CONJUNCTIONS and LINKING WORDS

Transcription

1 CAUSE and EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS We use the following to give reasons for something. CONJUNCTIONS and LINKING WORDS Because Since As Because of the fact that Owing to the fact that Due to the fact that On account of the fact that Because of Owing to Due to On account of As a consequence of As a result of Because she was ill, she couldn t go to work. I didn t go to work because I was ill. Since she wants to lose weight quickly, she is on a strict diet. She is on a strict diet since she wants to lose weight quickly. As it was very cold in the garden, we decided to eat inside. We decided to eat inside as it was very cold in the garden. Because of her illness, she couldn t go to work. She couldn t go to work because of her illness. Owing to dramatically rising prices, it s difficult to make ends meet. It s difficult to make ends meet owing to dramatically rising prices. (Because prices are rising dramatically, it s difficult to make ends meet.) Since As Due to the limited employment in rural areas, many people are moving to big cities. Many people are moving to big cities due to the limited employment in rural areas. (Many people are moving to big cities because the employment is limited in rural areas.) On account of the construction work on the highway, we have been taking another road to work. (Because there has been construction work on the highway, we have been taking another road to work.) 1

2 As a consequence of heavy rain, we can t go out. As a result of Due to her negligence of the children, they became disobedient. Due to the fact that she neglected the children, they became disobedient. Owing to her not studying regularly, she failed the exam. Owing to the fact that she didn t study regularly, she failed the exam. We use the following to mention results of something. so Therefore Thus Hence Consequently Accordingly As a result I can t go out because it is raining heavily. It is raining heavily, so I can t go out. It is raining heavily. Therefore, I can t go out. Thus, Hence, Consequently, Accordingly, As a result, It is raining heavily; therefore, I can t go out. ; thus, ; hence, ; consequently, ; accordingly, ; as a result, 2

3 CONTRAST Although Though Even though Despite In spite of Despite the fact that In spite of the fact that Although it was raining, they went on a picnic. Though Even though They went on a picnic although it was raining. though even though Despite the rain, they went on a picnic. In spite of They went on a picnic despite the rain. in spite of Despite the fact that it was raining, they went on a picnic. In spite of the fact that Although she is old, she still takes long walks every day. Though Even though Despite her old age, she still takes long walks every day. In spite of 3

4 but yet However Nevertheless Nonetheless Cars cause pollution, but people keep on using them to travel to work every day., yet ; however, ; nevertheless, ; nonetheless,. However,. Nevertheless,. Nonetheless, Contrasting two things While Whereas While I like pop music, my brother likes rock music. My brother likes rock music while I like pop music. Mark is very confident, whereas Jack is very shy. Whereas Mark is very confident, Jack is very shy. 4

5 CONTINUING THE SAME IDEA and Moreover Furthermore In addition Besides also In addition to Besides As well as Apart from I want to rent that house. It s very large with four rooms and it has a wonderful sea view. I want to rent that house. It s very large with four rooms. Moreover, it has a wonderful sea view.. Furthermore,. In addition,. Besides, ; moreover, ; furthermore, ; in addition, ; besides, I want to rent that house. It s very large with four rooms. It also has a wonderful sea view. There are many historical places in Istanbul. Moreover, it has lots of natural attractions. Istanbul has lots of natural attractions in addition to its historical places. besides as well as apart from In addition to its historical places, Istanbul has lots of natural attractions. Besides As well as Apart from * Be careful about besides and beside. Besides means in addition and beside means at the side of, next to. She has intelligence and charm besides her beauty. She sits beside me. She has a house beside the sea. 5

6 TO MENTION PURPOSE Verb (+ Phrase) so that in order that to in order to so as to He is studying hard so that he can pass the exam. in order that He is studying hard to pass the exam. He is studying hard in order to pass the exam. He is studying hard so as to pass the exam. TO GIVE EXAMPLES For example For instance To illustrate such as Frankfurt, Istanbul, Bombay and Sao Paolo are all the economic centres of their countries. For example, Tokyo was the motor for Japan s rapid economic development in the 1960 s and 70 s. Cities such as Tokyo, Sao Paolo, Bombay and Shanghai are now considered mega-cities. 6

7 TO MENTION SIMILARITIES similar to like Similarly Likewise The streets in Istanbul are similar to the ones in Athens. The streets in Istanbul are like the ones in Athens. London is the cultural capital of Great Britain. Similarly, Istanbul is the centre of music, culture and art in Turkey. London is the cultural capital of Great Britain. Likewise, Istanbul is the centre of music, culture and art in Turkey. TO MENTION DIFFERENCES different from unlike In comparison On the other hand Istanbul is completely different from Berlin. Unlike cats, dogs are social or group animals. He was a loud friendly man. In comparison, his brother was rather shy. In Rugby most injuries are related to the neck; on the other hand, football injuries are most often related to the feet and legs. 7

8 TIME After Before When Once While As soon as Until After they arrived in the hotel, the party started. The party started after they arrived in the hotel. Before the party started, they arrived in the hotel. They arrived in the hotel before the party started. When / Once I came home, my mother was cooking. My mother was cooking when / once I came home. I came home while my mother was cooking. While my mother was cooking, I came home. As soon as he arrives, we will start the meeting. We will start the meeting as soon as he arrives. Until the train left, I waved my handkerchief sadly. I waved my handkerchief sadly until the train left. CONDITION If Unless Otherwise If you do not study harder, you will fail in the exam. You will fail in the exam if you do not study harder. Unless you study harder, you will fail in the exam. You will fail in the exam unless you study harder. You should study harder. Otherwise, you will fail the exam. ; otherwise, 8