamiesberg; Victoria West; Caledcin; Koup; Grahamstown; Butterworth (A.M.). Ky Ky (A.M. & K.M.). Steinkopf. (A.M., SAM. & T.M.). Junction Oup & Nosop Rivs.; Lower Molopo; Springbok VIei; \ Draghoender-Marydale (K.M.): Port Nolloth; O'okiep; Williston;. Montagu; Robertson (SAM.). Lekkersing (SAM. & T.M.). Kraikluft; Nakeis-Groendoorn; Klipfontein; Klipfontein-Port Nolloth; Soebatsfontein; Matjesfontein; Welbedacht, just west of Oudtshoorn; Van Rhynsdorp; Calvinia (T.M.). Remarks: Type (?) in the British Museum of Natural History: this specimen, accepted as the type and referred to as such by Boulenger (1920, I, p. 27), has femoral pores and measures 195 mm. (i.e ) in length, while Smith in his original description gives femoral pores and length 14 inches (i.e. 357 mm.)! Bou!enger, in recording dimensions of this. specimen omits tail length, probably because distal half is regenerated. NUCRAS INTERTEXT A INTERTEXTA (A. Smith). (Text-figs ).. Spotted Sand veld Lizard. Lacerta intertexta A. Smith, 1838, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) II, p. 93 (Type locality:" Country near Latakoo "). Lacerta delalandii var. b, Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p. 24:3. Nticras tessellata part., Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 52. Hewitt, 1910, Ann. TvL Mus., II, p Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr., XVI, p. 329 (Mashoning). Nucras tesse!!ata var. oceuata Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p Nucras dela[ctndii part., Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus, p. Ill. Nucras intertexta Boulenger, 1917, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., XIII, p. 205, pi. VI,.. figs. 6-8 (Pietersburg; Rustenburg), and 1920, Mon. Lacert., 1. p. 17 (Kokong). FitzSimons, 1935, Ann. TvL Mus., XVI,.p. 355 (Kuke Pan, Kalahari).. Description: Head small, a little longer than deep, from H to la'. times as long as broad, its length 4 to 4i times into length from sn~ut to vent. Snout obtuse. Body feebly depressed. Foot sub equal to or a little shorter than head. Digits feebly compressed. Tail from H to 2~ times head and body. Nasals forming a short suture behind 318

19 rostral (exceptionally separated). Frontonasal hexagonal, broader than long. Fron taj from F::: to' almost twice as long as broad, as' long as or a little shorter than its distance from end of snout,. narrowing behind and there narrower than supraoculars. Prefrontals. in very short to moderate contact with. one another. Frontoparietals much shorter than frontal or their distance from posterior border of parietals. Parietals from n to I! times as long as broad. Interparietal elongate, from 2-3 times as long as broad, usually in,contact with a small occipital behind. Four supraoculars, 1st and 4th small 1st in 'na'rrow to moderate contact with frontal, 4th usually in co~tact with anterior superior temporal, sometimes narrowly separated. Supraciliaries 5-8, usually 6. A series of 2-5 small scales or granules Fig Fig Nucras intertexta intert~xta (K.M.-Schmidtsdriftl. dorsal view of head. Fig Nucras i. intertexta (K.M.), underside of head. Fig Nucras i. intertexta (K.M.), side view of head. between supraciliaries and supraoculars (exceptionally 6). Rostral pentagonal, from 11, to H times as broad as deep. Nostril pierced between three nasals, consisting of a large superior and two smaller superposed postnasals. Anterior loreal much smaller than posterior, usually less than (seldom as much as) half length of preocular. Usually 4 (exceptionally 5) upper labials anterior to sub ocular, whic.l). is usually narrower below than above. An elongate upper temporal shield, followed by 1-3 smaller shields. Temporal scales small, 319

20 usually hexagonal in shape and su:bequal to dorsals. A round or oval tympanic shield usually present at upper anterior corner of. earopening. Lower eyelid scaly, with a row of 4--6 vertically elongate hexagonal scales in the middle. A small parietal foramen present. Gular scales small, slightly.flattened or convex, juxtaposed, enlarging behind and becoming imbricate anterior to collar, which is more or less straight and made up of about 9-12" plates. Scales on back oval,or rounded, smooth, juxtaposed, 40--4~ across middle of-body. Ventral plates imbricate, in 8 longitudinal and transverse series; outermost row usually much smaller and often so reduced as to be but little larger than adjoining laterals; second row on each side middle line much broader than long. Usually two large preanal plates, placed one in front of the other, sometimes three plates (one large posterior.and two smaller anterior). Underside forearm with a series of 4---'-7 transversely enlarged plates; scales on upper surface of tibia smaller than dorsals and subimbricate, on lower surface a series of 3--4 greatly enlarged plates. Femoral pores on each side, usually 11 to Scales under 4th toe. Scales on tail in regular whorls, elongate (two median rows above usually a little broader than.others), strongly keeled, truncate. behind; usually smooth at base below. but keeled distally.. Colour: Above, light brown to reddish-brown, with a dorsolateral longitudinal series of round or elongate black-edged, yellowish-white spots and three similar rows on sides; a vertebral series of spots' sometimes also present, which, together with the dorsolaterals; may often be more or less confluent into three longitudinal dark-edged stripes, which are inclined in old specimens to fade out over posterior.half of back; on the sides, black-edging to pale spots often confluent vertically thus giving a barred effect, or the black rings may open completely and the pale spots join up to form alternate dark and light vertica~ stripes on side of head, neck and anterior half of body. Upper surface of limbs with pale spots, usually incompletely encircled with black. Tail above, paler than back, passing distally to pale buff or orange-bro'wn, with dark brown longitudinal interrupted stripes. Lower surfaces creamy white, two outer" rows of ventral plates bearing a series of small dar~ spots. In. juveniles, limbs and tail orange-buff.to coral-red; back darker than in adult, with dorsal and la teral series of pale spots clearly defined and continuous to base of tail; sides of head and neck with vertical barring of pale yellow.. Dimensions: Male (K.M.-Orange Grove, nr. Schmidtsdrift), H. & B. 84.5, tail 194, length head 18, breadth head 12, depth head 9.2, forelimb 25; hindlimb 38, foot 17 mm. Field notes: A sand-veld lizard with habits much like N. tessellata; females usually produce 4 eggs, lwhich measure ,8 x mm... Distribu tion:. Northern Cape Province, southern Bechuanaland Protectorate, western and northern Transvaal. Recorded localities: Kenilworth, nr. Kimberley; Orange Grove, nr. Schmidtsdrift; Sandfontein, nr. Gobabis (KM.). Kuke Pan; Rustenburg; Vygeboompoort; Waterberg, Tvl.; Great Saltpan; Boekenhout; Shilowane (T.M.). Remarks: Type in the British Museum of Natura~ History. NUCRAS INTERTEXT A HOLUBI (Steindachner). Eremias holubi Steindachner, 1882, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, LXXXVI, 1, p. 83, pi. -. (Crocodile River, Tvl.).. Lacerta tessellata part., Peters, 1882, Reise n. Mossamb., III, p. 44. Lacerta cameranoi Bedriaga, 1886, Abh. Senck. Ges., XIV, p. 378, pi. -, figs. 2, 9, 11 & 31 (Mozambique).. 320

21 Nucras tessellata part., Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., Ill. p. 52. Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, p Raux, Zoo1. Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p. 425 (Rustenburg & Pretoiia). Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr., XVI, p. 329 (Okahandja). Sternfeld. 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kalan., IV, 2, p. 27. Hewitt & Powe.r, 1913, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., III, p. 155 (Marandellas; Taungs; KImberley; Modder River). Nucras tessellata Boulenger, 1892, in Distant, Nat. Transvaal, p. 174 (Pretoria). Werner, , Jahrb. Ver. Magdeburg, p. 141 (Transvaal). Boettger, 1889, Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges., p. 288 (Botschabelo, nr. Middelburg, Tvl.). Odhner, 1908, Arkiv. Zool. Stockholm, IV, No. 18, p. 3 (Umfolosi Junct.; Somkele; Mkusi River). Chubb, 1909, P.Z.S. Land., p.' 594 (Bulawayo). Werner, 1915, in Michaelsen La'nd- u. Stisswasser-fauna Deutsch-S.W. Afr., I; p. 346 (Usakos): Nucras tessellata var. taeniolata (non Smith) Bocage, 1895, Herp. Angola', p. 30. (Angola localities). Nucras tessellata va~. or.nata Boulenger, 1908, Ann, Natal Mus., I, p. 225 (Junct. Umfolosl RIVS.), and 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p Nucras tessellata var. taeniolata part., Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p: 474 (Pinetown). Nucras tessellata var. holubi Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus" V, p. 474 (Burghersdorp; Smithfield; Barberton; Bulawayo).. Nucras holubi Sternfeld, 1912, in Schubot~, Wiss. Ergebn. Deutsch. Z.-Afr. Exped. IV, 2, p Nucras intertexta var. holubi Boulenger, 1917, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., XIII, p. 208, pl. VI, figs. 9 & 10, pi. VII, figs. 1-5 (Port Elizabeth; Burghersdorp; Kimberley; Vredefort Rd.; Umfolosi Riv.; De Kaap Goldfields; Pretoria; Rustenburg; Lydenburg; Zoutpansberg; Bulawayo), and.1920, Mon. Lacert., I, p. 20 (Plumtree). Description: Unqer this subspecies are grouped those specimens jn which the back is striated throughout life. Though agreeing.closely in'structure with the typical form, the following differences may be noted: Head as broad as or broader than deep; cheeks often considerably swollen in adult males; adpressed hindlimb usually reaching to wrist or elbow, sometimes barely reaching forelimb or, -extending as far as axil; foot usually subequal to length head, or a little shorter or longer; 1st supraocular often in extensive contact Ivith frontal, 4th sometimes separated from temporal; supradliaries 6-7; 2-6 granules between supraciliaries and supraoculars (exceptionally absent); interparietal and occipital usually in contact, o separating parietals behind (exceptionally parietals in contact); loreal often over half length preocular; collar consisting of 7-14 plates; from scales across middle of b,ody, usually 50-56; ventral plates in transverse series; femoral pores 11-20; scales under fourth toe. Colour: Markings variable and as follows: Above, grey, greyishbrown, buff, reddish-brown to blackish, usually with three wellmarked pale (white or pale yellow) longitudinal stripes (dark-edged in light-coloured specimens) over back; the vertebral streak.usually broader than dorsolaterals, sometimes but faintly marked or absent; dorsolaterals extend forward along outer edge of parietals and backwards on to basal part of tail, or often fade out completely over posterior half of back, occasionally broken up into series of elongate spots. Sides of body blackish or at least darker than back, usually. with 1-3 longitudinal series of white spots (sometimes ocellate) and a pale streak below from axil to groin, or with 2~3 continuous white stripes, or with vertical white barring on sides of head, neck and even on flanks, where in any case pale spots are usually somewhat vertically elongate; labials spotted. Below, white to creamy white, immaculate or sometimes with a series of small dark spots along outer row of ventrals. Juveniles darker above, with 3-5 (usually 3) pale stripes over back, continuous from occiput to basal part of tail; series of,pale spots on sides. Tail coral red. 321

22 Dimensions: Male (T.M Ubombo), H. &. B. 76, tail (incomplete) 160, length head 18.5, breadth head 12, depth head 9.8,. forelimb 24.5, hindlimb 37, foot 18.5 mm. Field notes: Found in a variety of habitats, from open grassy or stony fiats to sand-' or bushveld country. Distribution: Southern Africa, excluding the south-western and western Cape Provjnce, Little and Great Namaqualand. Recorded localities: Palapye Rd.; Serowe; Leeuwdoornsstad; Nylstroom; Doornkop, nr. Belfast; Dientje, nr. Vaalhoek;Newington; Ingwavuma; Makumbi; Emparideni; Rusape; Filabusi-Shabani; Monte Cassino, nr. Macheke (A.M.). Marandellas (AM. & KM.). Kimberley (AM., KM., SAM. & T.M.). Hluhluwe (AM. & N.M.). Potchefstroom (AM. & T.M.). Umsinene Drift; nr. Inyamanzi (B.M.). Delport's Hope; Riverton; Belmont; Mafeking; Modder River; Jacobsdal: Taungs; Honeynestkloof; Witput; War'rendale; Lobatsi; Umvoma; Ottoshoop; Premier Mine; Francistown; Molepolole; Plumtr~e (K.M.).. Bulawayo (K.M., R.M. & S.AM.). Junction Umfolosi Rivs. (N.M.). Mariepskop (P.E.M. & T.M.). Outjo; Kaoko Otavi; Otjitondua;. Burghersdorp; Smithfield; Mochudi; Junction Marico & Crocodile Rivs.; Bindura (S.AM.), Acornhoek; Barberton (S.A.M. & T.M.).'. Odendaalsrust;' Pretoria; Rustenburg; Krabbefontein; Shilowane;: Pieters burg; Leydsdorp; Haenertsburg; Hectorspruit; Metlepetsi River; Blaauwberg; Silwane; Gravelotte; Medingen; Perkoe, Olifants Riv. Dist.; btwn. Lake Fundusi & Entabeni; Punda Maria; Uanetsi Riv., E. Tvl.; Weenen; Mt. Silinda; Birchenough Bridge (T,M.), Remarks: Type in the Vienna Museum? NUCRAS INTERTEXTA DAMARANA Parker. Nucras inte'l'texta danw7'ana Parker, 1936,,Novit. ZooL. XL, p. 135 (Type locality; Sissekab, Damaraland). Description: This form is closely related to holubi, but is distinguished therefrom mainly on its smaller size and the shortening of the interparietal, and considerable' reduction. or absence of the occipital so that the parietals always form a suture behind. The. characters are as follows: head small, broader than deep (from Il/}o to 13/,0), Ii to H times as long as broad; in length 4-5: times into length of head and body. Adpressed hindlimb reaches. wrist or elbow; foot as long as head; tail It times to twice as long as head and body. Frontal sometimes shorter than its distance from tip of snout; parietals about 1! times as long as broad; occipital rudimentary or more usually absent; interparietal shortened, forming an acute angle posteriorly', and parietals in contact with one another behind; parietal foramen present; gular scales in a straight line between symphysis of chin-shields and collar, which is composed of 8 or 9 scales; dorsal scales smooth, across middle of body~ ventra Is in 8 longitudinal and transverse rows; 1()-'-':'13 femoral pores on each side; lamellae under 4th toe. Colour: Dark brown above, with three narrow white longitudinal stripes; two narrow white lines on each side, the upper from middle of ear being' complete; circular white. spots on limbs; a white line along back of thighs and inner borders of tibiae; below, uniform pinkish-white.. Dimensions (after Parker): Male, H. & B. 52 mm. Female 54 mm,. Distribution: Known only from type locality, viz. Sissekab. Damaraland. Remarks: Types in British Museum (N.H.). 322

23 LACERTA Linnaeus. Lacerta part., Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat., I, p. 359 (type: agilis).. Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p Bedriaga, 1886, A,bh. Senck. Ges., XIV, p Seps part., Laurenti, 1768, Syn. Rept., p. 58. Lacerta Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., p Wie~ann, 1834, Herp. Mex, p. 9. Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 30. Schreiber, 1875, Herp.. Eur., p Lataste, 1885, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) II, p Bou]enger, 1887,. Cat. Liz., III, p. 2. Werner, 1904, Zool. Anz., XXVII, 'p Boulenger, 1916, Trans. Zool. Soc., XXI, p. 1. Schmidt, 1919, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H.. XXXIX, p Boulenger, 1921, Monogr. Lacert., II, p. 28. Synonyms: Zootoca Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., p. 155, and dray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 27. Podarcis part., Wagler, 1830, Syst. Amph., p Podarcis Wiegmann, 18.34, Herp. Mex., p. 9. Thimon Tschudi, 1836, Isis, XXIX, p Teira Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., I, P. 280, and 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 33. T.hetia Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p Nucras part., Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 33. Atropis Gluckselig, 1851, Lotos, p GaLlotia & Centromastix Boulenger. 1916, Trans. Zool. Soc., XXI, p. 3.. Head'shields normal. Nostril pierced between 2-4 nasals. and bordered by 1st upper labial or narrowly separated therefrom. Lower eyelid scaly or with a small transparent disc. Collar present and well-marked. Dorsal scales. granular or flattened, not or but feebly imbr.icate, much smaller than caudal scales. Ventral plates smooth, usually juxtaposed, sometimes imbricate, with posterior borders truncate or straight. Digits cylindrical or compressed; subdigital lamellae smooth or tubercular. Femoral pores present. Tail long and cylindrical. '.' EJ The genus, comprising terrestrial, rupicolous, monticolous and arboreal fonffs, is represented in South Africa by two species. Distribution : Europe, extending westwards into northern and western Asia, and southwards through northern and tropical "Africa to southern Africa.... Key to the South African Species of LACERTA. Four upper labials anterior to subocular, whose lower border is much shorter than upper; dorsal scales very small and granular, about 68 scales across middle of body; scales on tibia smooth and granular, 'a little smaller than dorsals; collar even-edged; spotted above L. australis Hwt. p. 323 Five upper labials anterior to subocular, whose lower border is but little shorter than upper; dorsal scales modera.tely large, flattened and imbricate, about 36 scales across middle of body; scales on tibia keeled' and imbricate, much smaller than dorsals; collar serrated; striped above L. rl(picola Fitz., p. 325 LACERTA AUSTRALIS Hewitt. (Text-figs ).. Lacerta australis Hev:itt, 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., XX, p. 483, pi. XLV, fig. 3 (Type locality: Matroosberg, C.P.). Description: Head moderately depressed, body feebly so; head a. little over H times as long as broad, length about 3i times into length of head and body, as broad as neck. Snout 'pointed, shorter than 323

24 postocular part of head; occipital region flat. Upper head shields smooth. Adpressed hindlimb reaches collar. Foot subequal in length to head. Tail cylindrical. Nostril pierced b~tween the nasal and one ('r two postnasals, and 1st upper labial. Nasals in contact with one another behind rostral. Frontonasal hexagonal,.broader than long. Prefrontals forming a median suture. Frontal hexagonal, about equal in length to its distance from end of snout, broader in front than behind, about 1~ times as long as broad, breadth behind much less than that of supraoculars, sides almost straight. A pair of fronto- E E co 2> Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Lacerta australis (S.A.M. Type, No ), dorsal view of head. Lacerta australis JS.A.M. Type, No ), underside of head. Lacerta austrnlis (S.A.M.. Type, No ), side.view of head. parietals. Parietals about g. times as long as broad, in contact with. 4th supraocular, separated from the postoculars. No parietal foramen' present. Interparietal a little less than twice as long as broad, feebly narrowed behind where it forms good contact.with occipital, which is a little broader than, but just over 1 length of, interparietal. 4. Supraoculars, 1st very small and well-separated from frontal, distinctly smaller than 4th; of the two major supraocu}ars, the 1st is longer. 6 Supraciliaries, 1st and 2t:ld subequal in length with suture between olique. A series of 9 granules between supraoculars and supraciliaries.rostral not entering nostril. Anterior loreal shorter' than posterior. 4 Upper labials anterior to subocular, whose lower border is much shorter than upper; a strongly-marked keel along upper border subocular. An elongate temporal shield on each side, 324

25 followed by 3 smaller rounded ones; temporal scales small and granular, similar to dorsals. An' elongate tympanic shield on the upper anterior edge of the large exposed ear-opening. No auricular denticulation. Lower eyelid scaly, with a few irregular vertically enlarged scales in the middle. 6 Lower labials. 5 Pairs of enlarged chin-shields, 1st smallest and 4th largest, first three pairs in median con tact with one another. 5 or 6 Postoculars. No masserteric shield: no pterygoid teeth. About 30 gular scales in a straight line between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar plate; a gular fold present, but not strongly mal'ked. Collal'straight, free, even-edged, composed of 8 plates. Dorsal scales small, granular, smooth, similar to laterals; 'about 68 scales across middle of body. Ventral plates quadrangular, feebly imbricate, in 6 longitudinal and 28 transverse series (counting from the row of obliquely elongated scales behind collar); the plates of the second row from the middle much broader than long, a little broader than outerino'st row and much broader than inner. An enlarged preanal plate, preceded by two smaller ones. 'Forelimb with small granular scales on upper surface of forearm and a series of strongly enlarged plates' along anterior surface; on upper and anterior surface of humerus scales enlarged, flat, smooth, imbricate. Scales on upper surface tibia granular and a little smallel' than dorsals; along anterior surface of thigh is a series of 7 much enlarged and vertically elongate plates, while similar plates are present on lowel' surface of tibia Femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae smooth under 4th toe. Scales on tail enlarged, quadrangular, elongate; dorsally they are more or less smooth basally, becoming keeled distally; below, scales smooth basally, more strongly keeled distally and bluntly mucronate. Colour (in spirit): Above and on sides, dark brown to blackish, with numerous pale green spots which are arranged in more or less regular longitlfdinal series; upper surface head freckled or mottled with pale green, while indistinct pale vertical stripes occur on temporal region:' somewhat indistinct pale spots on tail. Below, bluish-green; lips. chin-shields and throat pale greenish, with small black spots and mottlings. Dimensions: Female (Type, S.A.M ), H. & B. 42, tail incomplete, length head 11.2, breadth head 7, forelimb 13, hindlimb 22, foot 11.0 mm. Distribution: Known only from the type locality, viz. Matroosberg, near Ceres, western Cape Province. Evidently of rare occurrence, as only a single specimen has been recorded. Remarks: Type in the S~uth African Museum, Cape Town. LACERT A RUPICOLA FitzSimons. (Text-figs. 210 & 211). Lacerta rupicola FitzSimons, 193:3, Ann. Tv!. Mus., XV, p. 278, text-fig. 6 (Type locality: Lake Fundusi, Zoutpansberg Mtns., N. Tv!.). Description: Head and body strongly depressed; head g times as long as broad; its length about 45- times into length from snout to vent, slightly broader than neck. Snout pointed, slightly longer than postocular part of head; occipital region flat. Upper head shields smooth. Adpressed hindlimb reaches armpit. Foot longer than head. Tail somewhat depressed basally, cylindrjcal distally, about 1"[5 times.length of head and body. Nostril pierced between nasal and two superposed postnasals, just separated from 1st upper labial' by. a narrow rim. Nasals forming a suture behind rostral. Frontonasal much broader than long. Prefrontals in contact with one another. 325

26 Frontal hexagonal.'-slightly less than its distance from end of snout, but slightly broader in front than behind, about F'~ times as long as broad, posteriorly slightly narrower than major s~praoculars. A pair of frontoparietals. Parietals H times as long as broad, outer border straight, in good contact with 4th silpraocular, separated from postoculars. 4 Supraoculars, lst very small (a little smaller than 4th) cmd separated 'from frontal; of the two major supraoculars, the 1st is the longer. 6 Supraciliaries, 2nd longest, suture between 1st and 2nd very slightly oblique. A series of 8-10 granules between supraoculars and supraciliaries.. A shallow parietal foramen present in ;:;nterior half of interparietal, which is distinctly narrowed behind and in contact with occipital, separating parietals; occipital broader than interparietal and about half as long. Rostral not entering nostril. Anterior loreal shortel; than posterior. Five upper labials anterior to subocular, 'whose lower border is but little shorter than upper; keel below eye feebly marked. Lower eyelid scaly with a few much enlarged and. vertically elongate scales in the middle. An elongate upper temporal shield on each side, followed by three smaller ones; temporal I.1 E E N Fig Fig }'ig Fig Lacerta rtlpicola (Type. T.M. No Lake Fundusi), dorsal view of head. Lacerta rupicola (Type, T.M. No 13989). side view of head. scales granular and much smaller than dorsals. An elongate tympanic. shield on upper anterior edge of ear-opening; which is large and exposed. Two to three postoculars. No pterygoid teeth. No masserteric shield. 5-6 Lower labia Is. 5 Pairs of enlarged chin-shields, 1st pair smallest, the three anterior pairs in contact with one another mesially. About 24 gular scales in a straight line from symphysis of chin-shields to median collar plate; gular fo~d distinct, scales anteri.or thereto elongate and oblique. while those posterior are more or less rounded and smaller, though enlarging again towards collar: latter slightly curved, free, serrated. composed of 7 plates. Dorsal scales flat, hexagonal. imbricate, more or less smooth antetiorly and feebly keeled posteriorly: laterals smaller, keeled and strongly imbricate; about 36 scales across middle of body. Ventral plates large, quadrangular, imbricate and more or less tessellated, arranged in 6 longitudinal and 26 transverse series; plates in second row from the middle twice as broad as long and.much broader than others. A very large preanal plate, bordered in front and on sides by a single row of smaller plates. A series of much enlarged plates along anterior surface of forelimb; scales on upper surface of forearm flattened and 326

27 :smooth. similar to dorsals; on upper surface of humerus scales' much enlarged and' imbricate. Sca!es on upper surface thigh small and subgranular, on tibia a little larger, keeled and imbricate but much smaller than dorsals; a series of much enlarged plates along anterior.surface of thigh, continuing along lower surface of tibia. 15 Femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae smooth, about 26 under 4th toe. Caudal scales enlarged and elongate, strongly keeled dorsally, with each keel ending in an obtuse point on posterior margin of :scale; ventrally, 'scales narrower than above and more feebly keeled, first 6-7 rows behind vent smooth with straight posterior edges; -laterally, scales near base of tail diagonally keeled; 23 scales in fifth whorl from vent. Colour: Above, dark brown to blackish, with a white dorsolateral Jongitudinal band on each side, running from 4th supraocular to base,of tail; a thin pale lateral stripe from lower posterior corner of eye to armpit, continued faintly and interruptedly along sides of body to groin; head pale olive brown above, with a faint speckling of darker brown, on sides there is a dark band from just behind nostril through eye to lower temporal region; upper surface of limbs and :sides of body paler than on back, with a few scattered whitish spots. Below, bluish, with slight speckling of dark blue to blackish, more jntense under. limbs. Tail pale brown above, with the dark body -colour extending over proximal half in three longitudinal bands (i.e. a median dorsal and two laterals); below, pale bluish. Dimensions:. Female (Type, T.M ), H. & B. 49, tail 68.5, length head 11.3, breadth head 7.5, forelimb 15.5, hindlimb 26, foot 12.5 mm. Field notes: Taken under moss Qn boulders damming up' the valley of the Motale River to form Lake Fundusi, which lies at an lljtitude of about 2600 ft. in the heart of the Zoutpansberg Mountains. Distribution: Known only from the type locality, i.e. Lake Fundusi, Zoutpansberg Mountains, N. Transvaal. Remarks: Type in the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. EREMIAS Wiegmann. Podarcis part., Wag:er, 1830, Syst. Amph., p Eremias Wiegmann, 1834, Herp. Mex., p. 9 (type: Lacerta velox Pallas). Peters, 1869, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, p. 60. Lataste, 1885, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) II, p Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 80. Anderson, 1898, Zool. Egypt, I, Rept. & Batr., p Bedriaga,1909, Wiss. Res. Przewalski Reise, Amph. Rept. Hewitt, 1909, Ann. Tv1. Mus., II, p. 40. Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 473 et seq. Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kalan., IV, 2, p. 29. Boulenger, 1918, Journ. Zoo1. Res., III, p. 1, and 1921, Mon. Lacert., II, p M. Smith, 1935, Fauna Brit. Ind., p Eremias part., Gray, 18:l8, Ann. Nat. Rist., I, p Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 39. Scapteira part., Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Rist., I, p Ida part., Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., I, p MesaLina Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., I, p. 281, and 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 42. Aspidorhinus Kchwald, 1841, Faun. Casp.-Cauc., p. 74. Pseuderemias Boettger, Abh. Senck. Ges., XIII, p Boutengerid. Lataste, 1885, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) II, p Lampreremias & Taenieremias Boulenger, 1918, Journ. Zoo1. Res., III, p. 2. Head shields normal, but occipital sometimes vestigial or absent. Parietal foramen present. Nostril pierced between three or four nasals and widely separated from 1st upper labial. Lower eyelid scaly or with a large transparent disc formed of two or more scales. Collar present, distinct and usually complete. Dorsal scales small, flattened or granular, sometimes keeled but usually' smooth, subimbricate or 327

28 juxtaposed. Ventral plates quadrangular, usually imbricate, smooth, with straight posterior edges. Digits sub cylindrical or compressed, not serrated nor fringed laterally (exceptionally slightly denticulated); subdigitallamellae keeled. Femoral pores usually pr:esent. Tail long and cylindrical. Active, slender, terrestrial lizards, represented in South Africa by seven species and subspecies. Distribution; Throughout Africa, extending into south-eastern Europe, and through western and central Asia to North China and Korea.. Key to the South African Species and Subspecies of EREMIAS. 1 Ventral plates in 6 longitudinal series; collar curved; an elongate upper temporal shield present on each side' E. lugubris A. Smith, p. 329 Ventral plates in 10 or more longitudinal series (rarely 8); collar straigh~; no upper temporal shield present.. Z 2 A narrow tympanic shield on upper anterior border of ear~ opening; ventral plates in 10 or 12 regular, longitudinal series 3 No tympanic shield; ventral plates in (exceptionally 10) longitudinal series, often somewhat irregular and tessellated 4 3 Lower eyelid semitransparent, with a row of 10~12 enlarged scales across the middle; scales across middle of body; ventral plates in 12 (rarely 10) longitudinal series; a group of 3-8 small scales in front of anterior supraocular E. namaqllensis D. & B., p. 332 Lower eyelid with a large transparent disc, formed of 2 (rarely 3 or 4) large black-edged scales,,vith 2-4 smaller ones below; scales across middle of body; ventral plates in 10 (rarely 12) longitudinal series; a group of 6-15 small scales and granules in front of anterior supra ocular. E. undata (A. Smith), p Lower eyelid with a large transparent disc, formed of two large, black-edged scales; a distinct median concavity on snout; 3-4 obtusely pointed lobules usually projecting on antedor border of ear; ventral plates in 12 (rarely.14) longitudinal series 5 Lower eyelid opaque or semitransparent, with feebly enlarged scales across the middle; no median concavity on snout; no auricular denticulation; ventral plates in longitudinal series 6 5 Dorsal scales over posterior part of back subequal in 'size to scales on tibia, rhombic, subimbricate and distinctly keeled E. lineo-ocehata lineo-ocellata D. & B., p. 338 Dorsal scales over posterior part of back much smaller than scales on tibia, granular, juxtaposed and not or.but feebly keeled E. lineo-oceilata putcheha Gray, p

29 6 Nasals usually separated by suture of rostral and frontonasal; a group 9f granules in front of anterior supraocular; 8-12 supraciliaries; usually 5 pairs of chin-shields; scales across middle of?ody; ventral plates in longitudinal series; no trace of a gular fold E. capensis (A. Smith), p. 344 Nasals usually in contact with one another behind rostral' small scales and granules in front of anterior supra~ ocular; 7-9 supraciliaries; usually 4 pairs of chin-shields; scales across middle of body; ventral plates in 14 (rarely 16) longitudinal series; a fain tly indicated gular fold E. burchelli D. & B., p. 346 EREMIAS LUGUBRIS (A. Smith). (Text-figs ). Black and Yellow Sand Lizard. Lacerta ~ugubris A. Smith, 1838, Mag. N.H., II; p. 93 (Type locality: "District immediately beyond the northern frontier of the Colony"). Eremias ~ugubris Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p Smith, 1845, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept., pi. XLVI, fig. 2 and 'p!. XLVIII, fig. 5. Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 41. Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berl., p. 18, and 1870, p Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III,p. 84. Boettger, 1894, Ber. Senck. Naturi. Ges.. p. 90 (Rehoboth). Bocage, 1895, Herp: Angola, p. 31 (Angola locs.). Peracca, ]896, Bo!. Mus. Zoo1. Anat. Torino. XI, No. 2.55, p. 1 (Between Kazungula and Bulawayo). Werner, Verh. ZooL-bot. Ges. Wien, 52, p. 339 (Windhoek). Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.., V. p. 477 (Lake Ngami Dist.; Leydsdorp; Messina). Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr., XVI,.p. 330 (S. Hereroland; Okahandja; Lehututu-Kang, Kalahari; Aar = De Aar?). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. TvL Mus., II, p. 113 (Palapye Rd.). Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., 'IV, 2, p. 29, text-fig. 31 (Neu Barmen), and Mitt!. Zoo1. Mus.' Berlin, V, p. 404 (Namutoni-Outjo). Hewitt & Power, 1913, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., III, p. 156 (Francistown; 'Ky Ky & Nossob). Methuen & Hewitt, 1914, Ann. Tvl. Mus., IV, p. 138 (Narudas Sud & Wasserfall, Karasberg Dist.). Werner, 1915, in Michaelsen, Land u. Susswasser Fauna Deutsch S.W. Afr., I, p. 341 (Okawango). BouJenger, 1918, Jorn. Zool. Res., III, p. 3, and 1919, C.R. Ac. Sc. Paris, CLXVIII, p. 78. and 1921, Mon. Lacert., n; p 239 (Mahalapye; L. Ngami; Ky KYo Lower Nosop; nr. Palapye). FitzSimons, 1935, Ann. Tv!. Mus., XVI, p. 358 (Molepolole-Kuke Pan, Gomodimo Pan,Kaotwe Pan, Okwa River, Damara Pan and Sunnyside-Machumi Pan, Kalahari; MabeJeapudi, Lake Ngami, Maun and Shorobe, Ngamiland; KabuJabula). Parker, 1936, NoviL Zoo1., XL, p. 134 (HofInung, nr. Windhoek). FitzSimons, 1937, Ann. Tv!" Mus., XVII, p Mertens, 1937, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges.,. 43.5, p. 9 (Windhuk). FitzSimons, 1938, Ann. TvL Mus., XIX, p. 196 (Waterberg & Lake Guinas.. Damaraland;,Namutoni-Ondonga and Oshikango, Ovamboland),. and 19311, XX, p. 33 (Changadzi River & Birchenough Bridge, S.R.J. Eremias dorsalis Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 41. Description: Head and body moderately depressed; head from l~ to a little over H times as long as br.oad, length 3!- to about 4 times into length head and body in males, and 4 to 4j in females; head as broad as neck or a little narrower. Snout pointed, as long as postocular part of head. Nasals slightly swollen; canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region feebly concave; a shallow median concavity on snout reaching backwards to middle of posterior half of frontal. Adpressed hindlimb reaches to between ear and eye or to eye in males, to ear or a little beyond in females. Foot it to H times length of head. Toes slender and fee'qly compressed. Tail 2-23 '., times length of head and body. 329

30 Upper head shie~ds fiat and smooth, or slightly rugose. Nostril pierced between three nasals. Supranasals usually in contact w'ith' one another behind rostral.' Frontonasal as' broad as; or a little broader than long. Prefrontals forming a median suture, as long as or a little longer than br:oad. Frontal as long as or a lit~le shorter than its distance from end of snout, H to 2:i times as long as broad, rounded in front, distinctly narrowed behind, separated from supraoculars by a, series of small scales: Parie"tals as broad as or broader than long, not exceeding frontoparietals in length, Interparietal small, in contact with or separated from a very small occipital which may sometimes be absent. Two large supraoculars. preceded by a group of small granular scales and followed' by a smaller group of similar scales. anterior supraocular about equal in length to its E E '-q- -+ /<'ig, 212, Fig. 212, Eremias [ugubris' (T,M, No, Birchenough Bridge), dorsal "jew of head, Fig Eremias lugubris (T,M, No, 18(85), underside of head. Fig, 214, Eremias [ugubris (T,M, No, 18685), side view of head, distance fom posteror lor-eal. 5-7 (Usually 5 or 6) supraciliaries, 1st Longest; one or two (usually one anteriorly and two posteriorly) series of very small granular scales separating supraciliaries from supraoculars. Nostril pierced between 3 nasals, lowermost in contact with rostral and 1st upper labial (exceptionally with both 1st and 2nd labials); postnasal smallest, between upper and lower nasals. Anterior loreal almost square, usually shorter than posterior

31 <Usually 5) upper labia Is anterior to subocular. which borders lip. -and has lower border much shorter than upper. An elongate, keeled. upper temporal, followed by 2-4 smaller shields; sometimes separated from parietal by a series of granules. Temporal scales smooth or feebly keeled, lower larger than upper. A narrow, curved tympanic shield on upper anterior border ear-opening. No distinct auricular denticulation, but usually 2-'-4 feebly projecting granular scales on anterior border of ear-opening. Lower eyelid scaly; opaque 9r semitransparent, with a series of feebly enlarged scales across middle Lower labials. 4-5 (Usually 4, the 5th being much reduced or.absent) pairs of chin-shields. the three (exceptionally two or four),anterior pairs in median contact. Gular.scales widening and strongly imbricate posteriorly towards collar, which is curved, free and composed of 6-11 (usually 8 or 9) plates; (usually 22-26) g'ular scales in a straight line between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar' plate. Dorsal scales rhombic, small and keeled, larger and smooth on sides towards ventrals; usually from (exceptionally as few as 66) sqjes across middle of body. Ventral plates in 6 (exceptionally 8) longitudinal and (usually 24-26) transverse series; plates of 4 inner rows at least twice as broad as long. Preanal scales irregular or (in males) those of two median longitudinal rows more 'or less regular and larger than others. Scales on upper surface of tibia rhombic, keeled, subimbricate, as large as or a little larger than dorsals, on lower surface a series of very large and one of smaller plates (Usually ) femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae bi- or tricarinate, (usually.27-28) under 4th toe. Scales on tail above. oblique, strongly keeled diagonally and truncate behind; below, smooth basally and feebly keeled distally. Colour: Juvenile, black above and below, with symmetrically.arranged yellow spots and markings arranged as follows: a stripe round upper edge of orbits; a spot on upper surface snout; an elongate spot on upper lip (usually extending over first three or four labials); a bar below and behind eye; a spot or short streak behind earopening; a round spot just above shoulder; three longitudinal series of elongate spots on back, the vertebral series usually forming a -continuous stripe from base of tail to nape where it bifurcates; snots on limbs above. Tail black basally, passing 'thence to buff, pinkish 'brown and finally reddi.sh-yellow distally.. As specimens grow olde'r, the general black colour fades to brownish above and white below, the dorsal rows of pale spots become continuous and form regular stripes, while the interrupted rows of dark spots between become well defined. Fully adult specimens vary from light greyish-brown to tawny, chestnut or reddish-brown above, with 3 pale (white to' light buff) longitudinal stripes. the median (usually bifurcate on nape) continues for a third or half way down tail, while' the dorsolateral stripes arise on anterior loreal, pass below eye and through ear to.groin; between these pale stripes there are series of black tansverse spots or short bars, and a similar series along flanks; large, pale darkedged spots on limbs; hindlimbs paler than back; tail pale buff to reddish-brown: rump, base of tail and upper surface thighs salmon pink in breeding males. Lower surfaces white. Dimensions: Male (T.M Farm 'Venice,' E. Tv!'), H. & B. 56. tail 135. length head breadth head 10. forelimb 20.. hindlimb, 41, foot 21.5 mm. Female (T.M Birchenough Bridge). H. & B. 57, tail 120, length head breadth.head 9.4, forelimb 19.5, hindlimb 39.5, foot 20 mm. Field notes: Found in sandy. grass- or bushveld country, where they are often seen, during the sunny part of the day, darting about :331

32 between the bushes and shrubs. Their diet consists mainly of termites, together' with other small ground living insects and their larvae. The eggs, 4-6 in number, are oval and measure X 6-7 mm. Distribution: The northern parts of South Africa, from Great Namaqualand northwards to southern. Angola in the West, across Bechuanaland Protectorate to the northern-eastern Transvaal and Southem Rhodesia in the East. Recorded localities: Palapye Road: Nosop River; Ky Ky; Omatjenne; Blaauwberg; Empandeni; Matetsi; Gazumaland; btwn. Filabusi & Shabani (A.M.). Leydsdorp (A.M., SAM. & T.M.). Mica (A.M. & T.M.). Sandfontein. nr. Gobabis (K.M. & S.A.M.). Okahandja (P.E.M. & T.M.). Mochudi; Areb: Otjitambe; Etosha Pan; Outjo; Ondonga; Ongandjera; Mafa; Uwuthya: Kamanyab; Hoarusib River (S.A.M.). Lake Ngami; Namutoni: Wankie (S.A.M. & T.M.). Campbell; Molepolole-Kuke Pan;.Gomodimo Pan;. Okwa River; Sunnyside-Machumi Pan; Mabeleapudi: Shorobe; Kabulabula; Narudas Slid & Wasserfall, Gt. Karasberg Dist.; Erongo Mtn.; Karibib; Waterberg, S.W. Afr.; Lake Guinas; Namutoni Ondonga; Oshikango; Great Saltpan; Mopani; M'Pagoni, on Limpopo River; N'Wanedzi, N'Jelele & Brak River Districts, N.Tvl.; Letsitele Sdng.; Olifants River Dist., E. Tv!'; Pietersburg; Klaserie; Mazambo: Changadzi River; Birchenough Bridge (T.M.). Messina (W.U.M.). Remarks: Types in the British Museum of Natural History. EREMIAS NAMAQUENSIS Dumeril & Bibron. (Text-figs ). Namaqua Sand Lizard.. Eremias namaquensis Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen.. V. p. 307 (Type locality: "Namaqualand"). A. Smith. 1845, III. Zoo1. S. Afr. Rept., pi. XLIV, fig. 2 & pl. XLVIII, figs. 6 & 6a (Great Namaqualand). Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p Boulenger, )887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 91. Bocage, 1895, Herp. Angola, p. 31 (Angola locs.), and 1896, Jorn. Sci. Lisb. (2) IV, 'p. 117 (Modder River). Roux, 1907, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p. 426 (Jakhalswater, O'okiep & Steinkopf, L.N.). Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 477 (Bredasdorp; Beaufort West; Matatiele). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, pp. 109 & 113. Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr., XVI, p. 330 (Otjimbingue; Keetmanshoop; S. Hereroland). Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p. 30, text-fig. 32 (Wfndhuk; Neu Barmen), and Mittl. Zool. Mus. Ber!., V, p. 404 (Walvis Bay).. Hewitt & Power, 1913, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr.;III, p. 156 (Ky Ky; Nosop; Lower Molopo; Modder River). Nieden, 1913/14, Sitzber. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, No. 10, p. 451 (Rehoboth).. Methuen & Hewitt, 1914, Ann. Tvl. Mus., IV. p. 138 (Wasserfall, Narudas Slid & Groendoorn-Wasserfall, Gt. Karasberg Dist.). Boulenger, 1918, Journ. Zool. Res., III, p. 5, and Mon. Lacert., II, p. 280 (Gamis, Damaraland; Jamesville = Jamestown?; Port Elizabeth & Deelfontein, C:P.).. Power, 1933, Trans., Roy. Soc. S. Afr., XXI, p. 217 (Putzonderwater; prieska; Britstown; De Aar;. Orange River Stn.). Cott, 1934, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 162 (Mortimer & Halesowen, C.P.). FitzSimons, 1935, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XV, p. 536 (Van Zyls Rust, on Kuruman River; junct. Nosop & Oup Rivers; Rietfontein; Keetmanshoop; Soebatsfontein; Kuboos; Richtersveld). and XVI, p. 360 (Molepolole-Kuke Pan, Gomodimo, Kaotwe and Gemsbok Pans, Kalahari; MothatJogo, on Lake N'gami). Parker, 1936, Novit. Zool., XL, p. 134 (Hoffnung; Rehoboth). Hewitt. 1937, Guide Vert. Fauna E. Cape Provo S. Afr., II, p. 33, pi. XII, fig. 3 (Cradock; De Aar; Graafl-Reinet)... Eremias namaquensis namaquensis FitzSimons, 1938, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XIX, p. 196 (Asab Sdng.; Kamanyab; Karub; Sinclair Mine; Barby; Berseba: Berseba-Keetmanshoop; nr. Goodhouse; Brandvlei). Eremias breviceps Sternfeld, 1911, Mitt!. Zool. Mus. Berlin, V, p. 404,- text-fig. 2 (Walvis Bay)... Eremias namaquensis quadrangularis Hewitt, 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., XX, p (Kalkfontein, G.N.). ' 332

33 Description: Head and body depressed; head 1} to 15 times as.long 'as broad, length 3~ to 4 times into length of head and body in males and 4 to 4l in females, as broad as or a little broader than neck. Snout pointed, as long as or a little longer than postocular part of head. Canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region feebly concave; nasals slightly swollen; a shallow median concavity on snout extending backwards to midd2e or posterior third offrontal. Adpressed hindlimb reaches to ear or to between ear and eye in males, to shoulder or ear in females. Foot 1?i to It times length head. Tges slender and feebly compressed. Tail 2 to 24/" times head ij.nd body. Upper head shields flat and smuoth or feebly rugose. Supraoculars in contact behind rostral. Frontonasal as broad as or a little Fig Fig Fig Eremias namaquensis (T.M. No Kuboos), dorsal view of head. Eremias namaquensis <T.M. No ), underside of head. Eremias namaquensis (T.M. No ). side view of head. broader than long (exceptionally divided into two longitudinally). Prefrontals as long as or a little longer than broad, in median contact with one another or' more often separated by 1-4 (usually 1) small shields. Frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from end of snout, Ii to H ti~s as long as broad, rounded in front, much narrowed behind. Parietals as long as or a little longer than broad. Jnterparietal as large as or.a little larger than frontoparietals, usually 333

34 in contact with the, much smaller occipital, sometimes separate.d by-, suture of parietals or by 1 or 2 smail intervening shields. Two supra-' oculars, preceded by a group of 3-8 small scales and followed by a smaller group of granules; anterior supraocular longer than its distance from,posterior loreal. 5-8 (Usually 6 or 7) supraciliaries, 1st longest, separated from supraoculars 'by a single (or a single series in front 'and two behind) series o.f'small granular' scales. Nostril pierced between three nasals, lowermost.in contact' with rostral and' 1st upper labial (exceptionally with both 1st and 2nd labials); Pqst- - nasal' smallest. Anterior loreal much longer than deep,,shorter than posterior. 3-6 (Usually 4-5) upper labials anterior to subocular, which borders lip and has lower border much shorter than upper. No upper temporal shield. Temporal scales very small, granular and, smooth. A narrow tympanic shield on upper anterior border of eay-. opening; no auricular denticulation. Lower eyelid scaly, opaque or semi-transparent, scales in middle enlarged (sometimes one such especially so). 6-7 Lower labials. Usually 4 pairs of, chin-shields; (exceptionally 5), the last largest, three anterior pairs in contact with one another mesially (Usually 30-34) gular scales in a straight line from symphysis of chin-shields to median collar plate; no gular fold. Collar straight, free. and composed of 7 to 11 (usually 7-9) plates. Dorsal, scales small, juxtaposed, granular, smooth,' larger on sides towards ventral plates; 47 to 65 (usually 56-60) scales across: middle of Qody. Ventral plates in 10 Or 12 (usually 12) longitudinal: and 27 to 33 (usually 27-30) transverse rows, those of the two median' and the outermost rows longer than bl'oad, others broader than long.. Preanal scales irregular, sometimes 1, 2 or 3 in median line enlarged. Scales on forelimb above, smooth or obtusely keeled; a series of transversely enlarged plates on forearm below. Scales on tibia above., rhombic, keeled, subimbricate and much. larger than dorsals: below" a series of very large plates and one of small. 10 to 16 (Usually 12-'--14) femoral pores on each'side. Subdigital lamellae bicarinate, spinulose, 24 to 30 (usually 26-28).under 4th toe. Scales on tail above, oblique, strongly keeled diagonally, truncate behind; below, smooth or obtusely keeled basally. Colour: Juvenile, longitudinally striped alternately with black and white above, the white stripes distinctly narrower than the black:' usuany 5 black stripes over back, the median (or vertebral), bifurcating on nape and enclosing another short median streak in the fork, thus giving 1 stripes in all on 'neck (sometimes a very narrow vertebral white stripe dividing median dark stripe);' dorsoa, lateral stripes run from above and behind eye to base of tail, while the laterals extend from below and behind eye through ear to groin: vertebral stripe usually narrowest Limbs brown, with round white spots. Tail reddish-brown to a pale pinky brown. In' adults, the dark stripes persist more or less on a pale grey to greyish-brown or' buff ground, but usually bear series of yellow to chestnut ocellar spots' or are broken up into series of squarish spots with light brown interspaces; the vertebr,al stripe is usually bifurcate On nape, but frequently fades out over posterior half of back; lateral stripes broadest and usually broken up into series of irregular, vertically elongate blackish spots or bars, with reddish-brown intersp!'lces; in breeding males a: row of irregular, ochraceous orange spots runs along lower side of neck and flanks and continues behind thighs. Head 'uniform. Limbs pale spotted and tinged with pink. Tail yellowish-buff to salmon pink or orangy red. Lower surfaces white. Dimensions: Male (T.M Asab Sdng.), H. & B. 52.5, tail 120, length head 13.4, breadth head 7.5, forelimb 19.5, hindlimb 35.5_ 334

35 foot 18 mm. Female (T.M Soebatsfontein), H. & B. 51.5, tail 120, length head' 12, breadth head 7.5, forelimb 17, hindlimb 31, foot 16.5 mm. Field notes: Largely.confined to dry Karroid, stony or sandy areas. Habits in' genei-al very similar to those of Eremias lineoocellata. Distri,bution: South West Africa, northwards into southern Angola, southwards into Little Namaqualand and' thence eastwards across the southern Kalahari. north-western Cape Province. western Orange Free'State and Karroa to the eastern Cape Province. Recorded localities: A~kaikas; Rehoboth; Haigamchab; Warmbad; Kaokoveld; Avoca; Middelburg, C.P.; Ky Ky (AM.). Victoria West (AM., D. M. & T.M:). Schoombie (AM. & K.M.). Cradock (AM., P.E.M. & T.M.). Graaff-Reihet; Karib (AM. & SAM.). Beaufort West (AM. & T.M.).' :Upington (N.M.). Draghoender-Marydale; Barkly West; Niekerkshoop; Kimbedey; Riverton; Koegas; Prieska; Raman; Putsonderwater-Koegas; Modder River Stn.; Postmasburg; Hopetown; Colesberg (K.M.). Gobabis; De Aar (K.M. & S.AM.). Areb; Nauchas; Gurumanas; B411sneck Pass;,camis; Voigtsgrund; Nomptsas; Gibeon; Maltahohe; Kaoko Otavi; Aus; Outjo; Ababis; Narugas; Keimoes; Aminuis; Aughrabies Falls; Kalkfontein,oG.N.; Kamieskroon; Steinkopf; Springbok; Jakhalswater; Williston; Nelspoort; Matatiele; Hanover (S.A.M.). 'Kamanyab; Great Karasberg; Kuboos; Junction Nosop & Oup Rivers' (S.AM. & T.M.). Okahandja; Lake Guinas; Karub; Berseba; Sinclair Mine; Barby; Asab Sdng.; Rietfontein; Rietfontein Aroab; Soebatsfontein; Goodhouse; Branqvlei; Matjesfontein; Steyt-, lerville; Van Zylsrust (T.M.). Remarks: Original description bas~d on, specimens collected by Andrew Smith; types in the British Museum of Natural History. The subspecies quadrangularis Hwt. does not appear to be separable, as, all the characters used to distinguish it. from typical namaquensis", fall within the range of variation as found ip the latter. EREMIAS UNDAT A (A Smith). (Text-figs. 218 & 219). Western Sand Lizard. Lacerta undata A. Smith, 183a, Mag. Nat. Hist., II, p.. 93 (Type,locality:' " N brthern and western parts of the Cape' Colony"). Eremias undata Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz.. p. 42. Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz.,. III, p. 92. Fischer, 1888, Mittl. Mus. Hamburg, p. 12 (Angra Pequena; Aus). Boettger, 1894, Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges., p. 90 (Rehoboth). Werner, 1902, Ver. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, LII, p. 339 (Windhoek). Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr., XVI, p. 331 (S. Hereroland).. Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II; p Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2,,p, 3D, text-fig. 34 (Gobabis; Outjo). Werner" 1915, in Michaelsen, Land u. Siisswasser Fauna Deutsch-S.W. Afr." I, p. 341 (Windhuk; Karibib). Boulenger, 1918, Journ.,Zool. Res., III, p. 5, and 1921, Mon. Lacert., II, p. 283 (Naroep; Nauchas;. Bullsneck Pass; Kuboos). Power, 1933, Trans. Roy, Soc. S. Afr., XXI, p. 217 (Prieska). Parker, 1936, Novit. Zool., XL, p. 134 (Lake Guinas; Sissekab; Otjosongombe; Hoffnung; Rehoboth; Kobui = Kobos?, S. of Rehoboth; Bullspoort, Naukluft Mtns.; Voigtsgrund; Satansplatz). FitzSimons, 1937, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XVII, p. 268, and 1938, XIX, p. 196 (Oshikango; Outjo; Kamanyab; Paderburn, Kaokove]d; Liebig's Ranch and Naubaumis, nr. Windhoek). Mertens, 1937, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., 435, p. 9 (Windhuk). Eremias undata part., A. Smith, 1845, Ill. Zool. S, Afr. Rept. Boulenger,. 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., p. 477 (Little Namaqualand; Luderitzb~cht)_ 335

36 Eremia~ inorna~a Roux, 1907, Zool Jahrb. Syst., p. 427, pi. XV fi'gs 1-3 (Orange RIver, ~.N.). Hewitt 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, PP. i09 & :13 (Naroep; Stemko~f). Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV. 2, p. ~O, fig. 33. HewItt & Power, 1913, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., III, t' 156 (Lower Mo]opo; Grondneus). Methuen & Hewitt, 1914, Ann. yl..mus., ~V! p. 138, text-fig. 16 (figs. 1-5) (Great Karasberg D.I.stnct; QUlblS = Kuibis). Werner, 1915, 'in Michaelsen. Land u. S.usswasser Faun~ Deutsch-S.W,. Afr., I, p. 342 (Usakos; Rehoboth). Eremws undat.a var. tnqrnata Sternfeld, 1911, Mittl. Zoo1. Mus. Berlin V p. 404 (Wmdhuk; Warmbad). ', E1'emia~ unda~a.inornata FitzSimons, 1935, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XV, p. 537 (Rletfon.teJ~.; Keetmanshoop; Kuibis; Aus; Kakamas; Pofadder; Lekkersmg, Kuboos), and 1938, XIX, p. 196 (Okosongomingo Waterberg, S.W. Afr.; Karub; Sinclair Mine; Kuibis-Konkiep; Seeheim; Brukkaros; Berseba-Keetmanshoop)... Description: Closely. related to E. namaquensis. Snout a little longer than postocular part of head. Adpressed hindlimb reaches ear?r to eye. in males, to between shoulder and ear or just beyond ear III females. Prefrontals usually in median contact with one another. Fig Fig Fig Eremias undata (T.M. No Windhoek).. dorsal view of head. Eremias undata (T.M. No ), side view of head. 'sometimes separa~ed by 1 or 2 small intervening shields. Parietals H to H times as long as broad. Interparietal larger (often much larger) than frontoparietals, in contact with the shorter occipital (exceptionally separated by a small azygous shield.) Two supraoculars, preceded by a group of 6-15 small scales or granules;.anterior supraocular usually in contact with frontal, exceptionally partly or wholly separated therefrom by a series of granules (Usually 6) supraciliaiies, 1st longest, separated from supra oculars ~by a series of granules, usually a single series anteriorly and a double (exceptionally 3) posteriorly. Nasals slightly swollen,. lowermost in contact with rostral and first upper labial. Usually 5 (exceptionally -4 or 6) upper labials anterior to subocular, which is keeled below the eye and borders lip, its lower border being much shorter than the upper. No upper. temporal shields. Temporal scales small, granular,.smooth. A narrow tympani<: shield on upper anterior border ear opening;no. auricular denticulation, though a few granules may project slightly. Lower eyelid with a transparent disc, formed usually of 2 (exceptionally 3 or 4) large black-edged scales above and a row -of 2--4 much sma:ller ones below. 6-8 Lower labials. 4 (Exception.ally 5) pairs of chin shields, last largest, first three in median contact 336

37 with one another (Usually 28-32) gular scales in a stra.ight Jine between symphysis' of chin shields and median collar plate. 'Collar straight, free, composed of 9-15 plates. Dorsal scales small, juxtaposed; granular,. smooth, larger on.sides towa:rds ventrals;' 5s-:.75 (usually 58-64) scales across middle of body. Ventral plates in 10.(exceptionally 12) longitudinal and (usually 27-32) transverse rows (from collar to groin); plates of the two median and the.outermost rows 'longer than broad, others broader than long; transverse row of ventrals across.chest just behind collar, much longer than broad: Preanal scales irregular, median ones usually largest. Scales on upper surface forelimb large, smooth or obtusely keeled;.lower surface of 'forearm with a series of transversely enlarged plates. Scales on upper surface tibia rhombic, subimbricate, keeled, much larger than dorsals; below, a series of very large plates and one of :small Femoral pores (usually 12-:-14). Subdigital lamellae bicarinate, spinulose, (usually 24-28) under 4th toe. Colour: Juveniles marked much like young of E. namaquensis; usually 5 longitudinal black streaks on back, though sometimes vertebral streak may be'divided longitudinally by a thin pale stripe, thus giving 6 black streaks: vertebral, streak bifurcate on nape, -enclosing in the fork a short median stripe; outermost streak on either side of body usually bearing a series of moderately large, pale bluish- or greenish-white, round spots and sometimes also broken up with reddish brown vertical bars; the pale intervening longitudinal stripes are white to yellowish-white anteriorly, passing to buff or orange yellow posteriorly; usually a pale lateral stripe low down on -either side, from upper labials through ear to groin, edged below with a broken line or series of orange t9 vermilion spots; head more or less uniform olive' to slate brown, spout paler. ~indlimbs and tail salmon pink to orangy~brown; limbs pale spotted. Lower surfaces white, underside tail pink. In adults the longitudinal stripes are less distinctly differentiated, the pale stripes turn to buff or orangy-brown while the dark ones become a dark reddish-brown; the' series of large green to bluish-green spots on each side are usually well defined, Colour variety inornata: Above, powdery grey to' greyish-brown, buff to russet, passing posteriorly to orange brown,' uniform or with small, white, dark-edged ocellar spots above' and dark, irregular, vertically elongate spots or bars on sides of body; a series of pale greenish, rounded spots on each side between axil and groin present or absent; 'pale; dark-edged spots on hindlimbs, Juveniles uniformly grey to greyish-brown or buff above and on sides. In males, posterior half of back, hindlimbs and tail often rufous to dull orangy-brown. Lower surfaces white, bluish-white or yellowish; tail and underside thighs pinkish. Namib specimens are very pale, varying from light greyish-olive to straw colour or pale buffy yellow, with darker elongate spots or bars on sides. Dimensions: Male (T.M Narudas Sud), H. & B. 54, tail 139, length head 14, breadth head 8.2, forelimb 22, hindlimb 41, foot 20 mm. Female (T.M Kuboos), H, & B. 52, tail 115, length head 12.6, breadth head 8.2, forelimb 20, hindlimb 36, foot 17 mm. Field notes: The typical form is more or less confined to sandand bushveld country, while the colour variety inornata prefers the more open arid stone-covered areas, where it lives in small shallow excavations made in the ground under stones; in life, the colouring of inornata matches so very closely that of the stones among which it lives that only by its movement' can it be detected. Distribution: 'Typical undata appears to be confined largely to Damaraland, Kaokoveld and Ovamboland: Recorded localities: 337

38 Karibib; Chous Mtns. (AM.). Windhoek (A.M., P.E.M. & T.M.) Usakos (AM. & S.A.M.). Gobabis; Narebis; Sandup; Ababis; Kabiras; Mafa;' Nomtele; Kowares; Kaoko Otavi (S.A.M.). Outjo (S.A.M. & T.M.). Namutoni; Oshikango;' Kamanyab; Paderburn (T.M.). The colour variety inornata extends from Damaraland southwards through Great. Namaqualand into the northern part of Little Namaqualand, Gordonia and the north-western Cape Province. Recorded localities: Haigam- chab; Ugab; Rehoboth; Zwart Modder (A.M.). Kuboos (A.M., S.AM. & R.M.). Kakamas; Khan River; Karibib (AM. & T.M.). Prieska;' Niekerkshoop (KM.). BuUsneck Pass; Keimoes; Nomptsas;. Naroep;. Narugas; Aughrabies Falls & Zwartbooisrand, N. bank Orange River; Bakputs; Steinkopf; Upington (SAM.). Karasberg District (S.AM. "&' T.M.). Aus; Kuibis; btwn. Kuibis & Kon~iep; Seeheim; Brukkaros Mtn.; Berseba; Sinclair Mine; Keetmanshoop; Okosongomingo; Gt. Waterberg, S.W. Afr.; Lekkersing; Pofadder; Rietfontein (T.M.). Remarks: Type lost; the specimen (pres. by Lord Derby) in the British Museum of Natural HistorY, regarded as the type, is not that described originally by Andrew Smith. EREMIAS LINEO-OCELLATA LiNEO-OCELLATA Dumeril & Bibron. (Text-figs ). Ocellated Sand Lizard. Eremias Zineo-oceZZata pllmeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p. 314 (Type locality: South Africa). Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 41. A. Smith, 1845, Ill. Zool. S, Afr. Rept., p!. 'XLVIII, figs. 2 & 2a (= variabilis), pi. XLVIII, figs. 10 & loa. Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 94. Werner, 1896/98, Jahresb. Ver. Magdeburg, p. 142 (Transvaal). Boettger, 1889, Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges., p. 288 (Botschabelo, nr. Middelburg, Tv!').' Roux, 1907, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p. 426 (Transvaal). Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr., XVI, p. 334 (Kooa, Moocane & Vleij Topan, Kalahari). Hewitt, 1910, Ann." Tvl. Mus., II, PP. 109 & 113 (Pretoria, Irene, Pietersburg & Krabbeforitein,' Tv!.; Kimberley; Mochudi; Brandfort, O.F.S.). Boulenger, 1910, A.nn. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 477 (Durban). Hewitt, 1911, Ann. Tv!. Mus., Hr,-p. 48. Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p. 31, text-fig. 35 (Windhuk), and Mittl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, V., p. 405 (Windhuk).. Hewitt & Power, 1913, Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Afr., III, p. 156 (Marandellas; Ky Ky, Nosop & Lower Molopo, Gordonia; Emmaus;. Kimberley). Werner, 1915, in Michaelsen, Land u. Siisswasser Fauna Deutsch-S.W. Afr., I, p (Windhuk). Boulenger, 1918, Journ. Zool. Res., III, p. 6, and 1921, Mon. Lacert., II, p. 289 (Kimberley; Enslin; Riverton; Gordonia; Vredefort Rd., O.F.S.; Pretoria; Barberton; Zoutpan'sberg; Warrendale; Lower Mo!opo; Lower Nosop; Ky Ky). Power, 1933, T rans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., XXI, p. 217 (Orange River Stn.). Parker, 1936, Novit. Zool.,. 'XL, p. 134 (Hoffnung). FitzSimons, 1935, Ann. Tv!. Mus., XV, p. 538, text-fig. 2 (Kuruman; Rietfontein; Oup & Nosop R~vers). Fitz Simons,' Ami. Tvl. Mus., XVI, p. 361 (Kuke Pan, Kuke Gomodimo &. Kaotwe, Kalahari; Mabeleapudi, Ramatudi & Shorobe, Ngamiland; Makarikari Saltpan), and 1938, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XIX, p~ 195 (Liebig's Ranch & Neudamm, Damaraland). Eremias aspera Boulenger,.1917, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., XIII, p. 213 (Mochudi, B.P.), and 1918, Journ. Res. Zool., III, p. 6, and 1921, Mon. La.cert., II, p Description: Head and body somewhat strongly depressed; head from 11 to 23 '5' times as long as broad, length to 4 times into length 'head and body in males and 4 to 4! times in females, as broad as or a little broader.than neck. Snout obtusely pointed, subequal in length to postocular part of head. Nasals more or less swollen. A median concavity on snout, extending backwards to middle or posterior third of frontal. Adpressed hindlimb reaches to ear or to between shoulder and ear 'il1; males, to shoulder or' to between 338.

39 shoulder and ear in females. Foot from It to l! times length head. Toes somewhat slender and feebly compressed. Tail from'l1 to 2! times head and body.. Upper head shields flattened or feebly convex, smooth. or rugose and pitted.. Supranasals.in contact behind rostral (exceptionally separated). Frontonasal usually broader than long. Prefrontals a little longer than broad, forming a short median contact or separated by an azygous shield. Frontal equal to or a little shorter than its E E co '" r : Fig Fig Eremias 1. lineo-ocellata (T.M. No.' 1551D-Oup River). dorsal view of head. Fig. 22i. Eremias1. lineo-ocelldta (T.M. No ). underside of head. Fig Eremias I. lineo-ocellata (T.M. No. 1551U1. side view of head.. distance from end of snout, 1t to H times as long as broad, in contact with supraaculars, or partially or wholly separated by a series of small granular scales. Parietals as long as or a little longer than broad. Interparietal usually larger than frontoparietals. Occipital 'small, usually in contact with interparietal, sometimes minute and separated by suture of parietals. Two supraoculars, preceded by a group of small shields or granules, there being 2-6 transverse series between anterior supraocular and posterior ioreal; anterior supraocular usually dil';tinctly shorter than posterior or its distance from posterior loreal (exceptionally subequal to). 5-9 (Usually 7-8) supraciliaries, separated from supraoculars by 2-4 series of granules, which terminate in a small group of granules behind 2nd supraocular. 339

40 :3 Nasals, lo\,';ermost in contact with rostral and 1st upper' labial; posterior'much the smallest, sometimes not entering nostril A.nterior loreal squarish, much shorter than posterior. 4-6 (Usually 5) upper labials anterior to subocular, 'which is keeled below the eye and borders lip, the lower border being shorter than upper. No upper temporal shield. Temporal scales gr~nular, smooth or obtusely keeled. No tympanic shield. Anterior border of ear opening 'denticulate, - with 3-4 obt.usely pointed projecting lobules (exceptionally without projecting lobules). Lower eyelid with a transparent, disc, divided vertically into two large black-edged scales. 7:.-tJ Lbwer labials. 4' (Exceptionally 3 or 5) pairs' of chin shields, 1st pair smallest and 4th largest, first two (rarely 3) in median contact (Usually 32-38) gulars in a straight line between symphysis of chin shields and median collar- plate. No gular fold. Collar straight, free, composed' of (usually 12 01' 13) plates. Scales on nape and anterior part of back juxtaposed, granulai', smooth or obtusely keeled, gradually enlarging over posterior part of back, and there becoming rhombic; subimbricat~ or imbricate and distinctly keeled, and graduating finally into the caudal scales; low down on sides, scales are larger and smooth, passing gradually into ventrals; (usually 60-70) scales across middle of body. Ventral plates in 12 (rarely 14) somewhat irregular longitudinal and (usually 28-34) 'more or less angular transverse series; two median rows of plates longer than broad, others broader than long except for those of outermost row on each side, which' are distinctly longer than broad and often almost indistinguish C),bIe from lo~errnost laterals. Preanal plates small and irregular or a median series enlarged. Scales on upper surface forelimb moderately large, smooth or obtusely keeled. Scales on upper surface tibia, rhombic, subimbricate, keeled, as large or a little larger than posterior dorsals; below, a series of very large plates 'and one of-small plates (Usually 12-15) femoral pores on each side. Sub digital, lamellae bi- or tricarinate, usually (exceptionally more or less) under 4th, toe. Upper caudal scales oblique, truncate and strongly keeled; below, smooth or obtusely keeled basally, keeled distally. Colour: Above, buff to orangy or reddish-brown,' grey, greyishbrown to slate or bluish-grey,. usually with a series of. large pale greyish-blue to greenish dark-edged spots on each side from axil to groin, and limbs pale spotted; dorsal markings most variable and as follows: (1) more or less uniformly coloured or with a few scattered dark and pale spots; (2) with two whitish stripes on each side and series. of pale dark-edged ocellar spots between, the upper white stripe often dark-edged' above; (3) four longitudinal series of white to yeuowlsh ocellar spots, the outer often continuous to form a dorsolateral stripe; (4) two pairs of dark brown to blackish longitudinal streaks, the inner from supraclliary ridge, and the outer froin behind the eye (sometimes broken up into series of elongate spots) usually bordered with white ocellar spots; (5) wit.h series of irregular transverse blackish bars across back, bear'ing pale bluish-green to greenish-white spots (remiscent of markings in Nucras dezazandi or i. intertexta). In genel'al, lower surfaces white; in males underside hindlimbs and tail, salmon pink; feet yellow. In juveniles, 'body' usually' striated, with a well-marked dorsolateral white streak on,each side, edged above with a black band; a pale vertebral stripe (bifurcate on nape) present, or middle of back greyish, with or without,a double series of pale dark-edged spots; a black band on either side from behind eye; a white lateral stripe from below eye, usually, :bordered below with blackish. Tail and underside hind limbs pink '.tp salmon pink; throat and belly white. ' 340

41 Dimensions: Male (T.M Nosop River), H. & B. 57, tail 134, length head 13.7, breadth head 9.0, forelimb 22, hindlimb 43, foot 20.4 m~. Female (T.M ~Nosop River), B. & B. 55, tail 116, length head 13.4, breadth head 8.8, forelimb 21, hindlimb 38.5, foot 19 mm.. Field notes: Common. in open or scrub~covet'ed sandveld or bushveld country, where they may often be seen running about, even during the hottest hours of the ~ay. They are extremely tit:nid little creatures and if pursued" dart away to cover with incredible speed. They live in small burrows, usually fairly shallow and made among the roots of small shrubs. Their diet consists mainly of diurnal termites, together with' ;lnts, small beetles, grasshoppers etc. The eggs, about six in num,ber, are laid in early summer. Distribution: Transvaal, central Natal and Orange Free State, extending westwards through the northern Cape Province and Kalahari to Damaraland and Ovamboland. Recorded localities: Belfast; Nylstroom; Meadows; Vryburg (AM.). Ky Ky (A.M. & K.M.>. Kimberley (A.M.) K.M.) S.A.M. & T.M.). Kuruman (AM., K.M. & T.M.). Windhoek (AM., P.E.M. & T.M.>. Pretoria (A.M.' & T.M.). Bloemfontein; Avalon; Fauresmith (B.M.). Kroonstad; Emmaus; Postmasburg; Warrendale; Enslin; Devondale; Niekerkshoop; Draghcender":"'Mary.: dale; Madder River 'Stn.; Orange River Stn.; Lower Molopo (KM.). Lower Nosop River (K.M. & T.M.). Weenen (N.M. & 'T.M.). Namutoni; Nomtele; Uwuthya (S.AM,). Potgietersrust (S.A.M. & T.M.). Krabbefontein; Pietersburg; Gt. Saltpan; Brak River Dist., N. Tvl.; Irene; Arnhembul'g; Palala River, Waterberg Dist~; Vygebaompoort;. Botha'ville; Brandfort; Bopetown; Fourteen Streams; Rietfontein & Oxford, Gardonia; Oup River; Junction Oup & Nosop Rivs.; Mochudi;. Kuke &' Kaotwe Pans; Mabeleapudi; Sh.9robe; Makarikari Pan; Okahandja; Waterberg, S.W. Afr. (T.M.). Remarks: Original description made from specimens collected by Andrew Smith; types in the British Museum of Natural aistory. From an examination of a series of specimens from Mochudi, it is. apparent that' the characters used by Boulenger (1917, p. 213) to distinguish OBpera,.are by ~o means constant, and there appears little doubt. tha t 'aspera and lineo-ocellata are synonymous: Boulenger (1910, p. 477) recorded a spe<;imen of lineo-oceuata (in the South African Museum collection) from Durban; this record is unlikely, and, lacking confirmation, unacceptable. ERE MIAS LINEO-OCELLATA PULCHELLA Gray. Eremias imlcheha Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 42. Boettger, 1887, Bel'. Senck. Ges., p. :1.40 (Angra Pequena; Aus; Keetmanshoop). Boulenger, 1.887; Cat. Liz., III, p. 93. 'Fischer, 1888, Mitt!. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, p. 12 (Angra Pequena;.Aus). Boulenger, 1903, A.M.N.H. (7) XII, p. 217 (Deelfontein,' C.P.). Roux, 1907, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p. 42($ (Matjesiontein; Ste'inkopf; KIipfontein,). Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr. XVI, P. 331 (Berseba; Luderib:bucht; Prince, of Wales Bay; Kubub; Kamaggas; Steinkopf). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, pp. 109 & 113 (Clanwilliam; Paarl; Tulbagh;' Ceres; Matjesfontein; Prince Albert; Middelburg, C.P.; Aliwal North; Victoria West; Colesberg). Sternfeld, 1911, Faunq Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p. 31 {Gobabis), and Mittl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, V, p. 405 (Warmbad. G.N.). Hewitt & Power, , Trarrs. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., III, p. 156 (Victoria West). Werner, 1915, in Michaelsen, Land u. Susswasser Fauna Deutsch-S,W. Afr., I, p. 34~~ (Luderitzbucht). Eremias undctta (non A. Smith) Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p. :UB. A. Smitb, 1845, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept., pl. XLIV, fig. 1 & pl. XLVIII, figs. 11 & lla. Methuen & Hewitt, 1914" Ann. Tvl. Mus., lv, p. 139, text-fig. 16, fig. 6 (Luderitzbucht). 341

42 Eremias annulifera A. Smith, 1845, Ill. Zoo1. S. Afr. RepL, pl.xlvii, fig. 1 and pi. XLVIII, figs. 14 & 14a (Interior of southern Africa, towards the Tropic of Capricorn).. Eremias pulchra A. Smith, l.c., figs. 2, 12 and 12a (Dry. flats in the interior of Southern Africa). Eremias formosa A. Smith, I.c., figs. 3, 15 and 15a '(Arid districts on the western coast of Soutl).ern Africa, more especially in the neighbour~ hood of the Orange River). Eremias undata part., Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, 'p. 477 (Middelburg. C.P.).. Eremias lineo-ocellata part.,. Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 477 (Prince Albert; Ceres; Clanwilliam; Tulbagh; Calvinia; Worcester; Middelburg, c.p.; De Aar; Burghersdorp; Albany; Paarl; Aliwal North; Matjesiontein; Hanover; Little Namaqualand; Smithfield). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, pp. 109 & 11~ (Hanover). Boulenger, 1921, Mon. Lacert., II, p. 289 (Ababis; Nauchas; Hares; Gt. Namaqualand; Naroep; Colesberg; Karroo; Mossel Bay; J:'ort Elizabeth). FitzSimons; 1938, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XIX, p 195 (Maltahohe; Grootfontein, G.N.; Sinclair Mine; Barby; Kuibis--Konkiep; Seeheim; Berseba-Keet: manshoop; Klipfontein; Nieuwerust; Calvinia; Brandvlei; Van WyksvIej). Power, 1933,. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr:, XXI, p. '217 (De Aar). Parker, 1936, Novit. Zool., XL, p. 134 (Maltahohe; SatanspIatz; Voigtsgrund). E'Temias lineo-ocellata var. pulcheha Methuen & Hewitt, 1914, Ann. Tvl. Mus., IV, p. 139 (Great Karas Mts. and vicinity; Kuibis). Boulenger, 1921, Mon. Lacert., II, p. 294 (Steinkopf; Groendoorn-Wasserfall; Kuibis; Angra pequena; Aus; Gibeon; Ababis; Jamesville = Jamestown?; D~lfontein). Eremias lineo-ocellata pulchella Essex, 1925, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p. 342 (Hounslow nr. Grahamstown; Avontuur; Riversdale). FitzSimons, 1935, Ann. Tv!. Mus., XV, p. 540, fig. 1 (Warmbad, G.N.; Seeheim; Kuibis; Haalenberg; Luderitzbucht; Aus; Van Rhynsdorp;.Vredendal; Klipfontein; Lekkersing). Hewitt, 19:~7, Guide Vert. Fauna E. Cape Provo S. Afr,.. II, p. 34, pi. V, fig. 2 & pl. XII, fig. 4 (Fort Brown; Committees; Cradock; Queenstown;.Lady Frere), Mertens, 1937/38, Verofl'. Deutsch. KOIOJ1.- u. Ubersee Mus. Bremen, II, hft. 1, P. 11 (Luderitzbucht). E'I'emias Lineo-oceHata Cott, 1934, P.Z.S. Lond.. p. 163 (Mortimer). Loveridge. 1936, Field Mus. N.H. Zool. Set., XXII, p. 62 (Lady Frere). Description: This form is. distinguished from typical lineo': ocellata mainly on the dorsal scales, which are small, granular, and for the most part quite sm.ooth or but feebly keeled posteriorly, where they are much smaller than scales. on tibia and pass somewhat abruptly into the much larger, keeled scales on tail. In the extreme stage of pulcheha as found in Great Namaqualand, particularly at Luderitzbucht, head and body strongly depressed; nostrils often strongly swollen and snout more or less attenuate; frontonasal often as long as broad. or a little. longer than broad; frontal shorter than its distance from end of snout; dorsal scales small, granular, juxtaposed and smooth throughout, enlarging but slightly posteriorly and there very much smaller than the keeled scales on tibia; (usually 66-75) scales across middle of back: ventrals in 12 longitudinal rows, the outermost row oft.en poorly developed and almost indistinguishable from lowermost laterals; scales under 4th toe; 9 to 14 femoral p.ores on each side (usually 10-12). Although intermediate specimens are found in the Cape Province, specimens from Great and Little Namaqualand can always be readily distinguished on the character of the dorsal scales, which, though often obtusely keeled posteriorly, are never so strongly so as in typical lineo-ocellata and are constantly very much smalle}' than scales on tibia. ' Colour: Extremely variable the main colour variebes being a.s follows: (1) Above, pale bluish-grey, lilac to cinnamon-brown, more or less uniform or with the remains of 2-4 black longitudinal stripes, consisting usually of ~eries of spots; on either side a series of

43 greyish-green to bluish, dark-edged ocellar.spots, from axil to groin; head immaculate or with a few small scattered.black spots; thighs with pale' spots.. Lower surfaces white to bluish-white; in males, tail and back of thighs pink. In juveniles there are 4 well-defined, black longitudinal stripes on back, the two median fusing near root of tail; a narrower,' black, vertebral stripe over forepart of body present or absent; tail buffy pink above, salmon pink below. (2) Grey to greyish- or olive-brown above, 'usually spotted more or less with black. and, with 4 longitudinal series of pale greyish-green blackedgeci oceuar spots on back; a somewhat indistinct pale lateral stripe (dark-edged above and below) from below, eye to groin, present or'.absent; below, white, bluish-white to greyish-white; 'in males, throat usually suffused with grey; back of thighs and underside tail salmon pink. (3) Vinaceous tawny to reddish-brown' above, with.a pair of dark brown to black longitudinal bands and a narrow vertebral stripe; the l~tter extends from behind occiput over nape and fades out over anterior half of back; the pair of dark longitudinal bands arise (one on each side) from just above and behind eye and extend on to pasal part of tail, narrowed in frorit and behind' and broadest about midway, pale-edged along outer border and sometimes bearing 'series of pale spots over posterior half of their length; a black' lateral band on ~ach' side from below and behind eye to groin, usually broken up on sides of body and bearing a series of green ocellar spots (sometimes lateral band absent, but series of pale, dark-edged' spots always present); an orange red to orange brown lateral ~tripe (sometimes dark-edged below) from angle of jaw to forearm and thence to groin, may be present or absent; hind limbs with large pale reddish-brown spots; below. white; back of'thighs and undersid~ tail pink to salmon. Dimensions: Male (T.M Luderitzbucht), H. &.B. 49, tail 85, length head 11, breadth head 7.3, forelimb 17.5, hindlimb 33.5, foot 16 mm. Female (T.M Klipfontein), H. & B. 54, tail 100, length head 13, breadth head 9.4, ~orelimb 19, hindlimb 33, foot 16 mm. Distribution: Great Namaqualand, extending south through Little Namaqualand to the' western Cape Province and east across the central and southern karroid areas to the eastern Cape Province. Recorded localities (including intermediates with lineo-ocellata) : Kalkfontein, G.N.; Rehoboth; G::-xies-Kainiesberg; Carnarvon; Coetzeesberg; Schoombie; Pearston; Halesowen; Queenstown; Koonap; Karreedouw; Port Eiizabeth; Gr: hamstown; Ludlow (AM.). Victoria West (AM., D.M., SAM. & T.M:). Mossel Bay (AM. & K.M.).. Middelburg,.C.P.; Williston (AM. & S.AM.). Gt. Karasberg; Fort Brown (AM., S.A.M. & T.M.).. Luderitzbucht; 'Cradock (A.M. & T.M.). Ababis Nauzerus; Naauwpoort; Knysna; Steynsburg (K.M.). De Aar; Graaff Reinet (K.M. & S.AM.). Telle Junction (N.M.). Swartbooisrand, N. bank Orange River; Langklip Sdng.; Gamis; Nauchas; Hares; Guru~ manas; Ababis; Voigtsgrund; Usib River; Kabiras; Bullsneck Pass; Chaoberib; Kamieskroon; Garies; Nakop; Naroep; O'okiep; Sneeuw~ beng, nr. Citrusdal; Cedarbergen; Tulbagh Rd.; Pakhuisberg; Slanghoek; Prince Albert; Ceres; Paarl; Fraserburg; Burghersdorp; Aliwal North; Smithfield (S~AM.). Maltahohe; Aus; Lekkersing; Calvinia; Matjesfontein; Beaufort West; Hanover (SAM. & T.M.). Nakeis; Warmbad. G.N.;, Seeheim; Haalenberg;' Kuibis; Konkiep; Sinclair Mine; nr. Helmeringshausen; Gl'ootfontein, G.N.; Berseba-Keetmanshoop; Klipfontein; Nieuwerust; Van Rhynsdorp; Vredendal; Graafwater; Brandvlei; Van Wyksvlei; Strydenburg; Willowmore; Prince Albert Rd.; Elandskloof; Stillbay; Seven Weeks Poort;' Uriiondale Willowmore; Kleinpoort, Gt. Fish :River, Albany Dist. (T.M.). Remarks: Types in the British Museum of Natural History. " '. 34~

44 EREMIAS CAPENSIS (A. Sniith).. (Text-figs, ). Cape Sand Lizard., Lacerta capensis A. Smith, 18aS, Mag. Nat. Hist., II, p, 93 (Type locality ~ "Arid districts of Cape Colony"). Eremias capensis Dumeril & Bibron,' lsa9. Erp. Gen., V, p Gray" 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 40. A. Smith, 1845, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept., pi, XLV, fig. 2 and pi. XLVIII, fig. 7 (" Arid Karroofiats within the Cape Colony and districts immediately, beyond it"). Peters, 1870, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. BerL p Boulenger, '1887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 96 (Mouth of the Orange River). Fischer, 1888, Mittl.Mus. Hamburg,. p. 12 (Aus-Bethanien). Roux,' 1907, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p. 427 (Steinkopf & Jakhalswater, L.N.). Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Aft. Mus., V, P. 477 (Clan william; Matjesfontein; Worcester; Hanover; De Aar). Hewitt,.1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, pp. 110 & 114 (Graaff-Reinet; Victoria West). Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p. 31,. and Mitt!. Zool. Mus. Berlin, V, p. 405 (Warmbad, G.N.). Hewitt & Power, HJD. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., III, p, 156 (Victoria West).. Boulenger, 1918, Joum. Zool. Res., III, p. 6, and 1921, Mon. Lacert.,. II, p, 304 (Steinkopf; Angra Pequena; Port Elizabeth). FitzSimons, 1937, Ann. Tv1. Mus., XVII, p. 267, and 1938, XIX, p. 195 (Brandvlei). Eremias taticeps A. Splith, 1844, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept., pl. XLVI, fig. 1 & pi. X;LVIII, figs. 3 & aa C" towards the mouth of the Orange River "). Description: Head and body strongly depressed; head It to 1\,. times as long as broad, length 35 to 4 times into length of head and body in males and 4 to 4~:" times in females, as broad as neck. Snout somewhat qbtuse, as long as postocular part of head. Canthus. rostralis sharp; lorea~ region slightly grooved; median concavity on snout absent or but feebly marked. Nasals strongly swollen. Adpressed' hindlimb reaches ear or eye in males, to shoulder or between shoulder and ear in females. Foot a little longer than head (not more than Ii times). Toes slender, feebly compressed. Tail H times to twice' as long as head and body. ', Upper head shields smooth, fiat in young but somewqat convex in adults. Rostral and frontonasal usually in contact, separating supranasals (exceptionally latter in contact). Frontonasal,as long as. or longer than broad. Prefrontals as long as or a little 19nger than broad. in short median contact with one another or more often separated' by 1 or 2 (usuall~ only 1) small azygous shields. Frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from.end of snout, H to lit 'times as long as broad, narrowed behind, usually completely separated (sometimes only partially) from suprcloculars by a series of granules. Parletals usually a little longer than broad. sometimes as long as. broad. Interpa'rietal as large as or larger than frontoparietals, much narrowed behind; OCCipital much shorter, but as broad as or narrower than interparietal, with which it is usually in contact (exceptionally' separated by a small intervening shield). Two supraoculars, preceded by a group of 13~35 small scales and granules; anterior supraocular usually a little shorter than second, equal to or shorter than' its. distance from posterior 10l'eal.8-12 Supraciliaries (usually 8-10)" 1st subequal in length to those following, separated from supra- oculars by 1 or 2 series of granules, usually one anteriorly and 2 (sometimes 3) posteriorly.. Nostril between 3 nasals, lowermost in contact with rostral and 1st upper labial. Anterior loreal a little longer than deep, shorter than posterior. 4-7 (Usually 4-6) upper labials anterior to subocular, which is keeled below the eye and borders lip, the lower border much shorter than upper. Temporal scales very srmill, smooth, granula r and convex. No tympanic shield: no auricular denticulation. Lower eyelid scaly, opaque or semi~ transparent, with 2 rows of enlarged scales across' middle S: 344

45 (Usually 7) lower labials. 5 Pairs of chin-shields, 4th largest, first 3 in median contact with one another (Usually about 26) gular scales in a straight line from symphysis of chin-shields to median collar plate.. Collar straight, free, composed of 7-13 (usually 8-10) plates. Dorsal scales smal1. granular, juxtaposed or subimbricate,. rounded to squarish and flattened over middle of back, smaller dorsolaterally, but enlarging again on sides towards ventrals; : (usually 50-56) scales across middle of body. Ventral plates in 16 or 18 longitudinal and (usually 30-32) slightly angular transvex:se rows; plates as long,as or longer than broad and sometimes. tessellated. Preanal scales small and irregular. Scales on upper surface of forelimb moderately large, more or less smooth, imbricate~ Fig Fig Fig Fig Eremias capensis (T.M. No Victoria West), dorsal view of head. Eremias capensis (T.M. No. 1343), underside of head. Eremias capensis (T.M. No. 1343). side view of head. a series of enlarged plates on underside forearm. Scales on upper surface tibia rounded, smooth, imbricate, su bequal. to 01' a little smaller than median dorsal scales; on lower surface a series of very large plates and one or two small ones Femoral pores on each side (seldold more than 14). Subdigitallamellae bi- or tricarinate, spinulose, under 4th toe. Scales on tail oblique, truncate,. smooth or feebly keeled at base, distinctly' keeled distally; below; more or less smooth throughout. Colour: Juvenile, black above with 8 white to yellowish longitudinal stripes on nape, reducing to 5 over back; a short distance behind occiput, the median pair fuse into a single stl:ipe which continues to about shoulder level; the next pair fuse about one thil'd of the way down back and continue on to base of tail; the dorso- 345

46 laterals arise at back of eye and continue over ear, along body and for a short distance on tail; the laterals run from subocular through ear to groin; limbs with large pale spots. Tail buff to red above, pink below; Head dark grey with infuscations of black. Adult, dense'ly spotted and ma:rked above with grey, greyish-black to black and dull yellowish~white; usually qnly 3 pale stripes pe.rsist over back, the median bifurcating just posterior _ to shoulder. level and enclosing a short vertebral stripe o.n nape between prongs of the fork (intermediate specimens show all the stages in the breaking up of the black interspaces of the young stage by pale spots); sides of body dark brown to blackish, closely speckled with yellow; limbs. brown, with small pale dark-edged ocelli. Tail light brown ~reyish to buff above, darker on sides and speckled with white. Lower Surfaces white to yellowish-white. Dimensions: Male {T.M Matjesfontein), H. & B. 63, tail 132, length head 16.5, breadth head 12.2, forelimb 23, hindlimb 42, foot 19 mm. Female (T.M nr. Nelspoort), H. & B. 58, tail 103,' length head 14.5, breadth head 10.7, forelimb 20.5, hindlimb 35, foot 16 mm. Distribution: From the southern part of Great Namaqualand. south into the northern parts of Little Namaqualand and thence south-east into the Karroo. Recorded localities: Steinkopf (AM. & S.AM.). Concordia;' Williston; Prince Albert; Hutchinson; Hanover (S.A.M.). De Aar (K.M. & S.A.M.). Victoria West (A.M. & T.M.).. Brandvlei; Graaff-Reinet; Nelspoort-Murraysburg; Murraysburg (T.M.). Beaufort West; Matjesfontein (S.AM. & T.M.).. Remarks-: Types in the British Museum of Natural History. EREMIAS BURCHELLI Dumeril & Bibron. (Text-figs ).. Burchell's Sand Lizard. Eremias burchelli Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p. 303 (Type locality: "South Africa "). Gray, 184~, Cat. Liz., p. 40. A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept., pi. XI.:V, fig. 1, and p1. XLVIII, figs. 4 & 4a (" the Karroo Flats on the south-west coast of Africa, particularly Little Namaqualand, towards the Great Orange River "). Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz.. In, p. 95 (Katfraria; Karroo). Bocage, 1896, Jorn. Sci: Lisb. (2) IV, p. 117 (Madder River, O.F.S.). Roux. 1907, Zool. Jahrh. Syst., XXV, p. 427 (Matjesfontein, C.P.). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tv1. Mus., II, pp. 110 & 114 (Clanwilliam, Middelburg & Graaft' Reinet. C.P.). Boulenger, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 477 (Smithfield, O.F.S.). Werner. 1913, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 88, p. 719 (Matjesfontein). Hewitt. 1916, Ann. Natal MUS., II. D. 482 (Maclear; ViCtoria West). Boulenger, 1918, Journ. Zool. Res., III, p. 6, and 1921, Mon. Lacert., II, p Essex, 1925, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p. 342 (Grahamstown). Hewitt, 1926, Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p. 356 (Nemahadi Police Camp, Basutoland), and 1927, p. 404 (Hope Mtn., Basutoland). Essex, 1927, P.Z.S. Lond., p Hewitt Guide Vert. Fauna E. Cape Provo S. Afr., II, P. 33, pi. XII. fig. 5 (Cala). Eremias butcheui quinquevittata Hewitt, 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., XX, p. 481 (Matroosberg, Ceres Dist.). Description: Head and body moderately to strongly depressed;. head It to a times as long as broad, length 4 to 4l tiines into length head and body, as broad as neck. Snout somewhat pointed and elongated, as long as postocular part of head. Canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region feebly concave. Nasals slightly swollen. No median frontal concavity. Cheeks usually somewhat swollen. Adpressed hindlimb reaches shoulder or.to between latter and ear in males; barely to shoulder in females. Foot 1 tis to r a : 5 times length of head. Toes slender, feebly compressed. Tail Ii to twice length of head a'nd body. 346

47 Upper head shields smooth or' sometimes slightly rugose in old specimens. Supranasals in contact behind rostral (exceptionally just separated). Frontonasal usually broader than long. Prefrontals as long as broad. in moderate to short median contact with one.another, or sometimes separated by a small azygous shield or by a short suture between frontal and frontonasal Frontal shorter than its distance from end of snout. about n times as long as broad. much narrowed behind. in contact with supra oculars. ~arietals longer than broad E E 1~ I- I I! I L Fig. 22{;. Fig Fig. 226: Eremias (Jurchelli (T.M. No Te11e Junction), dorsal vi~w of head. Fig Eremias burchclli (T.M. No ), underside 01 helld. Fig Eremias burchell'i (T.M. No ), side "iew of head. (from 1', 'to 1} times). Interparietal as large as or a little larger than frontoparietals. in contact with a smaller occipital, whose posterior border prtljects beyond that of parietals. Two supraoculars, preceded by a group of 4-13 small scajes (or scales and granules); anterior supraocu:ar equal to or a little less than its distance from posteriqr loreal. 7-9 Supraciliaries, 1st not or but little longer than those following. separated from supraoculars by series of granules, usually a single (scmetimes 2) series in front and 2-3 behind. Nostril pierced between 3 nasals, lowermost in contact with rostral and 1st upper labial; postnasal small, exceptionally not entering. nostril Anterior loreal as long as or a little longer than deep, shorter than posterior. 4-6 (Usually 4--5) upper labials anterior to subocular, which is keeled below eye and borders lip, its lower border being much shorter than upper. No upper temporal shield. Temporal scales 347

48 very small, granular, smooth. No tympani~ shield and no auricular. de~ticulation. Lower eyelid scaly, opaque or semi-transparent, with two ro.ws of enlarged scales across middle (12-15 scales in a row). Usually. 7 lower labials. 4 (Exceptionally 5) pairs of chin-shields, 4th largest and first 3 pairs in median contact with one another (Usually 30-34) gular scales in a straight line between sym- physis of chin-shields and median collar plate. A gular fold usualhjust indicated (across throat between ears) by two transverse rows of very small scales. ColLar straight, free, composed of 8-13 (usually 9-10) plates. Dorsal scales very small, juxtaposed or subimbricate. granular, more or less equal-sized but becoming larger on sides. of body towards ventra1s; (usually 64-70, exceptionally as low: as 52) scales across middle of body. Ventral plates in 14 (exceptionally. 16) longitudinal and (usually 32 to 34) more or less angular transverse rows; plates as long as or a little longer than. broad. Preanal scales irregular, very small in females, larger in males. Scales on upper surface of arm smooth, not larger than gulars. Scales on. upper surface tibia similar to dorsals, below, with a single row of very lat;ge and 1 or 2 rows of small plates (Usually 1~ or 14) femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae bi- or. tricarinate, spinulose, (usually 26-28) under 4th toe. Scales :on tail oblique, truncate, and feebly keeled above; below, scales all. smooth... Colour: Juvenile, black above and on sides, with 7 narrow, white, longitudinal stripes as follows: a. median stripe on head' from rostral. bifurcating on frontoparietals, but rejoining again on occipital, and. continued thence on nape to just anterior to shoulder level (exceptionally extending further); a stripe on either side of vertebral line from posterior' loreal, along outer edge of supraoculars and over back, converging posteriorly and fusing on rump (exceptionally half way down back), and continued as a single stripe onto base of tail; a dorsolateral stripe from eye, passing above ear and continued over back and basal part of tail; a lateral stripe from subocular, through ear to groin. Limbs black; with scattered rounded white spots. Tail blackish basally, fading distally to pinkish, pale buff on sides, pinkishyellow below. Lower surfaces white. In adults the dorsal white stripes of the juvenile stages tend to disappear, while the dark interspaces are broken up by' pale spots, until sometimes the black disappears altogether and specimeps are uniformly brown to greyishbrown or slate grey to.bluish-grey; dorsolateral 'and lateral white stripes usually persist, the former somewhat indistinct and dark-edged and the latter usually well-marked; limbs greyish above, with pale black-edged ocellar spots, head dark-spotted. Taillight brown basally. passing to pinkish-buff distally, spotted above and on the sides: Lower surfaces white, vent and underside limbs often pin.kish-yel,low; underside tail salmon pink.. Dimensions: Male (S.A.M Cedarbergen), H. & B.. 52, tail 111, length head 13.5, breadth head 9.1, forelimb 20, hindlimb 30, foqt 15 mm. Female (SAM Beal!fort West), a. & B. 57, tail 113,. length head 13.3, breadth head 8.9, forelimb 19.5, hindlimb 31, fbot 15 mm. Field notes: Usually found on open grassy hillsides and mountain slopes, but also occurs towards the summit p the Dtakensberg. Distributio~': From south-western Cape Province, eastwards to the eastern and north-eastern Cape, south and eastern Orange.Free State and Basutoland. Recorded localities: Matroosberg, Ceres Dist.; Sneeuwkop and Cedarbergen, Clanwilliam District; Sneeuwgat Valley, Tulbagh; Wagenhuis Pass, Bredasdorp; Beaufort West; Smithfield 348.

49 .(S.A.M.). Grahamstown (AM. & T.M.). Dordrecht; Majuba Nek," Hers~hel; Maclear; Nasusis Nek, Queenstown; Cala-Indwe; Mt. Machache, Masite, Nemahadi ~nd Hope's Mtn., Basutoland (A.M,). Telle Junction (N.M. & T.M.); Ficksburg (K.M.). Cape Agulhas;' Harrismith (T.M.). Remarks: Described from specimens collected by Andrew Smith; f.ypes in British Museum of Natural History. From a comparison with. 1 long series of typical burchehi, it would. appear that the subspecies quinquevittata Hwt. can at most be regarded as a colour variety. Locality record of A Smith (1845) improbable. ICHNOTROPIS Peters. Tropidosaura part., Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p Hgira part., Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p ]chnotropis Peters, 1854, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, p. 617 (type; macrolepidota Pet. = capensis Smith). Strauch, 1867, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Petersb.. VI, P" 408. Peters, 1882, Reise n. Mossamb., III, p. 45. Lataste. 1885, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) II, p Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz.. Ill. p. 78. Hev.ritt. 1909, Ann. Tvl. Mus.. II, p. 40. Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 473,. Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p, 28; Schmidt. 1919, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., XXXIX, p. 508 and Map. Boulenger, 1921, Monogr. Lacert., II, p Ercmias part., Peters, 1866, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, p Head shields normal, but. occipital sometimes absent. Nostril pierced bet.ween three nasals. Lower eyelid scaly. Collar absent. A short fold in front of arm. Dorsal scales large, rhombic or lanceolate, strongly keeled and. imbricate; ventral plates smooth and imbricate. Digits feebly compressed; subdigital lamellae sharply keeled and spillulose. Femoral pores present. Tail long and cylindrical. Active, terrestrial lizards. represented in South Africa by three ~pecies and subspecies.. Distribution: Tropical and South Africa, but not extending south -of the Orange River. Key to the South African Species and Subspecies of ICHNOTROPIS. 1 Frontonasal single; subocular usually bordering lip; occipital usuall~' present; scales around middle of body., 2 Frontonasal divided into two longitudinally; subocular not reaching: lip; occipital absent or very small; scales around middle of. body 1. squamulosa PeL p Foot only slightly longer than head; adpressed hindlimb in' males reaches to between shoulder and ear (exceptionally as far as ear) 1. capensis capensis (Smith), p. 352 Foot from Ii.to H times' length of head; adpressed hindlimb in males reaches to ear or between ear and eye I. capensis longipes Boul., p

50 ICHNOTROPIS SQUAMULOSA Peters. (Text-figs ). Rough-scaled Sand Lizard. Ic/tnotropis squam1llosa Peters, 1354, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berl., p. 617, and 1855, Arch. Naturg., I, p. 46 (Type locality: Tete, Mozambique). and 1882, Reise n. Mossamb., III, p. 49, pi. VIII, figs. 2, 2a & 2b. Boulenger, 1887, Cat..Liz., III, p. 79 (Kalahari Desert).' Boettger, 1894, Ber. Senck. Naturf. Ges., p. 89 (Rehoboth). Bocage, '1896, Jam. Sci. Lisb. (2) IV, p. 87. Raux, 1907, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p. 425 (Rustenburg, Tvl.). Boulenger, 1908, Ann. Natal Mus., I, p. 225 (Kosi Bay, Zululand), and 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 476 (Delagoa Bay; Bulawayo, Hunyani River and Salisbury, S.R.). Hewitt. 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, P. 115 (Zoutpansberg; Barberton; Schweizer Reneke). 'Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p. 28 (Damaraland; Rehoboth; Kala-. hari), and Mitt!. Zoo1. Mus. Berlin, V, p. 404 (Gobabis, S.W. Afr.), and p. 417 (Chifumbazi & Cabayra, P.E. Afr.). Hewitt & Power, 1913, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., III, p. 156 (Marandcllas, S.R.; Mochudi,. B.P.; Kraaipan, nc. Mafeking). Schmidt. 19H1, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H.. XXXIX, p. 509, distribution map. Boul.enger, 1921, Monogr. Lacert., II, p. 191 (Kalahari; Molopo River; Kosi Bay). Power, 1927, Trans.' Roy. Soc. S. Afr.. XIV, p. 407 (Lobatsi-Linokana). Cott, 1934, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 162 (Charre, P.E. Afr.). FitzSimons, 1935, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XVI, p. :357 (Gabani; Molepolole; Kuke. Matapha, Kaotwe and Damara Pans, Kalahari; Sunnyside--Mabeleapudi; Mabeleapudi, Maun; Shorobc, Kwaai and Tsotsoroga Pan, Ngamiland), and 1938, Ann. Tv!" Mus., XIX, p. 195 (Oshikango, Ovamboland).. Description: Head and body moderately depressed; head about H times as broad as long in males, and up to Is in females, length head 3~ to 4! times into head and body in males, 4t to 4~ in females; head as broad as or a little broader' than neck. Snout point~d, as long as postocular part of head; canthusrostralis sharp; loreal region concave; a deep median concavity on snout, extending backwards to. frontal and bordered by two strong keels. A strong keel below eye. Adpressed hindlimb reaches to about shoulder level; foot usually a little longer than head; digits feebly compressed. Tail about twice length head and body. Upper head shields strongly keeled, with radiating striae and granular rugosities. Nostril pierced between 3 nasals. Supranasals in median contact behind rostral. Frontonasal as broad as or little lcroader than long, divided into two by a longitudinal suture. Prefrontals longer than broad. forming a long median suture with.one another, usually separated from anterior supraoculars. Frontal as long as or a little shorter than its distance from end of snout, 2 to 2;} times as long as broad, narrowed slightly behind. Parietals longer than broad, obliquely truncate behind. Interparietal as large as or a little small.er or' larger than frontoparietals, separating parietals.' A very small occipital usually in contact with interparietal, sometimes absent. Two large supraoculars, preceded and followed by small keeled scales; anterior supraocular as long as or a lit'tle longer than its distance from posterior loreal. 4 StipraciIiaries, 1st longest and forming an oblique suture with 2nd; one or two series of small scales between sup'raoculars and supraciliaries. Lowermost nasal in broad contact with rostral; postnasal small, lying betwe.en upper and lower nasals. Anterior loreal distinctly shorter than posterior. 5-7 (UsuallY 5 or 6) upper labials to below centre of eye; 'subocular elongate and not reaching lip, resting on upper labials 3-6, 4-6,. 4-7 or 5-8 (usually 4-6 or 4-7). A single, large, strongly keeled, upper temporal shield on either side. Temporal scales moderately large, rhombic, subimbricate and strongly keeled..a harrow tympanic shield on upper anterior border of ear opening. -Lower eyelid scaly, with two series of feebly enlarged scales. 6-7.Lower labials. 350

51 5 Pairs of chin shields, 2-3 (usually 2) anterior pairs in median contact. Gular scales fiat, imbricate, passing gradually into the ventrals. Dorsal scales rhombic, strongly keeled and sometimes obtusely pointed; sca1es on sides subequal in size, becoming 'smooth towards ventrals into which they pass gradually. Ventral plates subhexagonal, about as broad 'as long, in 10 or 12 longitudinal and transverse series Scales and plates round middle of body. Preanal scales irregular, or a median posterior scale enlarged and subtriangular. Scales on upper surface of limbs rhombic, strongly keeled as large as or a little smaller than dorsals Femoral pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae pluricarinate, spinulose, under 4th toe. Scales on tail strongly keeled above and much Fig Fig Fig Fig Ichnotropis squamulosa (T.M. No shikango). (\ogal view of head. Ichnotropis sq1l<1mulosa (T.M. No ), lmd!,tside oi h"ad. Ichnotropis sq1l<1mulosa [T.M. No ). side view of head. larger than those on back; below, scales smooth basally, elongate. and keeled distally.. Colour: Above, slate, greyish-brown to coppery-brown, usually with 4 longitudinal series of bluish- to greyish-white, dark-edged elongate spots on back, the two median rows of spots close together and smaller than outer, which run from supraciliary ridge to tail; between inner and outer rows of pale spots on either side there. is usually a series of squarish dark brown to black spots; one or two 351

52 / series of pale dark-0dged spots on sides, the upper usually arising as a pale streak on suboculal', passing thence through ear.. to shoulder and there8 fter broken up into a series of spots to groin. Pale,dilrk-edged spots on limbs. Below, yellowish- to greyish-white'. or dark slate. In adult males lower labials and chin shields dark greyish-brown to blackish; in breeding season' throat and chest often bright orange to orangy-red. In juveniles there is a pale bluish- to greyish-white vertebral sttipe, which later breaks up to form the two median rows of spots in adults; a well marked yellowish-white. dark-edged dorsolateral stripe. (corresponding to dorsolateral row of pale spots in adult) from supraciliary ridge to basal part of tail; a white, dark-edged.lateral stripe from below eye, through ear to groin; tail and hindlimbs pale buff above. Lower suriaces creamy white, tinged wit~ pink posteriorly and under tall. Dimensions: Male (T.M Damara Pan), H. & B. 69.5, tail 145, length head 1i.8, breadth head 12.1, forelimb 25, hindlimb 42, foot 20 mm. Female (T.M shikango), H. & B. 75, tail 165, length head 17.5, breadth head 10.3, forelimb 25, hindlimb 41, foot 20 mm. Field notes: Found in both sand- and bushveld country. Very quick in movement and when disturbed will dash away in short spurts from cover to cover as long as pursued. Their diet C"onsists mainly of diurnal termites, together with beetles,grasshoppers and other orthoptera. The eggs, in number, measure X 7 rom. Distribution: The northern parts of South Africa, extending from the Transvaal and Southern Rhodesia, westwards through the Kalahari to Damaraland, Ovamboland and southern Angola, eastwards to northern Zululand and Portuguese East Africa and then northwards.into Tanganyika Territory. Recorded localities: Tsessebe Sdng.; White River; Kutamas; Mtoko; Empandeni; Chilimanzi; Sawmills: Driefontein; Mongazi (AM.). Mahalapye (A.M. & K.M.). Okahandja; Nylstroom; Nelspruit (AM. & T.M.). Lobatsi; Mochudi; Sandfontein, nr.,gobabis; Setlagoli; Kraaipan; Towani; Premier Mine; Umvoma; Plumtree (K.M.). Kosi Bay (N.M. & T.M.). Acornhoek (P.KM & T.M.). Bulawayo (RM. & S.AM.). Chishawasha; Salisbury; Hunyani River; Delagoa Bay (S.A.M.). Potgietersrust (S.A.M. & T.M.). Molepolole; Matapha, Kaotwe & Damara Pans, Kalaha:r:i; Mabeleapudi; ShOl;obe; Tsotsoroga Pan; Waterberg, S.W. Afr.; Oshikango; Bothaville; Schweizer Reneke; Rustenburg; Pretoria; Pongola, Geelhoutkop & Vygeboompoort, Waterberg Dist.; Woodbush; Krabbefontein; 'Shilowane; N'Wanedzi & Brak River Dists., N. Tv}.; Blackhills; Gt. Saltpan; Leydsdorp; Mokeetsi; Gravelotte; Komatipoort; Hectorspruit; Machabezane; Barberton; Manaba; Maputa; Masieni (T.M.). Remarks: Types in the Berlin Museum. ICHNOTROPIS CAPENSIS CAPENSIS (A. Smith). Smith's Rough-scaled S,md Lizard. Atgyra mpensis A. Smith, 1838, Mag. Nat. HisL II, p. 94 (Type locality:.. "Sandy deserts afound Latakoo, i.e. Kuruman). Gray, Cat. Liz., p Tropidosauw ca.pensis Dumeril. & Bibron, 13:)0, Erp. Gen., V, p Bianconi. 1851, Spec. Zoo1. Mossamb., p. 61. Tropidosaura dllmerilii A. Smith, Ill. Zoo1. S. Afr. Rept. App., p. 7. Bocage, 1866, Jorn. Sci. Lisb., I, p. 43. lchnotropis macrolepidota Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, p. 617 (Type locality: Lourenco Marques), and 1882, Reise n. Mossamb., III, p. 45, pi. VIII, figs. 1, la and lb. Ichnotropis capensis part., Boulenger, 1887,.Cat. Liz., IIr, p

53 lchnotropis capensis Boulenger, 1905, P.Z.S. Lond., II, p. 254 (Umfolosi Stn., Zululand). Roux, 1907, Zoo1. Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p. 425 (Rustenburg, TvL). Boulenger, 1908, Ann. Natal Mus., I, p. 225 (Mseleni, Zululand). Odhner. 1908, Ark. Zoo1. Stockholm, IV, No. 18, p. 3 (Somkele & Lake Sibayi, Zululand). Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Af,r. Mus., 'V, p. 476 (Delagoa Bay; Pietersburg; Matopos). Werner 191if' Jena.' D.enkschr..' XVI, p. 329 (Between Lokaneng &.Sev~relela: Kalahan). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, pp. 112 & 114 (Pretoria & Zoutpansberg, Tvl.; Mochudi). Sternfeld, 1911, Mittl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, V, p. 420 (Mphome, Tvl.), and Fauna Deutsch. Kalan., IV. 2, p. 28, text fig. 29. Hewitt! 1916, Ann. Natal Mus., II, p. 482 (Mariannhill, Natal). Hewitt & Power, 1913, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., III, p. 156 (Mochudi, B.P.; Marandellas, S.R.). Schmldt, 1919, Bull. Amer. Mus. N.H., XXXIX, p' distribution map. Loveridge, 1920, P.Z.S. Land., p. 148 (Delagoa Bay). Boulenger, 1921, Mon. Lacert., II. p. 185 (Mseleni; Umfolosi; 30 mls. N. of Okwa). FitzSimons, 19:37. Ann. Tvl. Mus., XVII, p Description: Head and body depressed; head g to 1~ (exception :any twice) times as long as broad, length from 3! to 4 times into length head and body in males and 4--4! in. females, as broad as.or a little broader than neck. Snout pointed, as long as or slightly longer tha.n postocular part of head; canthus rostralis sharp and loreal.region concave. A median lanceolate concavity' on upper surface of :snout and anterior half of frontal. A strong keel b!!low the eye; lower e,yelid scaly, with a series of vertically enlarged scal!=s across the middle. Adpressed hindlimb reaches to between shoulder and 'ear (exceptionally, to ear)' in males, to axil 01' shoulder in females. Foot a little longer than.head; digits feebly compressed. Tail 1! to 2t times head and body (usually 2-2,f in males). Upper head shields (i.e, from prefrontals backwards) strongly and coarsely. striated and keeled. Nostril pierced between 3 nasals. Supranasals in contact with one another behind rostral Frontonasal as broad' as or a little broader than long. Prefrontals longer than broad, in long median contact, not reaching 1st supraocular. Frontal.as long as or a little shorter than its distance from end of, snout, rounded in front. narrowed posteriorly, 1~ to 2t times as long as broad. Parietalsrounded behind, longer than broad. Interparietal subequal in size to frontoparietals, in contact with or sometimes narrowly separated from the much shorter occipital, whose posterior border is rounded and projects beyond parietals (exceptionally latter projectihg further). Two large supraoculars, preceded and fqllowed by a group of small keeled scales; anterior supraocular as long as Or.a little longer than its distance from posterior loreal, in contact with posterior half of frontal; posterior supraocular sometimes in narrow contact with parietal. 4 (Exceptionally 5) supraciliaries, 1st longest.and forming a very oblique suture with 2nd. One or two (usually one) series of small granular scales between supraoculars and 'supra ciliaries. Lowermost nasal in contact with rostral and 1st upper labial; postnasal small. between upper and lower nasals. Anterior loreal as long as or a little shorter than posterior. 4 (Exceptionally 5 or 6) upper labials anterior to subocular, whose lower border on lip is much narrower than upper. A single large elongate upper temporal.shield. Temporal scales hexagonal and strongly keeled. A narrow tympanic shield on up12er anterior border of e~r~opening. 6 Lower labials. 5 Pairs of chin-shields, the three anterior pairs in median contact with one another. Gular scales flat and imbricate, somewhat elongate anteriorly, passing gradually into the ventral plates behind. Dorsal scales rhombic-lanceolate, strongly keeled and acutely pointed <or shortly mucronate; lateral scales a little smaller than dorsals, :smooth towards the ventral plates, into which they pass gradually. Ventral plates subhexagonal, strongly imbricate, as broad as or a 353

54 little broader than long, in 8 or 10 longitudinal and 2~-31 transverse rows; (usually 36) scales and plates round middle of body. Preanal scales irregular, very small in females. Scales on upper surface of limbs much smaller than those on back, strongly keeled. and on arm are tri- or quinquecarinate (Usually 9-12) femora:~ pores on each side. Subdigital lamellae pluricarinate and spinulose (usually 20-22) under 4th toe. Caudal scales strongly keeled above, similar to those on back but slightly larger, in regular transverse whorls. Colour: Above, olive, olive grey, greyish-brown, yellowish-brown to reddish-brown, uniform or sometimes with small black spots on head and middle of back; a regular or interrupted series of dark spots on either side 'of back (fusing on base of tail), bordered below by a pale' white to greenish-white stripe (sometimes indistinct or absent) from supraciliary edge to base of tail; a dark brown to black band (uniform or bearing pale spots) on each side from nostril through eye (or only from ear) to tail; a well-marked white lateral streak (often dark-edged below) from upper labials to groin or on to base of. tail (sometimes extending only to. forearm). Below, white with a greenish or pinkish tinge; in breeding males the pale lateral streak is bright yellow on side of head and neck, and on flanks (from axil to' groin) 'is edged below with bright red; lower lip, chin and throat yellow. Dimensions: Male (T.M Vygeboompoort), H. & B. 49.5, tail 101, -.length head 13.7, breadth head 8.2, forelimb 17. hindlimb 27, foot 14.5 mm. Female (T.M Maputa), H. '& B. 51.5, tail 90, length head 12.6, breadth head 7.6, forelimb 16, hindlimb 28, foot 13 mm. Field notes: Found in sandy, grass-, scrub- or bushveld country; very shy and elusive and difficult to detect owing to their dun colouring. Diet consists mainly of diurnal termites, small beetles etc. The eggs, usually 6 in 'number, are oval and measure on the average 9.5 X 6.5 mm.. Distribution: From the Kalahari and Transvaal, eastwards' into northern Natal, Zululand and Portuguese East Africa, and northwards into Southern Rhodesia. Recorded localities: Honingfontein; Rankin's Pass; St. Lucia Bay; Matubatuba Flats; Plumtree; Salisbury; Driefontein (A.M.). Marandellas (A.M. & KM.). Pretoria; Nylstroom (A.M. &. T.M.) Premier Mine (KM.). Mseleni (N.M.). Pietersburg; Delagoa Bay; Matopos (S.A.M.). Woodbush; Vygeboom- poort; Pienaars River; Zoutpansberg; Maputa; Sonjwana Bay;: Mochudi; Masieni (T.M.). Remar ks: Types lost. ICHNOTROPIS CAPEN SIS LONGIPES Boulenger. (Text-figs ). Ichnotropis longipes Boulenger, 1902, P.Z.S. Lond., II, p. 17. pl. III, fig. 2' (Type locality: Mazoe, S.R.).. Chubb, 1909, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 594 (Bulawayo & Khami River, S.R.). Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.,. V, p. 476 (Livingstone). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, p Angel, 1920, BulL Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, XXVI, p. 616 (Upper Zambesi). Boulenger, 1921; Mon. Lacert., II, p. IBB (Mazoe; Bulawayo). Monard, 1937, Arquiv. Mus. Bocage Lisb., VIII, p. 75 (Angola locs.).. Ichnotropis capensis FitzSimons. 1935, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XVI, p. 356 (Kaotwe & Damara Pans, Kalahari; Nkate; Kabulabula), and ]938, XIX, p. 195 (Okosongomingo & Waterberg. S.W. A.fr,; Oshikango, Qvamboland). Description: Distinguished mainly on the longer limbs, the adpressecj. hindlimb in males reaching to ear or between ear and eye,. and foot being distinctly longer th?-n head. from l;} to Ii times~ 354

55 Lateral scales not or but slightly smaller than.dorsals. Ventral plates in 10 longitudinal rows; 36 or 38 scales round middle of body; femoral pores on each side. Colour: Adults, pale greyish-brown to buff. above, passing on sides to orangy-brown; head and back without liark spots, or with an incipient row on either side; a black streak on each side' from tip.. of snout through eye and above ear to anterior third or quarter of tail, sometim~s but faintly marked on side of head from snout to E E r:- I<) E E co 0 Fig Fig Fig. 23<4. Iehnotropis eapensis longipes (T.M. No kahilndjil), dorsal view of head. IelmotTOp;s c. longipes (T.M. No. 4783), underside of head. Ichnotrop;s c. longipes (T.M. No. 4783), side view of head. ear (in females), usuaily narrowly edged above with white; a white streak along upper labials. through ear to groin or base of tail, edged below bya black stripe as far back as shoulder (sometimes absent. in females), and along flanks by orange red to red in breeding males. Hindlimbs blotched with black behind. Lower surfaces white to yellowish-white. 'In young specimens, longitudinal dark and pale streaks usually ~ndistinct or absent, sometimes a few scattered black specks on head and middle of back.. 355

56 . Dimensions: Male (A.M.-Mu~ami), H. & B. 48.5, tail.101.(tip lost), length head 13.5, breadth head 8.5; forelimb 166. hindlimb 31,. foot 17 mm. Distribution:. Southern. Rhodesia. extending into northern Rhodesia, Angola, Damaraland and northern Kalahari. Recorded localities: Chishawasha, S.R.; Livingstone. N.R. (S.A.M.). Musami; Filabusi-.Shabani; Kutamas nr. MakWiro; Gazumaland, S.R. (A.M.). Bulawayo (R.M.). Bembesi; N'kate, B.P.; Waterberg ~ Okahandja, Damaraland; Oshikango, Ovamboland (T.M.). Remarks: Types in the British Museum of Natural History. SCAPTIRA Wiegmann. Scapteira (Ex. Fitzinger, M.S.) Wiegmann, 1834, Herp. Mex., p. 9 (type:. LaceTta grammica Licht). Dumeril & BibrotJ, 1839, Erp. Gen., V, p Gray, 184.5, Cat. Lit., p. 39. Lataste, 1885, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) II, p Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p Hewitt, 1909, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, p. 40. Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p..32. Meroles l)(irt.. Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Hist., I, p Eremias part., Dumel'il & Bibron, 1839, Erp: Gen., V, p Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 39. Scaptira L. Agassiz, 1846, Nomen. Zool. Index Univ.-emend. pro Scapteira. Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.; V, pp. 473 & 478, and 1918,.fourn. Zoo1. Res., III, p. 2, and 1921, l\{onogr. Lacert., II, p Podarces part., Strauch, 1867, Mel. BioI. Ac. St. Petersb., VI, p Saurites Peters, 1869, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, p. 60. Lataste, 1885, Ann. Mus. Genova (2) II, p Head shields normal, but occipital often very small or absent. Nostr.il pierced between three nasals and widely separated from 1st upper labial. Subocular not bordering the mouth (in South Afrjcan species). Lower eyelid scaly. Collar distinct. Dorsal scales small. juxtaposed or subimbricate. Ventral plates smooth, not or but feebly imbricate, posterior borders straight. Digits subcylindrical, compressed or depressed, serrated, denticulated or fringed laterally; subdigital lamellae smooth or keeled. Femoral pores present. Parietal foramen. present. Tail IOrig and cylindrical, or depressed basally and feebly.compressed distally.. The retention of Scaptira as a genus separate from Eremias is largely a matter of convenience, as there is little doubt that it is made up of modified forms of Eremias, which have developed independently, apparently as an adaptation to deserticolous life (see Boulenger, 1921, p. 348, and Smith, 1935,p. 382).. Terrestrial lizards confined to sandveld and desertic areas. and represented in South Africa by seven species and subspecies.. Distribution: Central Asia; South Africa. Key to the South African Species and Subspecies of SCAPTIRA. 1 Ventral scales in straight longitudinal series; snout more or less conical; upper labials not forming' an angle; ear-opening exposed, 'Yith projecting scales on its.anterior border... 2 Ventral scales tessellated or forming oblique longitudinal series; snout much flattened and wedge-shaped; upper labials Jorming an angle; ear-opening largely covered by a dermal fold '

57 2 Lower nasal in contact with rostral, ventral plates in 10 to 14 (rarely 16) longitudinal series; toes 'not strongly ser'rated laterally 3 Lower nasal not reaching rostral, ventral scales in 18 longitudinal series; toes strongly serrated laterally; nasals in contact with one another behind rostral; femoral pores on each side; occipital absent; prefrontals in median contact S, 'reticulata Boc., p Ventral plates in 12 or 14 (rarely 16),longitudinal series; nasals separated by suture of rostral with frontonasal; prefrontals usually in median contact with one another; occipital minute or absent S, suborbitalis (Pet.), p, 359 Ventral plates in 10 or 12 longitudinal series; nasals in contact with one another behind rostral; prefrontals usually separated; interparietal usually in contact with a small occipital 4 4 Dorsal scales keeled, across middle of body; ventral plates in 12 (exceptionally 10) longitudinal series; usually at most only two pairs of chin-shields in contact; 6-11 enlarged. plates in collar, scales on tibia keeled; lamellae under 4th toe S. knoxii kno.xii (Milne-Edw.), p. 362 Dorsal scales for the most part smooth, across middle of. body; ventral plates. in 10 (exceptionally' 12) longitudinal series; usually three pairs of chi,n-shields in contact; 2-6 enlarged collar plates; scales on tibia sitlooth or at most. feebly keeled; lamellae under 4th toe S. knoxii pequensis Hwt., p Dorsal scales smooth or obtusely keeled, scales across middle of body; ventral plates in longitudinal series; nasals in contact behind rostral or very narrowly separated; 27...,..37 femoral pores on each side;.a lateral band of enlarged scah~s over posterior half of body S.,ctenodactyla (Smith), p. 366 Dorsal scales quite smooth, scales across middle of body; ventral plates in longitudinal series; nasals in contact or separated 'by suture of rostral and frontonasal; femoral' pores on each side; lateral band of enlarged scales absent 6. 6 Three supraoculars; rostral and frontonasal in contact; nasals more or less swollen; scales across middle of body S. cu~eirostris (Strauch), p. 368 Two supraoculars; rostral and frontonasal separated by suture. of nasals behind rostral; nasals not swollen; scales across middle of body. S. micropholidota Mertens, p, 370 SCAPT IRA' RETICULAT A Bocage. (Text-figs ). Reticulated Sand-lizard. Scapateira 0) reticuzata Bocage, 1867, A.M.N.H. (3) XX, p. 225 (Type locality: BenguelIa, An,gola). 357

58 Scapteira reticulata Boulenger Cat. Liz.. III, p. 112 (l\ilossamedes). Bocage, 1895, Herp. An'gala, p. 32. Werner, 1910,.Jena. Denkschr., XVI, p. 338 (S. Hereroland). Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kalan., IV, 2, p. '33, tej:ct-figs. 38 & 41. Werner, 1915, in Michaelsen. Land u. Siisswasserfauna Deutsch-S.W. Afr., I, p. 346 (Swakapmund). Loveridge, 1936, Field Mus. N.H., Zoo1. Ser., XXII, p. 63 (Namib Desert). Mertens, 1937, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., 435, p. 9 (Windhuk). Podarces (Scapteira) reticulata Strauch, 1867, Mel: BioI. Ac., St. petersb., VI, p Eremias.serripes Peters, 1869, Oefvers. Vet. Ak. Forh., p. 659 (Damaraland). Scapteira serripes Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, p Scaptira serripes Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 479 (Little Namaqualand). Scaptira reticulata Boulenger, 1921, Mon. Lacert., II, p Parker, 1936, Novit. ZooL XL, p. 135 (Swakop:t:Jlund). Description: Head and body strongly depressed; head a little narrower than neck 3} to 3~ times into length from snout to vent. r I E E I" a Fig Fig Fig Fig Scaptira reticutata (T.M. No Swakopmund), dorsal "lew of head. Scaptira reticu/ata (T.lW. No ), underside of head. Scaptira reticu/ata (T.M. No , side view of head. Snout long, slender and pointed; nasals feebly swollen; nostril directed' outwards and forwards; loreal region concave;' canthus rostra lis sharply defined. Rostral much narrowed, as broad as or narrower than deep. I,.owermost nasal not reaching rostral, resting on upper labials 1-3 (exceptionally 1.-2). Anterior loreallonger than 358

59 -deep, smaller than posterior. Frontonasal hexagonal, a little longer than broad, separated from rostral by suture of upper nasals. Prefrontals in good median contact, a little longer than broad. Frontal hexagonal, as long as its distance ftom rostral,.much narrowed behind, greatest breadth about half length. Parietals broader than long, in median contact with one another behind interparietal, which is much smaller than frontoparietal. Occipital minute.or absent. Three supra oculars, first smallest, and usually separated from frontal by one or two small detached shields on inner edge. 6-7 Supraciliaries, first longest. A continuous?eries of granules separating supraoculars and supraciliaries, passing into a granular area behind 3rd suptaocular. Subocular strongly keeled along upper border, resting on upper labials 6-8 (sometimes 5-7). Upper labials 7-8. Two elongate narrow temporals; posterior much longer than anterior, usually broken up into 2-5 smaller segments. Temporal scales small, granular, smooth or feebly keeled. A tympanic shield present, and a series of pointed or rounded lobules projecting from anterior border of ear. Lower :abials 8, first projecting inwards behind mental and sometimes almost meeting its fellow. Mental small. Five pairs of large chin-shields (exceptionally 6), 4th largest, three anterior pairs usually in contact,. :sometimes 2nd and 3rd pairs separated. No' gular fold. Collar very slightly curved, containing 9-11 irregular plates. Scales above, granular and smooth on nape and forepart of back, passing to larger, more flattened, subimbricate, obtusely keeled scales posteriorly; scales across middle of body. Ventra Is in 16 longitudinal and transverse series. Two enlarged preanal plates, posterior larger. 19.,.-23 Femoral pores on each side. Scales pn upper surface arm large, imbricate. smooth or faintly keeled; scales on tibia flattened, subimbricate: obtusely keeled. subequal to largest on back; a series of large and 1-3 smaller plates on 'lower surface tibia. Digits keeled below and strongly serrated laterally; fourth toe with 23-2~ subdigital lamellae. Scales on tail elongate, diagonally keeled above, smooth or feebly keeled below. Colour: Gray, slate to bluish-grey above, densely reticulated with darker or speckled and spotted with paler and darker; pale spots on limbs; lower surfaces white. Juveniles are light bluish to slaty grey, reticulated with dark brown. Dimensions: (S.A.M Conception Bay), H. & B. 53.5, tail 100, length head 15, breadth head 9.4, forelimb 21, hindlimb 39, foot 18.5 mm. Field notes: A sand-living form, restricted to' the sand dune areas of the Namib Desert. Distribution: Coastal areas cif South West.Africa and Angola. Recorded localities: Conception Bay; Conception Island; Rooibank; Kuisip River (S.A.M.). Swakopmund (S.A.M. & T.M.). Remarks: Types in the.lisbon and Berlin Museums. SCAPTIRA SUBORBIT ALiS (Peters). (Text-figs ). Ocellated or Spotted Sand-lizard.?Lacerta depress a Merrem, 1820, Tent. Syst. Amph., p. 63, and1821, Beitr. Gesch. Amph., III, p. 106, pl. VIII (Cape of Good Hope). Eremias knoxii part, Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 40. Eremias suborbitalis Peters Oefver s. Vet: Ak. Forh., p. 658 (Type. locality: Damaraland). Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 90. Fischer, 1888; Mittl. Zool. Mus. Hamburg, p. 12 (Aus). Boulenger, 1890, P.Z.S. Lond., p. 79 (Angra Pequena). Raux, 1907, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., XXV, p. 425 (Matjesfontein; Orange River; Steinkopf; Jakhalswater). Mertens, 1937, Abh. Senck. Naturf. Ges., 435, p. 9 (Windhuk). 359 Ie..-

60 Scaptei:ra depressa Boettger, 1886, Ber. Senck. Ges., p. 12 (Angra Pequena), and 1887, p. 145 (Angra Pequena-Aus; Aus; Aus-Keetmanshoop). Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p; 110. Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr.;. XVI, p. 336 (Luderitzbucht; Hottentot Bay; Prince of Wales Bay;. Kubub). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, p. 115 (Port Nolloth; Steinkopf). Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p. 33, text-fig. 40, and Mittl. Zool. Mus. Berlin,. p. '405 (Wfllfisch Bay). Methuen & Hewitt, 1914, Ann. Tvl. Mus., IV,' p. '140 (Wasserfall & Groendoorn, btwn. Great & Little Karas Mtns.; Luderitzbucht). Werner, 1915, in, Michaelsen, Land u. Slisswasserfauna Deutsch~S.W. Mr., I, p, 345 (Swakopmund). Scaptira depressa Boulenger, 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 478 (Little Namaqualand). Hewitt & Power, 1913, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr., III, p. 157 (Ky Ky; Lower Molopo; Upington). Scaptira' suborbitalis Boulenger, 1921, Mon. Lacert" II, p. 354 (Naroep).. FitzSimons, 1935, Ann. Tvl. Mus" XV, p. 542 (Nosop River; Oup River; Konkiep; nr, Aus; Luderitzbucht; Lekkersing; Kuboos). Mertens, 1937/38, Veroff. Deutsch, Kolon. u. Ubersee Mus. Bremen, II, hft. 1, p, 12 (Luderitzbucht), FitzSimons, 1938, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XIX, p, 197 (Nonidas-Namib Stn.; nr. Aus; nr, Goodhouse; Bushman Flats, S, of Goodhouse; nr. Port Nolloth; Brandvlei). Description: Head and body depressed; head as broad as neck or 'a little broader, 3i to 4! times into length from snout to vent. Snout short, usually more or less pointed; nasals di~tinctly swollen; nostril directed outwards; a more or less distinct median depression from frontonasal to middle of posterior half of frontal; loreal region concave; canthus rostra lis sharply defined, Upper head shields smooth' or sligthly rugose. Frontonasal 7-sided, as broad as long or a litt~e broader or longer, in contact with rostral and separating nasals" (exceptionally separated from rostral by a, small azygous shield). Prefrontals as broad as long or longer than broad, usually in median contact' with one another, exceptionally separated by an azygous shield. Frontal equal to its distance from rostral or tip of snout, from. H tim'es to twice a lo'ng as broad, usually distinctly narrowed behind'. Parietals as broad as long or broader than long, in median conta:ct with one another behind interparietal, which is much smaller than frontoparietals. A very small occipital present or absent. Three supraoculars, 1st smallest (exceptionany broken up into a number of small shields) and usually in good contact with frontal and first supraciliary, though sometimes partly or wholly separated from either or both by intervening granules and small shields. 6-8 Supraciliaries (usually 6-7), 1st longest: A series of granules (sometimes 2...,..3 rows posteriorly) separating supra oculars and supraciliaries,. passing into granular area behind 3rd supraocular. Rostral hexagonal, from 1! to Ii times as broad as deep. Lowermost nasal in good contact with rostral; resting on first upper labial only or someti'mes 1st and 2nd, Anterior loreal very sma.!l, much smaller than posterior, as long as deep or a little longer than deep. Subocular large, strongly keeled along upper border,' resting below on upper labials 4-6 or 5-7, exceptionally on 4-7, 5-8 or 6-9. Usually 7-8 upper labials, exceptionally 9. An elongate, narrow, keeled, temporal shield on each side, sometimes divided into two or more parts. Temporal scales small, granular, smooth. A small elongate tympanic shield usually present, sometimes absent; 2-5 obtusely pointed lobules projecting on anterior border of ear-opening. Lower labials 6-8, usually 7 or 8. Five pairs of large chin-shields, the three anterior pairs usually in median contact with one another (exceptionally only first two pairs in contact). No gular fold. Collar slightly curved, with 7-12 irregular plates. Scales on back granular, smooth, or feebly keeled and rhomboidal posteriorly; scales across middle of body, Ventral plates quadrangular, as broad as or broader than long, in 12 or

61 straight longitudinal and transverse series. Scales on upper surface arm large, smooth, rounded, subimbricate; on tibia scales feebly keeled above,. as large as or larger than those on back, often 5ubimbricate, below, with a single series of large plates and one or two smaller. Digits somewhat feebly serrated laterally: (usually 24-28) lamellae under 4th toe. Scales on tail oblique above, diagonally keeled and truncate behind, smooth below. A series of femoral pores on each side, nai'rowly separated mesially. Preanal plates hexagonal, median not or but little larger than those adjoining. Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig. 240 Scaptira suborbitalis (T.M. No Aus). dorsat view of head. Scaptira suoorbitalis (T.M. No ), underside of head. Scaptira suborbitalis (T.M. No ), side view of head. Colour: Young, pale yellowish-white above, with 4 black longitudinal stripes, of which the dorsolaterals extend from 1st supraocular on to base of tail and there unite with one another, while the laterals extend from behind eye along sides of body and basal part of tail; a short black median stripe on nape, bifurcating just behind head; a black streak from posterior edge subocular to anterior border ear-opening; limbs with a blackish reticulate design enclosing large pale spots. As specimens get older the ground colour above passes to grey, greyish-green, purplish-grey, purplish-brown or benzobrown, the dark stripes break up into series of dark transverse spots, which often bear series of pale ocellate 'spots; head more or less uniform, paler than back; large pale ocellate spots on limbs. Fully adult specimens from the Namib. are slate-coloured above with a bronzy-pink sheen, with irregular, transversely elongated dark brown 361

62 to blackish. paler edged spots, arranged in more or less longitudinat series oh back: limbs barred: tail also barred with dark brown on sides basally, above and on sides distally. Below creamy-white or bluish-white with a metallic lustre; throat often yellow in males. Feet straw colour.. Dimensions: Male (T.M nr. Aus), H. & B. 70, tail 132.5, length head 17, breadth head 12, forelimb 25, hindlimb 45, foot 23 mm. Female (T.M nr. Karub), H. & B. 71, tab 128, length head 17, breadth head 12, forelimb 26" hindlimb 46, foot 21.5 rom. Field notes: Similar in habits to Scaptira knoxii. Stomach contents l'eveal a diet made up of beetles and their larvae, grasshoppers, flies, termites and spiders. The eggs, usually about 6 in number. average 12.5 X 7.5 mm.. Distribution: From the central Karroo, west and north through Little Namaqualand and Gordonia into Gt. Namaqualand and Damaraland. Recorded localities: Haalenberg; Daberas; Ebony; Chous Mtns. (A.M.). Zwart Modder; Lower Moiopo; Keetmanshoop (AM. & K.M.) Luderitzbucht (A.M. & T.M.), Victoria West; Draghoender-Marydale; Vanderbylskraal; Ky Ky (K.M.). Aus (N.M., S.A.M. & T.M.). wmiston; Concordia; Gamoep; Alweynsfontein; Steinkopf: Vioolsdrjft; Naroep; Steinkopf-Ramansdrift; Kraaiwater; Henkries-Wolferton; Port Nolloth: Upington; Kalkfontein, G.N.; Grassmund;' Prince o~ Wales Bay; Conception Bay (S.A.M.). De Aar (SAM. & T.M.>. Brandvlei; Klipfontein-Port Nolloth; nr. Goodhouse; Lekkersing; Kuboos; Kakamas; Nosop & Oup Rivers; Wasserfall & Groendoorn, Karasberg Dist.; Konkiep; Aus-Kubub; Karub; Nonidas-Namib Stn. (T.M.). Remarks: Type (of suborbitalis) in Berlin Museum. According to Boulenger (1921. p. 377), the original description of Lacerta depressa by Merrem, leaves the indentification, too doubtful to justify precedence over Peters' suborbitalis, the description of which is perfectly clear. SCAPTJRA KNOXll KNOXII (Milne-Edwards). (Text-fi~s ). Knox'!;; OeeUated Sand Lizard. Lacerta k7ioxii MilnecEqwards, 1829, Ann. Sci. Nat., XVI, pp. 76 & 85, pl. VI, fig. 6 (Type locality: "Cape of Good Hope ")' MeroLes knoxii Gray, 1838, Ann. Nat. Rist., I, -p Eremias kno:l!ii Dumeril & Bihron, 1839, Erp. Gen., V" p A. Smith, Ill. Zool. S. Afr. Rept., pi. XLIII, fig. 1, and pl. XLVIII, fig. 1 (" Arid Karroo country of the Cape Colony"). Eremias knoxii part., Gray, 1845, Cat. Liz., p. 40. Eremias.fordii Gunther, 1872, A.M.N.H. (4) IX. p. 381 (Cape Colony). Scaptei.ra knoxii Boulenger, 1887,Cat. Liz., III, p. 109: Roux. 1907, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., XXV. p. 429 (Matjesfontein; Dieprivier; Steinkopf; O'okiep), Werner, Jena. Denkschr., XVI, p. 335 (Kamaggas). Hewitt. J910, Ann. Tv!. Mus., II. p Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna. Deutsch. Kolon.. IV. 2, p. 32, text-figs, 37 & 38 (Port Nolloth; O oldep). Essex Rec. Alb. Mus., III, p. 342 (Cape Flats). Scaptira knoxii Boulenger, 1905, P.Z.S. Land., II, p. 254 (Port Nollolh). and AnD. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 478 (Cape Town; Clanwilliam; Calvinia; Matjesi'ontein; Worcester; Touwsriver; Little Namaqual,;.md), and 1921, Mon. LacerL II, p Rose. 1926, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.. XX. p. 493 (Cape Peninsula), and 1928, "Nature Notes," No. 56, p. 3 & text-fig., and Veld & Vlei, p. 113, fig. 72. FitzSimons, Ann. TvI. Mus., XV, p. 542 (nr. V.an Rhyns Pass; Vredendal; Soebatsfontein; Hondeklip Bay; Lekkersing). and XIX, p. 197 (Klipfontein; nr. Port Nopoth; O'okiep-Springbok; Nieuwerust). 362

63 Description: Head and body moderately depressed: head as broad as neck or a little narrower, from 3! to 4~ times into length from, snout to vent. Snout short, obtuse; nasals not or but very feebly swollen: nostril directed outwards, A distinct longitudinal median groove from anterior border frontonasal to the middle of posterior half of frontal. Canthus rostra lis sharp; loreal region almost vertical, slightly concave, Upper head shields somewhat raised and convex, 'smooth or feebly rugose. Frontonasal hexagonal. broader than long, Fig. 241, Fig Fig ScaptirCL kno;rii knoxii (T,M. No 'okiep), dorsal "iew of head. Scaptira k. kno;rii (T.M. No ), underside of head. Scaptira k. knoxii ('r.m. No ), side' view of head. sometimes bisected longitudinally, well separated from rostral by median suture of nasals. Prefrontals occasionally in contact, usually separated from one. another by a single squarish or elongate azygous shield. sovnetimes by 2 (one behind the other) or 3 (arranged to form a triangle), exceptionally by' 4 or 5. Frontal as long as its distance from rostral or end of snout, about twice or a little le'ss times as long as broad, narrowing behind. Parietals longer than broad. Interparietal usually a little smaller than frontoparietal, sometimes subequal to, in contact behind with a small occipital or separated by a small int~rvening shield. 3 Supraoculars, 1st smallest and usually separated from frontal by one or two small detached 363

64 'shie!ds on inner side, occasionally broken up into a number (3-9) of' small shields. A continuous series of granules separating supraoculars' from supraciliaries (exceptionaiiy discontinuous), passing into granular area' behind 3rd 8upraocular. 6-8 Supraciliaries (usually 6), 1st much the largest. Rostral pentagonal, about 1! times as broad as deep. Lowermost nasal in contact with rostral, resting on 1st'and.2nd upper labials.anterior loreal small, as long as deep or deeper than. long, much smaller than posterior. Subocular with a distinct keel along super.ior edge, resting on upper I?bials 5-7 (exceptionally 4-6, 5-8 or' 6-8). Upper labials 7-9, usually 7 or 8. Two (exceptionally one) elongate keeled temporal shields on each side, anterior longer than posterior. Temporal scales granular, sometimes hexagonal, smooth or keeled. A small tympanic shield present 01' absent; 3-5 obtusely pointed triangular lobules projecting from anterior border ear-opening. Lower labials 6-8, last longest. -4 Pairs. of large chin-shielcis. usually 'two anterior pairs in median contact, sometimes first pair only. Gular fo~d feebly marked or absent. Collar slightly curved, with 6-11 (usually 8-10) plates. Scales on. nape granular and feebly keeled, over back larger, rhompic, subimbricate and diagonally keeled. smooth and larger on sides ; (usually 50-60) scales across middle of body. Ventrals, excepting the two median rows, broader than long (outermost the smallest), in 12 (very rarely 10) straight.longitudinal and 2'(-32 (usually about 30). transverse rows. Two median preanal p!ates often 'enlarged, posterior larger than anterior (Usually 18-20) femoral pores on each side, narrowly separated mesially oi" continuous: Scales on upper. surface arm ip regular series,' transversely enlarged,. imbrici'/te, hexagonal, smooth or feebly keeled. Sca!es on tibia above, keeled and similar to those on back; below, a single row of much enlarged plates' and 1 or 2 smaller. Digits somewhat weakly serrated laterally: '21-26 lame!lae under 4th toe. Scales on tail above, oblique, diagonally keeled, rounded or obtusely pointed behind; below, smooth basally. keeled and obtusely pointed distally... Colour: Young, dai;k brown to blackish above and on sides, with scattered round white spots and five longitudinal white.streaks; the vertebral streak bifurcate on neck and extending on to base of tail, the dorsolaterals from supraciliary ridge to tail and the laterals from below eye through ear to groin; limbs spotted' above with white. Adult, greyish. to reddish- or purplish-brown above, with a dorso-. lateral dark brown or black band (or series of large squarish spots),. bearing pa!e brownish to white spots; si,des greyish to blackish, with longitudinal series of yellow or brownish and black spots or ocelli; a. short black median streak (often broken up or absent) on nape. Limbs above, with pale bluish-white dark-edged spots. Head uniform or dark spotted. Below, white, creamy or light bluish-grey, chin and throat often slaty blue; adult breeding males usually bright yellow on chin, throat, sides of head, anal region and along line of femoral pores. Specimens from the sand dune coastal areas 0. the west are for the most part paler in colour.. Dimensions: Male <T.M nr. Vredendal), H. & B. 68, tail 158, length head 16.7, breadth head 11.4, forelimb 23, hindlimb 47, foot 22 mm. Femqle (T.M Lekkersing), H. & B. 63, tail 130, length head 14.6, breadth head 9.6, forelimb 21, hindlimb 41.5, foot 20.5 mm. Field notes: Active, quick-moving lizards, living in sandy, scrub covered areas. One of the commonest lizards in Little Namaqualand, where specimens from the coast are much paler than those from. further inland. Stomach remains consist exclusively of insect 364

65 remains, chiefly coleoptera and dipter~. The eggs, usually about 4 jn number, are oval and measure from X 7.8 mm. Distribution: From the western Cape Province, northwards through Little Namaqualand to the Orange River. Recorded localities:. Saldanha Bay; Bitterfontein; Garies-Kamiesberg; Steinkopf (A.M.). Kleinzee (K.M. & S.A.M.). Cape Peninsula; Rondebosch; Wynberg; Clanwilliam; Calvinia; Touwsriver;.Berg River Mouth;' Nieuwoudtville; Kamieskroori; Concordia; Al weynsfon tein; Anenous; Kuboos (S.A.M.). Lekkersing; Port Nolloth; Matjesfontein (S.A.M. & T.M.). Cap'e Flats; Klaver; Lamberts Bay; Van Rhyns Pass; Vredendal; Nieuwerust; Soebatsfontein; Hondeklip Bay; Klipfontein; O'okiep-Springbok; Orangemund (T.M.). Rem.arks; The type,described and figured by Milne-Edwards, is lost; but according to, Boulenger (1921, p. 353) there are 6 specimens from Delalande's coeection in the Paris Museum, incorrectly labelled as types. There is a specimen in the South African Museum collection, recorded from Durban, which is obviously incorrect. SCAPTIRA KNOXII PEQUENSIS Hewitt. :)Scapteim knoxii Fischer, 1888, Mittl. Mus. Hamburg, p. 12 (Aus).?Scapteira knoxii part., Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr., XVI, p. 335 (Salem & Tsaobis; Luderitzbucht; Kubub). Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon.,IV, 2, p. 32 (Tsaobis; Luderitzbucht; Kubub). Scaptim knoxii pequensis Hewitt, 1935, Rec. Alb. Mus., IV, p. 324 (Type locality: Luderitzbucht). Scapteira pequensis Mertens, 19:17/38, Verafl'. Deutsch. Kolon. u. Ubersee Mus. Bremen, II, hft. 1, p. 12 (Luderitzbucht). Description: Distinguished from typical. l<;noxii of Little Namaqualand on the following: General form more slender and less robust: head narrower and snout more pointed; head shields all smooth and flattened; frontonasal more often bisected longitudinally; mesial groove from frontonasal to frontal only shallowly excavate; prefrontajs usually separated by a single small median shield; usually three pairs of chin-shields in contact with one another, occasionally 3rd pair separated however by a single row of granules; dorsal scales for the most part smooth, becoming faintly. keeled posteriorly, on the average' smaller than in typical knoxii, there being scales across middle of body; scales on tibia smooth. or at :(nost very feebly keeled; enlarged collar plates usually reduced in number, there being from 2-6; ventral plates in 10 longitudinal series. exceptionally 12; femoral pores 17-20; foot apparently longer than in typical knoxii, with lamellae under 4th toe. Colour (in spirit): Bluish-grey, with.longitudii:1ai blackish stripes down middle of back, sides of body and upper surface of hindlimbs covered with numerous pale bluish-white, dark-edged, ocellar spots.. Dimensions: Male (Cotype, A.M Luderitzbucht), H. & B. 45.5, tail 107,length head 12.3, breadth head forelimb 17, hindlimb 35, foot 18 mm.. Distribution: Great Namaqualand, extending perhaps into southwestern Damaraland.R,ecorded localities: Luderitzbucht (A.M.). Remarks: Types in the Albany Museum.. Grahamstown. Fischer (1888), Werner (1910) and Sternfeld (1911) have recorded Scaptira knoxii from Great Namaqualand, and these records have; on geographical grounds, been included with S. knoxii pequensis. 365

66 SCAPTIRA CTENODACTYLA (A. Smith). (Text-figs ; Plate III, fig. 6). Smith's Sand-lizard. Lacertn ctenodactylns A. Smith, 1838, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) II, p. 98 (Type locality:.j Sandy districts of Little Namaqualand '). Acanthodactyhis capensis A.' Smith, 184.4, Ill. Zoo I. S. Afr. Rept.. pi. XXXIX, figs. A & B (" Sandy districts of Great N amaqualand "). Gray, Cat. Liz.. p. 37. A. Dumeril, 1845, Cat. Meth. Rept., p Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Bert, p. 61. Boulenger, P.Z.S. Lond., p SC(lpteira ctenodactyla Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 115 (Gt. Namaqua' land; Beaufort West). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tv1. Mus., 11. p Sternfeld, Fauna Deutsch. Kalan., IV, 2; p. 34, Loveridge, 1936, Field Mus. N.H., Zool. 5e1"., XXII, p. 63 (Port Nolloth). Mertens, 1937/38, Veroff. Deutsch. Kolon.- u. Ubersee Mus. Bremen,.II, p. 12 (Luderitzbucht).. Scaptira ctenodactyla Boulenger, 1905, P.Z.S. Lond., II, p. 254 (Porl Nolloth), and 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 479 (Little Namaqualand), and 1921, Mon.. Lacert., II, p FitzSimons. 1935, Ann. Tvl. Mus., XV, p (Hondeklip Bay; Lekkersing); and 1938, XIX. p. 197 (Port Nolloth--'Klipfontein).. Description: Head and body strongly depressed; head as broad as or a little narrower than neck, length 3~ to 3~ times into length from snout to vent. Snout obtuse, much flattened; nasals more or less flat or feebly swollen; labial margin angular and projecting; 10rea1 region strongly concave; canthus rostralis very sharply defined. An. oblique dermal fold partly covering ear-opening. 'Tail much flattened at base. Upper head shields smooth or very feebly rugose. Nasals in short or very short contact behind rostral. often narrowly separated. Frontonasal hexagonal, usually broader than long (exceptionally longer than broad). Prefrontals longer than broad, in long median contact. Frontal 2 to n times as long as broad, a little broader in front than behind; a series of 2-5 (exceptionally 1) small scales between frontal and 1st and 2nd supraoculars, largest anteriorly. Parietals as' broad as 'long or longer than broad. Interparietal smaller than frontoparietal in contact behind with a small occipital, sometimes. separated by a small intervening scale or by suture of parietals. 3 Supraoculars,' 1st smaeest, 2nd a little larger than 3rd. Usually 7 supraciliaries (exceptionally 6 or 8), 1st longest. A series of granules separating 2nd and 3rd supraoculars from supraciliaries, sometimes a double series present posteriorly, passing behind into the granular area behind 3rd supraocular. Rostral depressed, about 2! times as broad as deep. Nostril large and directed upwards; lowermost nasal in contact with rostral and resting on upper labials 1-2 (exceptionally 1-3). Anterior loreal longer than deep, much smaller than posterior. SubocuJar strongly keeled along upper border. not reaching lip but resting on upper labials 5-7, 5-8, 6-8, 7-8 or 7-9. Upper labials 8-9 (exceptionally 10). Two to four elongate. narrow, upper, temporal shields on each side. Temporal scales small. granular and obtusely keeled. A tympanic shield usually present: 2-3 feebly projecting, obtusely keeled lobules on anterior Iborder' of ear-opening. Six pairs of large chin-shields (exceptionally 5), the three anterior pairs usually in median contact, No gular fold. Collar straight or very feebly curved, comprised of obtusely pointed plates. Scales granular above, smooth or feebly keeled, smaller on nape than over middle of back; a narrow,longitudinal band of larger, pointed, keeled scales on either side over posterior half of back and passing backwards on to base of tail; scales 'across middle of body. Gular scales smooth, anteriorly.fiat and imbricate, over middle of throat smaller. subgranular,subimbricate and slightly convex, 366

67 passing behind again to the larger flat strongly imbricate scales in front of collar. Ventral plates as broad as long, imbricate. tessellated, arranged in oblique.longitudinal series and :40 transverse rows from collar to groin. Two median preanal plates usually enlarged, the posterior being the larger. Scales on upper surface arm and tibia rhombic, keeled, imbricate. but much smaller on tibia, which has below one row of large plates and 2-3 of smaller (Usually 28-34) femoral pores on each side, exceptionally more or iel's. Fingers and toes strongly serrated laterally, forming on toes a conspicuous lateral fringe; subdigital lamellae keeled, under 4th toe. Base of tail flattened, scales above similar to those on Fig Fig l"ig Fig Scaptira ctenodactyla (T.M. NQ nr. Port Nollothj. dorsal view of head. Scaptira ctenodactyla (T.M. No ), underside of head. Scaptira ctenodactyla (T.M. No ), side view of head. posterior part of back, but passing posteriorly into large rhombic,. strongly keeled, mucronate scales; below, scales at base smooth and imbricate, passing distally into much elongate keeled scales. Colour: Above, greyish to fawn, orange brown or russet, uniform or more or less densely speckled and reticulated with dark brown to blackish; a yellowish to white, dark-edged, dorsolateral stripe from above ear to base of tail; a broad greyish to dark brown lateral band, uniform or bearing white and yellow spots; a yellow lateral stripe from below eye to groin; limbs with large yellowish or whitish spots. Below, uniform white or pale yellowish. 367

68 Dimensions: Male (T.M nr. Port Nolloth), H. & B. 85, tail 163, length head 24.5, breadth head 15.3, forelimb 33.2, hindlimb 66.5, foot 32 mm. Female (T.M Hondeklip Bay), H. & B. 9D, tail 143, length head 22.4, breadth head 1.'5.8, forelimb 29.5, hindlimb 63.5, foot 29 mm. Field notes: Found in sandy, scrub-covered country in association with Scaptira knoxii. but unlike the latter, somewhat slow moving and owing to their inconspicuous colouring and reluctance to move until closely approached. not easily detected and thus often passed by lmnoticed. Their diet is mainly insectivorous and made up of Tabanid flies, Sphegid wasps. beetles, insect larvae and spiders. The eggs, usuallv 6 in number. are oval and measure from X 9-10 mm. Distribution: Little Namaqualand and adjacent Rarroid districts, and extending along the coast to just north of the Orange River. Recorded localities: Kuboos (A.M. & S.A.M.). Port Nolloth (A.M., SAM. & T.M.). O'okiep; Steinkopf (SAM.). HondekIip Bay; Lekkersing; Port Nolloth-Klipfontein; Orangemund (T.M,). Remarks: Types lost; there are however two specimens of Smith's Acanthodacty~us capensis in the British Museum of Natural History, but these, though regarded as the types, do not appear to be the actual specimens figurrcd and ol'scribed by Smith in his" Illustrations." SCAPTIRA CUNEIRO$TRIS (Strauch). (Text-figs. 247 & 248): Wedge-snouted Sand-lizard. Podarces (Scapteim) cuneirostris 'Strauch, Mel. Biol. Ac. St. Petersb., VI. p. 'Ill (Type locality:.. Damaraland "). Saurit s (Eremias) cuneirostris Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss. Berl., p. 60. Scapteira cuneirostris Boulenger, 1337, Cat. Liz., III, p. 116 (Damaraland). Hewitt, 1910, Ann. Tvl. Mus., II, p Werner, 1910, Jena. Denkschr... XVI, p. 339, pi. VI, fig. 1 (Rooibank; Prince of Wales Bay). Sternfeld, 1911, Fauna Deutsch. Kolon., IV, 2, p. 34. Lampe, 1911, Jahrb. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., 64, p. 172 (Luderitzbucht). Mertens, 1937/33, Veroif. Deutsch. Kolon.- u. Ubersee Mus. Bremen, II, p. 12 (Luderitzbucht). -Scaptira. cuneirostris BoulengeL 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus.. V, p. 79. Sternfeld. 1911, Mittl. Zool. Mus. Berlin, V, p. 405 (Walvis Bay). Boulenger, 1921, Mon. Lacert.. II, p. 361 (Damaraland; Gt. Namaqualand). Description: Head and body strongly depressed; head as broad as neck, 3~ to 3~ times into length from snout to vent. Snout obtusely pointed, much ftc'ttened, projecting and hooked in profile. Nasals.swollen; nostril directed outwards and upwards and pierced- between three nasals, consisting of a large upper and lower and a very small triangular postnasal. Labial margin angular and projecting. Loreal region distinctly concave; canthus rostralis sharp. Ear-opening partly hidden under an oblique dermal fold. Tail strongly flattened at base. Upper head shields smooth (or slightly rugose posteriorly) and some \vhat convex. Frontonasal as broad as long or a little broader than long, forming a distinct suture with rostral and separating nasals. Prefrontals sometimes as broad as long, usually a little longer than broad, in ::nedian contact with one another. Frontal from 11 to H' times as long as broad. about equal in length (or a little longer) to its distance from rostral, narrowed behind and grooved mesially in front, in contact with supraoculars or separated therefrom anteriorly by a series of small scales 2-6 in number (usually 3--4, exceptionally 1 or 7). Parietals rounded behind and on sides, as broad as long or a little broader than long. Interparietal smaller than frontoparietals, followed behind by a series of 2 or 3 or a group of 4 or 5 small shields or granules separating the parietals (exceptionally- only a. single 368

69 shield). Three large supraoculars, 1st smallest, 2nd and 3rd separated!rom supraciliaries by p.. series of granules which pass posteriorly mto a granular area behind 3id supraocular. 6-7 (Usually 6) supraciliaries, 1st longest. Lowermost nasal in broad contact with rostral and resting on upper labials 1 and 2. Anterior loreal as long as or shorter than posterior. Subocular wlth a more or less straight lower border, resting on upper labials 5-6 (sometimes 4-5, 5-7 or 6--7). No well-defined temporal shields. Temporal scales granular, smooth. lower ones a little larger and sometimes obtusely keeled. 5-6 Chill shields (6th, when present, much smaller than others), the three anterior pairs meeting one.another in middle line. No gular fold. Col~ Jar straight with smallish plates. Scales above, small, granular. slightly convex and smooth, larger and more flattened towards sides; (usually over 100) scales across middle of body. Ventral plates as broad as long or longer than broad, tessellated and forming somewhat oblique longitudinal series, in transverse rows the longest of which contains plates (usually 24). Preanal scale~ not enlarged, small and irregular. Upper surface arm with fairly large rhombic keeled scales; tibia above, with rhombic, keeled scales anteriorly, passing behind to small smooth granules, while below Pig Pig Fig Fig. 2~8. Scaptira ctmeirostris (A.M. No Luderitzbuchtl. dorsal view of head. Scaptira ctlneirostris (A.M. No. 5454). side view Of head. there is a single row of transversely enlarged plates and three rows of smaller. A series of (exceptionally more or less) femoral pores on each side, narrowly separated mesially. Toes fairly strongly serrated or fringed laterally, strongly keeled lamellae under 4th toe. Scales on tail above, rhombic and diagonally keeled (except basally, where a median band of granules is continued from back); below, scales obtusely keeled, except basally, where they are usually smooth. Colour: Above, greyish to sand colour or chestnut to reddishbrown, with a darker reticulation or network-tlesign enclosing large. round or subcircular pale spots; an indistinct dark vertebral streak sometimes present; occasionally pale spots absent, with only scattered black spots above; sides of body often with a broad dark band bearing whitish spots and edged above and below with a narrow pale stripe. Three blackish longitudinal streaks over basal third of tail, the laterals often extending almost to tip. Hindlimbs yellowish' brown to lemon yellow above, with darker marbling. Lower surfaces white, tibia and foot often bright yellow. Juveniles densely speckled 369

70 above' with darker and paler spots; upper lip ochre yellow and underside of tail bright salmon to orange red, duller above. Dimensions: Male (T.M Rooibank), H. & B. 58, tail 94, length head 17, breadth head 12, forelimb 22, hindlimb 40.. foot.20 mm. Female (after Boulenger), H. & B. 50, tail 80, length head 14, breadth head 10, forelimb 17, hindlimb 35, foot 17 mm.. Distribution: The coastal areas (i.e. Namib Desert) of Great Namaqualand and Damarajand. Recorded localities: Luderitzbucht (AM.). Orangemund; Rooibank (T.M.). Remarks: Whereabouts of type not known. SCAPTIRA MICROPHOLIDOTA Mertens. Small-scaled Sand Lizard. Scapieira micropholidota Mertens, 1937/38, Veroff. Deutsch. Kolon.- u. Ubersee Mus. Bremen, II, hit. 1, p. 12 (Luderitzbucht). Description: Head and body depressed;.head Ii times as long as broad and length about 3~ times into length from snout to vent. Snout moderately pointed. with a sharp supra-labial ~eel. Nasals not swollen. Canthus rostralis sharp; loreal region concave. Ear-' opening almost completely covered by a skin fold. Nasals in contact with one another behind rostral, separating latter from frontonasal: Lowermost nasal in contact with ],ostral. Frontonasal longer than broad. Prefrontals longer than broad and in long contact with one another. Frontal with a median longitudinal groove twice as long as broad, shorter than its distance from rostral, separated from supraoculars by a row of granular scales. Parietals longer than broad, 'rounded behind. Interparietal much smaller than irontoparietals. OCcipital smaller than interparietal, single or divided into two transversely. Two supraoculars (i.e. 2nd and 3rd) present; the first being replaced by a group of about 15 granular scales resembling the small granules between the posterior supra ocular and parietal.' Supraoculars separated from supraciliaries (as well as from frontal and irontoparietals) by rows of small granules, which are continuous except at.one point between the postocular and frontoparieta Supraciliaries, the 1st longest. Lower nasal in contact with rostral and resting on 1st and 2nd, or 1st, 2nd and3rd upper labials; a small triangular postnasal wedged in between upper and lower nasals.. Anterior loreal shorter tl-).an posterior. Subocular resting on upper labials 5~7. Lower eyelid scaly. Temporal scales small and granular. 5-7 Chin-shields on each side, the first three or four pairs in median contact with one another; an enlarged gular shield between :3rd and 4tH, or 4th and 5th chin-shields. 4B~54 Gular scales in a line between symphysis of chin-shields and median collar plate. No gular fold. Collar feebly curved, with plates. Scales on back very small and smooth; scales across middle of back. Ventral plates smooth, oblique, tessellated, in transverse series of which the longest contains plates. Preanal region covered with enlarged scales of which a single unpaired one is the largest. Upper arm covered above with large, rhomboidal, unkeeled scales; upper surface of hindlimbs with large, keeled scales proximally and granular scales distally; underside hindlimbs with one row of large and 3-5 rows of smaller, smooth scales Femoral pores on each side, bordered in front by 6-7 rows of non-porous scales, Fingers covered with 4 longitudinal rows of scales, serrated on sides and keeled below. Toes covered with three longitudinal rows.of 'scales, setrated on outer side only, keeled below; lamellae under 4th toe. Upper caudal scales large, rhombic and diagonally keeled. (except at base where they are similar to dorsals); belglv, scales smooth. 370

71 Colour: Light grey above, with a darkei' indefinite network, which extends on to upper surface of limbs; over proximal part of tail is a series of indistinct V-shaped or chevron spots above and dark stripes laterally, which fade out distally. Lower surfaces yellowish-white. Dimensions: Type male (after Mertens), H. & B. 68, tail 84, length head 20.5, breadth head 14.6, depth head 9.5 mm. Distribution: Known only from the type locality, viz. Luderitzbucht, Gt. Namaqualand, S.W. Africa. Remarks: Types in the Bremen Museum. APOROSAVRA. Pachyrhynchus (non Spix) Bocage, 1867, A.M.N.H. (3) XX, p Aporosaum Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz., III, p. 117 (type: anchietae), and 1910, Ann. S. Afr. Mus., V, p. 473 et seq., and 192], Mon. Lacert., II, p Head broad and flattened. Snout much depressed, broad, spatulate, with margins trenchant and greatly exceeding outline of mouth. Head shields normal, but occipital absent. Nostril pierced between three nasals, widely separated from first upper labial. Lower eyelid scaly. Dorsal scales small and granular.. Collar absent. Ventral plates smooth. Digits compressed, subdigital scales smooth. denticulated laterally. No femoral pores. Tail depressed at base. cylindrical posteriorly. Represented by a single species, confined to sandy desertic areas. Distribution: Coastal areas of Damaraland and Angola. APOROSAURA ANCHIET AE (Bocage). (Text-figs ). Anchieta's Dune or Shovel-Snouted Liza.rd. PachyrhynchlLs ancl.~ietae Bocage, 1867, A.M.N.H. (3) XX. p. 227, figs. L & 2 (Type locaiity: Rio Coroeo, Mossam~des, Angola). Strauch, 1367, Mel. Bio1. Ac. St. Petersb., VI, p Lataste, 1885, Ann. Mus. Genov., p Bocage, 1895, Herp. Angola, p. sa, p1. III, figs. 1, 1a & b. Aporosaura anchietae Boulenger, 1887, Cat. Liz.., III, p. 117, and HHO, Ann. S. Air. Mus., V, p Werner, 1910,.Jena. Dcnksehr., XVI, p. 340 (Rooibank, nr. Walvis Bay). Sternfeld, Fauna Deutsch. Kalan., IV, 2, p. 34, fig. 42. Werner, 191.5, in Michaelsen, Land \.\. Siisswasser Fauna Deutsch-S.W. Afr., I, p. :347 (Swakopmund). Boulenger, 1921, Mon. Laeert., II, p Loveridge, 1936, Field Mus. N.B. Zool. Ser., XXII, p. 63 (Namib' Desert). Mertens, 1937/38, Veroff. Deutsch. Kolon.- u. Ubersee Mus. Bremen, Ir.!lft. 1. p. 1.1 (Luderitzbucht).. Description: Head and body strongly depressed; length head 3~ times into length from snout to vent. Snout much depressed, broad, spatulate, with a trenchant margin which greatly exceeds the outline of the mouth. Rostral much depressed, and, together with the first 7 upper Iabials, forms the projecting border of snout. Nasals flattened and in good contact behind :rostral, nostril pierced between three nasals, directed upwards, Frontonasal hexagonal, a little broader than long. Prefrontals in contact with one another in middle line. Frontal narrow and elongate, broader in front than behind, about 2i times as long as broad, shorter than its distance from end of snout. Parietals short, almost twice as broad as long, separated from each other by the interparietal which is distinctly smaller than the frontoparietals. Three large supraoculars, the first with a small detached shield on inner side next to the frontal. No regular series 371