Kate F. Hurley, DVM, MPVM Koret Shelter Medicine Program Director Center for Companion Animal Health University of California, Davis
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1 Kate F. Hurley, DVM, MPVM Koret Shelter Medicine Program Director Center for Companion Animal Health University of California, Davis
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6 Spay/neuter and educational efforts targeted at owners and pets will reduce shelter intake Animals admitted to the shelter have owners who might come looking for them Animals admitted to the shelter could be adopted if not reclaimed Extent of application to cats will vary by community
7 Colorado Cat intake 20%/1000 capita, euthanasia increased 38% Dog intake 11%/1000 capita, euthanasia unchanged per capita Ohio Cat intake 20%, euthanasia 11,249 (69%) Dog intake 17%, euthanasia 50,167 (46%) California Cat intake 28%/1000 capita, euthanasia 74,115 (66%) Dog intake 1%/1000 capita, euthanasia 61,982 (41%) Animal People, 2010
8 Graphic picture ahead
9 Severity, duration and number affected? California animal control shelters: : 2,510,741 cats euthanized 276,052 in per day Cost?
10 Why?
11 1. Abide by all state and local regulations regarding control and care of companion animals 2. Resolve citizen complaints and concerns 3. Reunite lost pets with their owners 4. Provide adequate care to maintain health and welfare of cats in the shelter 5. Find new homes for cats 6. Euthanize only suffering or dangerous cats 7. Reduce suffering and harm associated with abandoned and homeless cats (to cats, wildlife, communities) 8. Mitigate feline overpopulation
12 F and A The board of supervisors shall provide for both of the following: (a) The taking up and impounding of all dogs which are found running at large in violation of any provision of this division. (b) The killing in some humane manner or other disposition of any dog which is impounded.
13 2007 telephone survey: What would you do about un-owned cats in the street? 21 81% would leave the cats alone 14% would trap and kill the cats What if you knew the cats only lived for 2 years? 72% would still leave the cats alone 21% would trap and kill the cats
14 Only ~ 2% of cats reclaimed by owners nationally 12 Versus > 15-25% or more of dogs 19% versus 2% CA 2010 Study: Cats > 13 x more likely to return home by non-shelter than by shelter means 13 66% of lost cats found because they return home. Only 7% found via call or visit to shelter Median time to recovery = 5 days Simple reclaim cost calculator Daily cost of care 2 Intake cost 5 Average processing/outcome cost 5 Percent reclaimed during stray hold 2 Stray hold 5 Hold to reclaim ratio Cost per reclaim 1000 Simple reclaim cost calculator Daily cost of care 2 Intake cost 5 Average processing/outcome cost 5 Percent reclaimed during stray hold 19 Stray hold 5 Hold to reclaim ratio 4.26 Cost per reclaim 105.
15 Dinnage et al, reference 27
16 Less disparity with dogs than for reclaim and euthanasia National Cats: 22-24% Dogs: 23-25% Ohio Cats: 26-30% Dogs: 24-38% California Cats: 21-20% Dogs: 23-32% Flatter trend, increasing intake result in increasing euthanasia in many regions despite adoption efforts
17 Source of cats, American Pet Products Association, 2012
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19 < 1% of > 100,000 cats at TNR clinics were euthanized for humane reasons 8 Median BCS 4-5 on 1-9 scale 16 < 10 % of cats entering shelters are sick/injured 15 Median BCS 5 on 1-9 scale 17 Annual survival of semi-owned cats up to 90% (un-owned ~50%) 18 Median survival in managed colony 6.8 years; death/euthanasia on average ~ 5 years 19 Kitten mortality up to 75%; similar to other wild carnivores 19
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22 Studies show mixed effect of cats22,23, 24 General agreement on micro-habitat specific effect in most areas Most shelter intake is concern/complaint driven rather than targeted in space or time Capture, transport, holding, lethal injection and disposal is time consuming and costly Scope is insufficient to reduce overall population
23 Risk for some diseases is higher in ferals than pets, and vice versa Many conditions also carried by other species Most shelter intake is concern/complaint driven rather than targeted in space or time Capture, transport, holding, lethal injection and disposal is time consuming and costly Scope is insufficient to reduce overall population
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25 50% permanent removal or 75% sterilization/release required to reduce population 9,10 Less than 5% of outdoor cat population admitted to CA shelters annually 3 << 1% in shelters on any given day Controlling complaint/concern driven population controlling overall population Rough estimate 1 un-owned cat per 6 people 7 ; 1pet cat per 3.5 people (AVMA), 40% allowed out
26 + = Using a tool that s mismatched to the job is hurting cats, shelters, and communities, and distracting us from finding real solutions
27 Non-lethal control Lethal control Lethal non-control Non-lethal non-control Non-cat directed activities
28 Non-lethal control Lethal control Lethal non-control Non-lethal non-control Non-cat directed activities
29 Feline euthanasia Sept-October 2011: 337 Feline euthanasia Sept-October 2012: 31
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31 Expand the options for live release as possible Limit intake to only those cats that can be humanely cared for, released alive, or for whom death is clearly the best alternative Invest resources not spent on untargeted capturing, sheltering, killing and disposing of cats on programs to benefit cats, wildlife and communities
32 Any questions? News of success or fiascoes? me at
33 Truly un-owned versus semi-owned TNR of semi-owned may stabilize artificially supported cats/groups Natural mortality may stabilize most truly un-owned populations May explain apparent greater-than-expected return on investment for some shelter based TNR/community spay/neuter efforts References: Schmidt et al 18, Cicirelli 26
34 1. Morris, K.N., J.L. Wolf, and D.L. Gies, Trends in intake and outcome data for animal shelters in Colorado, 2000 to J Am Vet Med Assoc, (3): p Lord, L.K., et al., Demographic trends for animal care and control agencies in Ohio from 1996 to J Am Vet Med Assoc, (1): p Local Rabies Control Activities. [cited 2012; Available from: 4. U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook. 2007, Schaumberg, IL: American Veterinary Medical Association. 5. Chu, K., W.M. Anderson, and M.Y. Rieser, Population characteristics and neuter status of cats living in households in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc, (8): p Lord, L.K., Attitudes toward and perceptions of free-roaming cats among individuals living in Ohio. J Am Vet Med Assoc, (8): p Levy, J.K. and P.C. Crawford, Humane strategies for controlling feral cat populations. J Am Vet Med Assoc, (9): p Wallace, J.L. and J.K. Levy, Population characteristics of feral cats admitted to seven trapneuter-return programs in the United States. Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery, (4): p
35 9. Andersen, M.C., B.J. Martin, and G.W. Roemer, Use of matrix population models to estimate the efficacy of euthanasia versus trap-neuter-return for management of freeroaming cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc, (12): p Foley, P., et al., Analysis of the impact of trap-neuter-return programs on populations of feral cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc, (11): p Horn, J., et al., Home Range, Habitat Use, and Activity Patterns of Free-Roaming Domestic Cats. Journal of Wildlife Management, Shelter Statistical Survey. National Council on Pet Population Study and Policy, Lord, L.K., et al., Search and identification methods that owners use to find a lost cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc, (2): p APPA National Pet Owners Survey. 2012, Greenwich. 15. Wenstrup, J. and A. Dowidchuk, Pet overpopulation: data and measurement issues in shelters. J appl anim welf sci, (4): p Scott, K.C., J.K. Levy, and S.P. Gorman, Body Condition of Feral Cats and the Effect of Neutering. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, (3): p Tanaka, A., et al., Associations among weight loss, stress, and upper respiratory tract infection in shelter cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc, (5): p
36 18. Schmidt, P.M., R. Lopez, and B. Collier, Survival, Fecundity, and Movements of Free-Roaming Cats. Journal of Wildlife Management, (3): p Nutter, F.B., J.F. Levine, and M.K. Stoskopf, Reproductive capacity of free-roaming domestic cats and kitten survival rate. J Am Vet Med Assoc, (9): p Ramon, M.E., M.R. Slater, and M.P. Ward, Companion animal knowledge, attachment and pet cat care and their associations with household demographics for residents of a rural Texas town. Prev Vet Med, (3-4): p Chu, K. and W.M. Anderseon, U.S. Public Opinion on Humane Treatment of Stray Cats. 2007, Alley Cat Allies: Bethesda, MD. p Fan, M., Y. Kuang, and Z. Feng, Cats protecting birds revisited. Bull Math Biol, (5): p Courchamp, F., M. Langlais, and G. Sugihara, Cats protecting birds: modelling the mesopredator release effect. Journal of Animal Ecology : p Jessup, D.A., The welfare of feral cats and wildlife. J Am Vet Med Assoc, (9): p Personal communication, 2012, Barbara Carr, Director, Erie SPCA, Tonawanda, NY 26. Personal communication, 2012, Jon Cicirelli, Director, San Jose Animal Care and Services, San Jose, CA 27. Dinnage, J. D., J. M. Scarlett, et al. (2009). "Descriptive epidemiology of feline upper respiratory tract disease in an animal shelter." J Feline Med Surg.
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