DIY POST MORTEM TECHNIQUE FOR CATTLEMEN

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1 DIY POST MORTEM TECHNIQUE FOR CATTLEMEN A photographic guide for cattle post mortems Prepared by Dr. Ann Britton, Animal Health Centre, BCMA, Abbotsford, BC

2 DIY Post Mortem for Cattlemen Post mortem evaluation of animals which die is an important tool in livestock management. Post mortem can reveal cause of death, providing information that will help to determine appropriate treatments, make improvements in vaccination protocols, deworming programs, or management that will help to lessen the incidence of disease. For cattle ranchers who live in isolated areas, post mortem conducted by a veterinarian is often not practical. The following is provided for ranchers and other livestock producers who find themselves faced with a dead animal for which a post mortem is desired, but with no one available to conduct it.

3 Before you need a post mortem, prepare a kit. Tools can be purchased at a hardware store. Other material can be purchased from your veterinarian. Ideal kit would include: Digital camera Notepad and pen A solid knife (without a hinge) Forceps with teeth or large tweezers Scissors Pruning shears & axe Disposable gloves Ziplock or whirlpac plastic bags Jars with tight lids big jam jars or pickle jars will do 10% formalin Freezer packs Marker pen indelible for labelling Culture swabs

4 Post mortem procedure 1. Prepare your tools: Put formalin in a jar Before you start Open plastic bags ready to receive fresh tissue Label with indelible pen: calf identification should be on every jar and bag Have swab ready if you suspect arthritis Lay out your tools and don gloves.

5 Post mortem procedure Before you start 2. Label plastic bags as follows: Bacteriology gut (B-gut); B-liver, B- lung, B-spleen; Virology gut (V gut); V- liver, V- lung, V- kidney, V- spleen; Trace mineral liver. It is great to have a helper who can take pictures, write down notes or hand you things.

6 Notes and photos It would be very helpful if photos of the post mortem could be taken as you go. i-phones make this easy photos taken on i-phones with submitter s name to two lab pathologists: Ann.P.Britton@gov.bc.ca AND Chelsea.Himsworth@gov.bc.ca

7 Calves with diarrhea If you only want to work up diarrhea, follow instructions for opening the calf and take a picture of the calf fully opened. Then skip to the slide entitled Collecting gastrointestinal samples Please note: The lab does not recommend doing part necropsies as much useful information will be lost by omitting organs

8 Lay calf on its left side

9 Conduct external examination Note body condition, colour of gums and eyes, especially the whites, any blood or other material coming out of orifices. On a young calf check if the navel is damp or swollen if so take your knife and holding the navel cut it off in entirety at the base (including the skin) and put in a plastic bag marked with calf identification and navel

10 Cut back legs Cut through groin and hip joint to reflect back hind leg Cut under forearm and reflect back

11 Cut back skin of body wall Cut skin along belly from foreleg to hindleg Cut skin and reflect back

12 Enter body cavity Pull up abdominal muscle wall and carefully cut through belly muscles from beside ribs and back to groin Use knife to cut through cartilage at the base of ribs from back to front; pruning shears will be needed for an older animal

13 Enter chest cavity After cutting base of all ribs pull back chest wall and cut diaphragm Use pruning shears to cut ribs along the vertebrae

14 Enter chest cavity continued Cut along vertebrae to base of neck Pull chest wall off cutting through any remaining muscle attachments

15 Examination of organs Photograph the organs as pictured below if you have a camera This calf has pneumonia very red lungs

16 Collect lung samples Cut 3 x 1 inch square pieces of the front of the lung as pictured Place samples in labelled bags for bacteriology and virology and in formalin jar

17 Collect lung samples Place in formalin jar Place in labelled bag for virology

18 Collect more lung samples and place in Cut an additional 1 inch square from lung behind the heart formalin jar Cut an additional 1 inch square from the top of the lung

19 Open the sac around the heart Pull up the thin sac around the heart with forceps and cut it Expose the heart

20 Take a heart sample and put in Cut the tip off the heart formalin jar Cut a 1 inch square from the thick heart wall as below

21 Collect liver samples Find the liver behind the diaphragm Cut a 2 x 2 inch square for trace mineral analysis, put in bag

22 Collecting more liver samples Cut a 1 inch square piece for bacteriology Place in labelled bag

23 Collecting more liver Cut two 1 inch squares for virology and for formalin jar Put pieces in respective containers

24 Collect kidney samples Find the kidney behind the liver at the top of the abdomen Cut two 1 inch squares for virology bag and formalin jar

25 Collecting muscle sample From the hind leg cut a 1 inch square of muscle Place in formalin jar

26 Find the spleen At the bottom of the abdomen find the abomasum & rumen Lift up the abomasum and rumen & reflect them back

27 Collecting spleen samples The spleen can be found under the rumen as below Take three 1 inch squares for bacteriology, virology and formalin

28 Collecting gastrointestinal samples Pull the rumen & abomasum forward again as below The abomasum is on top. Cut along the lower wall

29 Collecting abomasum sample Reflect back the wall of the abomasum Cut two 1 inch squares for bacteriology and formalin

30 Collecting reticulorumen samples In front of the abomasum, take a 1 inch sample of reticulum wall (formalin) Under the abomasum, take a 1 inch square of rumen wall (formalin)

31 Taking intestinal samples Take the abomasum and follow to the intestine as pictured Follow past the duodenal loop

32 Taking intestinal samples Follow the duodenum past the loop as below Cut a piece 1 inch long and place in formalin jar

33 Find the ileum (end of small intestine) First find the blind ended sac (cecum) behind the liver (arrow) The ileum is just below the cecum and drains into it on the right

34 Take samples of ileum Cut out a long loop of ileum Then cut into 3 parts for bacteriology, virology and formalin jar

35 Take 2 more samples of small intestine Follow small intestine back from the ileum taking 1 inch samples Take second sample and place both in formalin jar

36 Taking large intestine and cecum Go to cecum (arrow), cut a 1 inch square & put in formalin Pull the cecum toward you to find the spiral colon (arrow)

37 Large intestine samples Cut out a length of spiral colon Cut into 3 pieces for bacteriology, virology & formalin

38 Checking the joint and taking a swab Go to the hind leg and cut away the skin down to the stifle Feel the joint space around the patellar tendon

39 Open the stifle joint Cut across the joint space through the tendon Continue cutting into the joint space and look for fluid, blood, pus, etc.

40 Taking the swab Pull the swab out of the holder and insert into joint carefully Pull swab out without touching surrounding tissue; put in holder

41 You have now taken all the samples required for a diagnostic workup Close up all plastic bags tightly and place in a large ziplock plastic bag to ensure there is no leakage in shipping. Tighten the formalin jar lid as tightly as possible and tape it up with duct tape to prevent leakage during shipping. Place all samples in a box with a freezer pack and ship to the lab with a completed submission form. Copy any notes onto submission form.

42 Additional information regarding submitting samples can be found on the B.C. Ministry of Agriculture Website Questions?: Call

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