A California Education Project of Felidae Conservation Fund by Jeanne Wetzel Chinn 12/3/2012
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1 A California Education Project of Felidae Conservation Fund by Jeanne Wetzel Chinn 12/3/2012
2 Presentation Outline Fragmentation & Connectivity Wolf Distribution Wolves in California The Ecology of Wolves Predator Prey Relationships Fear Based Mythology/Debunking Mythology Farmers & Ranchers Predation Statistics Conflicting Facts Non Lethal Alternatives to Take
3 Problems with Fragmented Habitats Difficult for juveniles to travel out of parental home range to establish their own territory Causes loss of gene flow (inbreeding) and genetic extinctions Parental Home Range Critter Crossings Natal Den Dispersal Juvenile Juvenile Dispersal Orthophoto: Geocommunties
4 Y2Y Yellowstone to Yukon
5 Dispersal & Connectivity KEY to successful recovery for wolves and continued persistence of mountain lions, bears, foxes and coyotes American Wildlands
6 Wolf Distributions Historical Extirpated from >50% of historical distribution Western US eliminated by the 1930s WI and MI eliminated by mid 1960s Northeast MN and Isle Royale small numbers survived Canada and AK large populations
7 Wolf Species & Distribution Worldwide 3 species of wolves: 1. Canis lupus Gray wolf 3. Canis lupus simensis Abyssinian wolf 2. Canis rufus Red wolf
8 North American Wolf Species/Distribution 2 species of wolves: 1a. Canis lupus irremotus N. Rocky Mountain Wolf 2. Canis rufus Red wolf Southeast 1b. Canis lupus baileyi Mexican wolf: Southwest
9 U.S. Distinct Population Segments Northern Rocky Mountain Midwest Montana Wyoming Idaho Washington Oregon Minnesota Wisconsin Michigan
10 Nevada, Utah, and Colorado NV No wolf sightings for decades Transient dispersing wolves seen in UT & CO
11 Washington and Oregon Dispersal to E. WA and E. OR in the last 3 4 years Both federally delisted in eastern areas in 2011 Both have State Endangered Species Acts Both have Wolf Conservation and Management Plans
12 Washington Wolf Conservation & Management Plan highlights: 1) recovery & strategy for downlisting 2) reduce & address conflicts with livestock/big game
13 Oregon From wolf kills allowed in documented livestock predation; ranchers compensated for losses State kill program stopped to check legal violations
14 California Wolves On the federal endangered species list A petition has been filed for state listing Fish & Game Commission hearing October 3, 2012 further research for 1 year then a final decision No plans for reintroduction
15 California Wolf History Historical Distribution Sierra Nevada foothills and mountains, Southern Cascades, Modoc Plateau, and Klamath Mountains and likely North Coast Ranges, Central Valley Last seen: San Bernardino Cty 1922 & Lassen Cty 1924
16 California OR7 (Journey) Lone dispersing male from NE Oregon OR7 crossed into CA from Oregon December 29, 2011
17 Mexican Wolves in CA Julian, CA the CA Wolf Center participant in the Mexican Wolf Species Survival Plan (SSP) SSP a consortium of institutions working together to breed captive Mexican wolves for reintroduction to the Southwestern U.S.
18 The Ecology of Wolves Habitat wolves are habitat generalists Constraints topography, human presence, road density Territory Size is highly variable To give up territory is to give up food
19 The Ecology of Wolves Stats Weight Males lbs, Females lbs Length Males ft, Females ft length Height at the shoulder Teeth 42, fangs up to 2.5 Vision color blind, great night vision Tracks 4.5 long x 3.5 wide Life Span: 3 7 wild, captivity
20 Predator Prey Relationships Pack Size depends on prey Primary Food ungulates Prey on elderly, sick or injured, weak, or young keeping herds healthy and vigorous
21 What s Not a Fair Hunt? Aerial gunning, ATVs, snowmobile hunting Mile range rifles, electronic calls, guide/outfitter Eye shining, night hunting with bait Trapping and snaring Use of Dogs
22 Wolves, Puma, Bear Keystone Species Healthy Ecosystem: Top predators control prey pops from growing beyond carrying capacity
23 Fear Based Mythology Predators God s great mistake Middle ages, Catholic church wolf voted proof of evil Wolves, pumas and coyotes kill for fun Wolves are introducing new diseases to the West
24 Debunking the Old Mythology No inclination to coexist with people Kill to keep minimally fed Carry Hydatid Tapeworm, a parasite not new to the west Die from mange, parvo, distemper & rabies
25 Wolf Human Interactions 1 confirmed human mortality since records have been kept 1 non confirmed human mortality In the past Century, 80 humans attacked by habituated wolves It s widely accepted among biologists that healthy wild wolves present little threat to people
26 Habituated Wolves Wolves typically avoid people Habituated when provided food Capable of killing people Never encourage a wolf to approach May act playful, unafraid, and want food handouts leading to closer contact and potential bites
27 USFWS Stats Sheep Deaths by Wolves in Idaho Wolf #s Up Wolf caused Deaths Down Sheep Deaths by Other Causes (year 2004) Digestive problems: 1,600 Respiratory disease: 1,300 Birthing problems: 1,100 Miscellaneous health problems: 3,200 Predators (combined) 12,100 (270 by wolves) Harsh weather: 600
28 Biological v. Social Carrying Capacity Agriculture and hunting groups Human persecution most critically damaging Important: keep wolves away from humans and livestock
29 Wolf Depredation Compensation by Defenders of Wildlife Approximately $1.5M compensation for documented livestock predation by wolves at fair market price from until federal compensation program estab. RECOVERY AREA CATTLE SHEEP OTHER PAYMENTS Greater Yellowstone $542,426 Northwest Montana $152,428 Central Idaho $454,482 Southwest $115,666 Utah $1,830 Pacific Northwest $3,900 In 2008 and 2009, Defenders of Wildlife contributed two payments totaling $100,000 to the state of Montana.
30 Non Lethal Alternatives Best No Wolf Livestock Interactions Next Best Human Presence: Shepherds, Range Riders Barriers night corrals, electric penning, turbofladry Scare Tools shock collars, radio activated guard boxes, Remove Attractants carcass removal bury or haul away
31 Non Lethal Alternatives Guard Dogs Mastin, Spain Great Pyrenees, Spain Anatolian Shepherds Maremma Sheep Dog, Italy Akbash, Turkey Aggressive Cattle Breeds Brahman and Corriente Aggressive nature Strong maternal instincts
32 Co existence of Wildlife and Humans
33 Thank You for Being With Wolves Jeanne Wetzel Chinn
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