Surgical management and outcome of lower eyelid entropion in 124 cats
|
|
- Helena Craig
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Veterinary Ophthalmology (2012) 15, 4, DOI: /j x Surgical management and outcome of lower eyelid entropion in 124 cats James S. White,* Rachael A. Grundon, Chloe Hardman, Anu O Reilly and Robin G. Stanley *Booval Veterinary Hospital, 12 South Station Road, Booval, Qld 4304, Australia; and Animal Eye Care, 181 Darling Road, East Malvern, Vic. 3145, Australia Address communications to: J. S. White Tel.: Fax: jamesswhitey@gmail.com Abstract Objectives To evaluate the success rate of various surgical techniques for the management of lower eyelid entropion in cats. Design Retrospective study. Animals studied One hundred and twenty-four cats with surgical correction of lower eyelid entropion of 200 eyes over a 13 year period. Methods Records of 124 cats were reviewed for signalment, type of entropion, surgical procedure performed and post-operative result. Results Combinations of the Hotz-Celsus (HC), lateral canthal closure and full thickness wedge resection techniques were used to treat 64 bilateral and 60 unilateral cases of lower lid entropion. Twenty-three cats were under a year of age, 52 cats were aged between 2 and 8 years and 49 were over 8 years old. The overall success rate for a single surgical procedure (which may consist of multiple techniques) to correct lower eyelid entropion was 96.0% per eye. The remaining 4.0% had the entropion resolved with a second surgery. A combined HC and lateral canthal closure had a 99.21% success rate of resolving lower lid entropion. Geriatric cats were the most likely age group to develop corneal sequestra; 37% of cats in this group presented with entropion and corneal sequestra concurrently. Seventeen percent of cats that presented with unilateral entropion and did not have prophylactic surgery on the fellow eye went on to develop entropion in the fellow eye. Conclusions A combined HC and lateral canthal closure was the most effective surgical technique in managing lower eyelid entropion of cats in our study. Prophylactic lateral canthal closure in the unaffected eye is recommended. Key Words: cat, entropion, eyelid, Hotz-Celsus, sequestrum, surgery INTRODUCTION Entropion refers to inversion of an eyelid margin, most typically with resultant trichiasis. 1 It is a condition that is encountered more commonly in dogs than cats. 2,3 Historically the categories of entropion have been primary and secondary. Primary entropion occurs from developmental abnormalities of the tarsus, orbit, globe, and their interrelationships. Secondary entropion can be either spastic or cicatricial. Painful ocular diseases, such as distichiasis, keratitis, ulcerative keratitis, and conjunctivitis, can cause severe blepharopasm and thereby spastic entropion. Secondary cicatricial entropion arises from acquired lid deformities from previous surgeries, injury, trauma, or chronic inflammation. 4 6 Entropion in dogs is most often associated with primary abnormalities of the tarsal plate, lid length, laxity of the lateral canthal ligament, or abnormal facial skin. 7 Feline entropion, however, often presents with a different etiology. Roberts and Weiss found in separate studies that cicatricial entropion was the most common. 2,3 However, Williams and Kim investigated 50 cats affected by entropion, finding none of the entropion cases to be of cicatricial etiology. Instead, they found the following causes: reduced orbital fat pad, previous bouts of conjunctivitis, persistent conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, corneal sequestra formation, distichia, and finally facial characteristics associated with Persian and Maine Coone breeds that led to trichiasis and further spastic entropion. 7 Ó 2011 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists
2 232 white ET AL. With the definitions of secondary entropion being somewhat confusing, a new simpler categorization was suggested by Williams and Kim. 7 Two categories were proposed on the basis of age. The first category consisted of younger animals, where ocular surface irritation from keratitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulceration, tear film instability or corneal sequestrum can cause entropion. With chronicity this could become nonreducible. The second form involved older animals. Lid laxity or tension with or without enophthalmos (presumed to be from a loss of retrobulbar tissue) would result in entropion and trichiasis. 4,7,8 Untreated entropion and trichiasis can result in numerous ocular pathologies. Some of these include, but are not limited to: conjunctivitis, keratitis, corneal ulceration, and corneal sequestra (Fig. 1). Various methods of entropion correction, such as Y-to-V correction, Hotz-Celsus (HC), lateral canthal closure, medial canthal V-plasty, and Stades method, have been described in the surgical management of entropion. 4,9 In this article we describe our results after retrospectively reviewing 124 cases of surgically managed feline entropion treated with a variety of techniques, alone or in combination. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from 124 cats (200 surgically treated eyes) with lower lid entropion referred to an ophthalmology referral service in Australia over a 13 year period were reviewed. The following information from the patient s medical records were obtained: signalment, type of entropion, concurrent corneal pathology, surgical procedures utilized, and post-operative outcome. RESULTS The outcomes of various combinations of modified HC, lateral canthal closure and full thickness wedge resection surgeries were analysed. Cases included were from 1997 to 2010 with a minimum follow up period of 4 months. Forms of entropion included primary developmental entropion, Figure 1. Typical presentation of a cat with entropion: lower lid entropion with a secondary corneal sequestrum, surrounding oedema, neovascularisation and a mucoid discharge. entropion secondary to painful ocular conditions and late onset entropion caused by enophthalmos due to atrophy of the retrobulbar fat pad. The elected combination of techniques and exact surgical dimensions were chosen at the surgeon s discretion on a case by case basis. Surgery was performed by four surgeons (RGS, CH, AOR, RAG). The patients were divided into three groups by age: young cats less than a year old, middle aged cats between 1 and 8 years old and geriatric cats over 8 years old. The age groups were then compared in their likelihood to present with corneal sequestration in conjunction with entropion. All cats in this study were neutered. Corneal sequestra were removed at the same time as entropion surgery if required, using a superficial keratectomy. For deep sequestra, a conjunctival pedicle graft was used at the discretion of the attending surgeon. The cats were premedicated with acepromazine mg/kg (ACP2; Delvet Pty Ltd. Seven Hills, NSW, Australia), methadone 0.2 mg/kg (Methadone Ilium; Troy Labs Pty Ltd, Smithfield, NSW, Australia), and meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg (Metacam injectable; Boehringer Ingelheim Pty Ltd, North Ryde, NSW, Australia). Anesthesia was induced with Propofol 6 mg/kg (Rapinovet; Pfizer, West Ryde, NSW, Australia) and maintained with oxygen and isofluorane (Isoflo; Mallinckrodt Veterinary, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK). One hundred and eighty-eight eyes had a HC procedure. An initial incision was made 2 mm from, but parallel to the lid margin, extending along the area of entropion plus 2 3 mm either side. A second curvilinear skin incision was made ventral to the first, usually 2 3 mm apart, but dependent on the extent of the entropion. The intervening skin was excised to a depth including the orbicularis oculi muscle. The wound was closed with 5/0 (1 metric) polygalactin 910 (Vicryl Rapide, Ethicon; Johnson and Johnson Medical Ltd, Livingston, UK) in a simple interrupted pattern, first placing a central suture, then filling in the rest of the incision with bisecting sutures. Twenty-five cats had a V-wedge excision on 34 eyes to shorten the lower eyelid as well as the HC procedure. The V excision was usually placed centrally in the lower lid for ease of surgery. The HC incisions were scored first with a scalpel then a 2 3 mm V-wedge excision was taken from the lower lid. The eyelid margin was opposed with a figure of eight suture of 5/0 Vicryl Rapide then the HC surgery was completed as before. One hundred and twenty-seven eyes of 85 cats had a permanent lateral canthal closure added to their HC procedure. Fourteen prophylactic canthoplasties were done on the contra-lateral eyelid of patients presenting with unilateral entropion. Three of these prophylactic surgeries also included a HC procedure. Once the HC procedure had been completed, the upper and lower eyelid margins were excised by tenotomy scissors for 2 3 mm along each lid and for 1 2 mm back from the margin. The lid margins were approximated in a single layer closure of simple interrupted
3 surgical management and outcome 233 sutures of 5/0 Vicryl Rapide, and then supported at the medial end by a temporary tarsorrhaphy of 4/0 Nylon (Dermalon; Tyco Healthcare Group, Norwalk, CT, USA), to be removed 2 weeks after surgery. Numerous patients had their visits photographically documented. Figures 2, 3 and 4 illustrate the typical appearance of a patient at presentation, immediate post-operative and at the 3 weeks post-operative re-check. Of the 124 cases, 64 were bilateral and 60 were unilateral. Of the unilateral cases, 31 involved the left eye only and 29 the right eye only. Thirty-nine cats (42 eyes) required a concurrent superficial keratectomy for a corneal sequestrum (Table 1). Thirty-seven percent of cats aged over 8 years old presented with concurrent sequestra, In the 1 8 year age group, 31% of cats presented with corneal sequestra and 22% of cats under 1 year of age presented with sequestra. Figure 4. The same patient as in Figs 2 and 3 photographed 3 weeks after surgery. The temporary tarsorrhaphy suture had been removed 1 week prior. Table 1. Patient age distribution and prevalence of corneal sequestra at the time of presentation for entropion surgery Age Number of cats Number of cats with sequestra <1 year years 52 (mean age = 4.2) (mean age = 11.8) Geriatric: over 8 Percentage with sequestra Table 2. Patient breed distribution and prevalence of corneal sequestra at the time of presentation for entropion surgery Figure 2. A 9 month old domestic shorthair with lower lid entropion and no significant corneal pathology at presentation. Breed Number of patients Breed percentage Unilateral sequestrum Bilateral sequestra DSH (23.6%) 4 (5.5%) DLH (37.5%) None Persian (50%) None Russian Blue (7.7%) None British None blue/shorthair Birman None Himalayan None None Ragdoll None Exotic None Burmese None None Somali None None Chinchilla X None None Figure 3. The same patient as in Fig. 2. This photograph was taken immediately after surgery. A combined Hotz-Celsus and Lateral Canthal Closure was performed and closed with 5/0 Vicryl Rapide. A 4/0 nylon temporary tarsorrhaphy suture was also placed. The most common breeds represented in this study were: Domestic Short Hairs (72), Persians (14), Russian Blues (13), Domestic Long Hairs (8) and British Blues/Shorthairs (7) (Table 2). When analyzing the number of cats of each breed with concurrent corneal sequestra, Persians were the most overrepresented at a rate of 50% (Table 2). Of the 76 (152 eyes) cats that underwent bilateral surgery, 42 (84 eyes) had a combined HC and lateral canthal closure.
4 234 white ET AL. Thirty of the 48 cats that underwent unilateral surgery also had a combined HC and lateral canthal closure. Ten cats (20 eyes) underwent a bilateral HC combined with a lower eyelid wedge resection and 11 cats underwent unilateral surgery with the same combination. Six cats had a standalone bilateral HC procedure and seven had a stand-alone unilateral HC. Two cats that presented with bilateral entropion had unilateral surgery. Both of these cats had much more severe entropion and corneal lesions in the surgically treated eyes. The nontreated eyes had minimal entropion and no corneal pathologies. Bilateral surgery was not performed due to cost constraints expressed by the owners. Neither of these cats re-presented for entropion of the fellow eye. Fourteen cats that presented with unilateral entropion had a prophylactic surgery on the contra-lateral eye (Table 3). Such surgeries were considered prophylactic as the treated eyes were unaffected, yet presumed predisposed to developing entropion in the future. Eleven of these cats were over 8 years old and the remaining three were between 1 and 8 years old. None of these prophylactically treated eyes went on to develop entropion. Forty-six cats that presented for unilateral entropion did not have a prophylactic procedure. Eight (17.39%) later developed entropion in the untreated contra-lateral eye. One of these developed entropion within 3 months of surgery. The remaining seven did so in an average time frame of 1.2 years after the initial surgery. Of those that developed entropion, four were under a year of age at the time of the initial surgery and four were between 1 and 8 years old. A second surgical procedure was required in 9 (4.5%) of the 200 eyelids that had previously had surgery, thereby making their first surgery unsuccessful (Table 4). A case was deemed successful when the patient was examined and had no clinical signs of entropion and no subsequent entropion surgery was required. The cats whose surgeries were unsuccessful were split in to two categories. The first category involved recurrence of entropion or new formation of entropion within the first 3 months post surgery. The other category was for cats affected after 3 months. The relevant eyes were then recorded within the aforementioned categories. The most common failures were recurrence of entropion after a stand alone eyelid shortening, stand-alone HC procedure or a combined HC and eyelid shortening. All the unsuccessful cases underwent a second surgery and 100% of theses had a successful outcome. The unsuccessful cases were then evaluated for which surgical technique they initially underwent. The results show that one of the 127 eyes treated with a combined HC and lateral canthal closure failed, giving an overall success rate of 99.21%. DISCUSSION In our study of 124 cats with surgically corrected lower eyelid entropion, a combination of the HC and lateral canthal closure had the highest success rate for resolving the entropion with a single surgery. Only one eye treated with a combined HC and lateral canthal closure failed. This resulted in an overall success rate for the combined technique to be 99.21%. Read and Broun found 95.2% success rate when combining a HC and lower lid shortening. 4 There appeared to be no significant difference in outcomes between surgeons. In older cats that have developed entropion secondary to enophthalmos, the HC corrects the entropion. The lateral canthal closure prevents recurrence of the entropion by Table 3. Efficacy of prophylactic surgery in cats with unilateral entropion Prophylactically treated eyes Eyes left untreated Number of eyes in age groups Eyes that needed subsequent entropion surgery <1 years 1 8 years >8 years Total <1 years 1 8 years >8 years Total Percentage of eyes requiring surgery within 3 months None None None None Percentage of eyes requiring surgery after 3 months (8.69%) 4 (8.69%) None 8 (17.39%) 2.17 (one eye) (seven eyes) Mean time before development of entropion = 1.2 years Table 4. Surgical procedures undertaken and patients requiring more surgery Procedure Number of eyes Eyes that needed a second surgery Percentage of eyes requiring a second surgery within 3 months Percentage of eyes requiring surgery after 3 months HC and LCC (one eye) None HC and WR 35 4 None (four eyes) HC alone (two eyes) 3.85 (one eye) WR alone 1 1 None 100 (one eye) LCC alone 11 0 None None HC = Hotz Celsus; LCC = Lateral canthal closure; WR = Wedge resection.
5 surgical management and outcome 235 using the upper eyelid to stabilize the lower eyelid. The lateral canthal closures will also reduce the risk of further corneal sequestration by reducing corneal exposure. The most common cause for a second surgery was the development of entropion of the contra-lateral eyelids three or more months after unilateral corrective surgery. In these instances, it took an average time of 1.2 years for entropion to develop. These cats tended to be of younger age. This suggests that there is predisposition for the cats that suffer entropion in one eye to experience it in the other. Though these cats may be predisposed, the risks of overcorrecting an anticipated problem before that problem becomes apparent may lead to other pathologies. Excessive tissue removal may lead to lagophthalmos and resultant exposure keratitis. Prophylactic HC cannot be recommended due to the risk of lagophthalmos, but a prophylactic lateral canthoplasty removes the potential for lagophthalmos, yet it still provides a stabilizing influence at the lateral lid. This seems to be important, especially in younger cats. The 14 cats that presented for unilateral entropion and had contra-lateral prophylactic surgery never went on to develop entropion in that eye. For this reason we now recommend lateral canthal closure in the unaffected fellow eye at the time of surgery for the affected eye. Roberts found that primary entropion is rare in cats, with only the Persian breed reported as having a breed predisposition. 2 The results of this study show only one of the 14 Persians involved was under a year of age at presentation and therefore the only one likely to have primary entropion. Our study did show, however, that 23 of the 124 cats seen were under a year of age, suggesting primary entropion although not common in cats is not rare either. These young cats were also the least likely of the three groups to develop corneal sequestration. Most feline entropion cases developed later in life, this is in distinct contrast to dogs where entropion is seen most commonly in young animals. 4 It can be postulated that cats are more likely to develop entropion secondary to other factors as they age. Older cats in our series were seen with entropion secondary to enophthalmos that had developed from loss of the retrobulbar fat pad. Interestingly these cats were the most likely of the three groups to develop corneal sequestration. This may reflect the severity and chronicity of the corneal irritation from the entropion-induced trichiasis. Feline corneal sequestration developed in 42 eyes in our series. This is not surprising as it has been well documented that any chronic irritation will result in feline corneal sequestration. 10 The trichiasis seen with entropion cases is a source of irritation that may predispose to the development of sequestration. Persians made up 11% of the study population. Half of the Persians in this study presented with concurrent sequestra. It has been noted that Persians, Himalayans, and Burmese are overrepresented for sequestrum formation There are a number of suggested reasons: They have shallow orbits with prominent globes, a potential for lagophthalmos and a tendency to develop medial canthal entropion. 13 In addition, brachycephalic cats have less corneal sensitivity when compared with domestic short hairs. 14 As such, the cornea is more likely to experience chronic exposure keratitis and therefore sequestra formation. In this study, we found that Persian cats were much more likely to be presented with entropion and corneal sequestration. It is felt that in these cats the sequestration was secondary to entropion as the sequestra developed in the ventro-lateral cornea. This was the area where the trichiasis was affecting the cornea. In summary, we suggest that a combined HC and lateral canthal closure is a very successful surgery to correct lower eyelid entropion in cats. A prophylactic lateral canthal closure in the contra-lateral unaffected eye may decrease the risk of entropion subsequently developing. REFERENCES 1. Bedford P. Diseases and surgery of the canine eyelid. In: Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3rd edn. (ed. Gelatt KN) Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 1999; Roberts S, Lipton D. The eye. In: Feline Medicine and Surgery, 2nd edn. (ed. Catcott EJ) American Veterinary Publishing, Santa Barbara, 1975; Weiss C. Feline entropion. Feline Practice 1980; 10: Read R, Broun H. Entropion correction in dogs and cats using a combination Hotz-Celsus and lateral eyelid wedge resection: results in 311 eyes. Veterinary Ophthalmology 2007; 10: 1, Gelatt K. The canine eyelids. In: Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2nd edn. (ed. Gelatt KN) Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1991; Barnett K, Crispin S. Feline Ophthalmology: an Atlas and Text. W.B. Saunders Co Ltd, London, 1998; Williams D, Kim J. Feline entropion: a case series of 50 affected animals ( ). Veterinary Ophthalmology 2009; 12: Moore P. Feline Corneal Disease. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, 2005; 20: Lackner P. Techniques for Surgical Correction of Adnexal Disease. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, 2001; 16(1): Hartley C. Aetiology of corneal ulcers assume FHV-1 unless proven otherwise. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2010; 12: Vawer G. Corneal mummification in colourpoint cats. The Veterinary Record 1981; 109: Morgan R. Feline corneal sequestration. A retrospective study of 42 cases. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 1994; 30: Glaze M, Gelatt K. Feline ophthalmology. In: Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3rd edn. (ed. Gelatt KN) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia PA, 1999; Blocker T, Woerdt A. A comparison of corneal sensitivity between brachycephalic and Domestic Short-haired cats. Veterinary Ophthalmology 2001; 4: 2,
LOWER EYELID RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY AFTER SEBACEOUS GLAND ADENOMA RESECTION IN A GERMAN SHEPHERD DOG: A CASE REPORT
Indo-Am. J. Agric. & Vet. Sci., 2014 ISSN Rambabu 2321 9602 Kalaka www.iajavs.com et al., 2014 Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2014 2014 Meghana Publications. All Rights Reserved Case Report LOWER EYELID RECONSTRUCTIVE
More informationGENETIC AND CONGENITAL CAUSES OF FELINE SKIN OR EYE MALAISE
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk GENETIC AND CONGENITAL CAUSES OF FELINE SKIN OR EYE MALAISE Author : CATHERINE F LE BARS Categories : Vets Date : August 25,
More informationJF Akinrinmade & OI Ogungbenro*
Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences, Volume 13 (Number 3). December, 215 RESEARCH ARTICLE Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences (P-ISSN 1595-93X/ E-ISSN 2315-621) Akinrinmade & Ogungbenro /Sokoto Journal
More informationOcular Field Surgery in Ruminants
IBIMA Publishing International Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Research & Reports http://www.ibimapublishing.com/journals/ijvmr/ijvmr.html Vol. 2015 (2015), Article ID 709104, 8 pages DOI: 10.5171/2015.709104
More informationVeterinary Health Check Booklet Edition
Contents Introduction to Veterinary Health Checks 2 Guidance to Veterinary Surgeons 3 Guidance to Show Societies 8 Champion Title Checks 9 Guidance to Exhibitors 10 1 Introduction In January 2011, the
More informationInternational Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Research & Reports
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Research & Reports Vol. 2015 (2015), Article ID 709104, 30 minipages. DOI:10.5171/2015.709104 www.ibimapublishing.com Copyright 2015. Magda Mahmoud Ali, Madeh
More informationVOTS Meeting Nov Puerto Rico. Billie Beckwith-Cohen, DVM, MBA Comparative Ocular Pathology Fellow UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine
VOTS Meeting Nov. 2013 Puerto Rico Billie Beckwith-Cohen, DVM, MBA Comparative Ocular Pathology Fellow UW-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine What is COPLOW? Founded in 1983 by Dr. Richard R. Dubielzig
More informationFeline Ophthalmology!
The Vet Education International Online Veterinary Conference 2013 Feline Ophthalmology! With Dr Anu O Reilly Specialist in Veterinary Ophthalmology July2013 Vet Education is proudly supported by Hill s
More informationEye Ulcers in Pugs. First signs to watch for
Eye Ulcers in Pugs Written in laymans terms by Belinda Goyarts, Raevon Pugs, audited (with many thanks) by Dr Chloe Hardman BVSc, FACVf, Opthal, Animal Eye Clinic, Melbourne Having owned pugs for a while
More informationProceeding of the SEVC Southern European Veterinary Conference
www.ivis.org Proceeding of the SEVC Southern European Veterinary Conference Oct. 17-19, 2008 Barcelona, Spain http://www.sevc.info Reprinted in the IVIS website with the permission of the SEVC www.ivis.org
More informationClinique Veterinaire Aquivet - Service d Ophtalmologie, Parc d activités Mermoz Avenue de la Forêt Eysines 33320, France
ttp://www.bsava.com/ PAPER Use of porcine small intestinal submucosa for corneal reconstruction in dogs and cats: 106 cases F. Goulle Clinique Veterinaire Aquivet - Service d Ophtalmologie, Parc d activités
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Adnexal pain, in farm animals, ocular squamous cell carcinoma and, 431 432 Age, as factor in OSCC, 518 Akinesia, in eye examination in
More informationEYE CONDITIONS IN THE DOMESTIC FERRET
EYE CONDITIONS IN THE DOMESTIC FERRET Several conditions can impact the eyes of domestic ferrets. The following conditions are the most common: cataracts, glaucoma, uveitis, infections, nutritional or
More informationF1 IN THE NAME OF GOD
F1 IN THE NAME OF GOD Slide 1 F1 FEIKO.IR.SOFT; 2011/07/06 Lid Laceration Conjunctival Hemorrhage a) No therapy is necessary b) Usually resolve in 7-12 days. Subconjunctival Hemorrhage Corneal Abrasion
More information10/8/17. Feline Conjunctivitis. Feline Ophthalmology. Feline Herpes Virus Type-1. Feline Herpes Virus Type-1. Feline Herpes Virus Type-1 Treatment
10/8/17 Feline Ophthalmology Feline Conjunctivitis Herpes virus type-1 Chlamydophila felis Robert Swinger, DVM, DACVO Animal Eye Guys of South Florida Mycoplasma felis Calicivirus Bartonella Non-infectious:
More informationAnimal Studies Committee Policy Rodent Survival Surgery
Animal Studies Committee Policy Rodent Survival Surgery ASC Policy: To optimize animal health and well-being, survival surgery in rodents must be performed using sterile instruments, surgical gloves, masks
More informationOESOPHAGEAL FOREIGN BODY IN A CAT: CASE REPORT
Scientific Works. Series C. Veterinary Medicine. Vol. LXII (2) ISSN 2065-1295; ISSN 2343-9394 (CD-ROM); ISSN 2067-3663 (Online); ISSN-L 2065-1295 Abstract OESOPHAGEAL FOREIGN BODY IN A CAT: CASE REPORT
More informationOphthalmology Workshop
Ophthalmology Workshop SCHEDULE DAY 1 DAY 2 08:15 Introduction and Welcome 08:30 09:30 Tutorial 1: Anatomy of the Eye 09:30 11:00 Tutorial 2: Examining the Eye: What s Normal 11:00 11:15 Morning tea 11:30
More informationSESSION 2 8:45 10am. In-office Procedures. Contraindications to Injection. Introduction Joint and Soft Tissue Injection. Learning Objective
SESSION 2 8:45 10am Procedures You Can Do In Your Office SPEAKER Roger W. Bush, MD, MACP Presenter Disclosure Information The following relationships exist related to this presentation: Roger Bush, MD,
More informationDry Eye Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
House Paws Home Veterinary Care (651) 283-7216 housepawsmn@gmail.com Dry Eye Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) Our veterinarian has diagnosed your dog with keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS), more simply
More informationINTRODUCTION TO VISUAL HEALTH ASSESSMENTS
INTRODUCTION TO VISUAL HEALTH ASSESSMENTS The purpose of the visual health assessments is for breed representatives to collect verified veterinary information on the prevalence of visible conditions listed
More informationPerioperative surgical risks and outcomes of early-age gonadectomy in cats and dogs at People for Animals, Inc.
Perioperative surgical risks and outcomes of early-age gonadectomy in cats and dogs at People for Animals, Inc. David Croman, VMD; Laurie Heeb, DVM; Jane Guillaume, Alyssa Dillonaire Objective To determine
More informationDigital flexor tendon contracture treated by tenectomy: different clinical presentations in three cats
597237JOR0010.1177/2055116915597237Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open ReportsCabon et al research-article2015 Case Series Digital flexor tendon contracture treated by tenectomy: different clinical
More informationVeterinary Ophthalmology
Veterinary Ophthalmology Eyelids Protect the eye Provides part of and spreads the tear film Regulates the amount of light that enters the eye Clears foreign material Third Eyelid Protects the cornea by
More informationHow to Use Delayed Closure for Limb Wound Management
How to Use Delayed Closure for Limb Wound Management Richard P. Hackett, DVM, MS, Diplomate ACVS Author s address: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca,
More informationAnimal, Plant & Soil Science
Animal, Plant & Soil Science Lesson C5-9 Veterinary Terminology Interest Approach Gather some common veterinary tools (e.g., scissors, forceps, and scalpels). Ask the students what each item is and for
More informationEPAR type II variation for Metacam
23 June 2011 EMA/674662/2011 International Non-proprietary Name: Meloxicam Procedure No. EMEA/V/C/033/II/084 EU/2/97/004/026, 33-34 Scope: Type II Addition of indication for cats Page 1/6 Table of contents
More informationCouncil of Docked Breeds Brief to MP s on Tail Docking
Council of Docked Breeds Brief to MP s on Tail Docking Reasons for docking There are 4 main reasons why dogs are docked: 1. Prophylactic docking - to prevent tail injuries in both working dogs & other
More informationThe Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons DIPLOMA IN EQUINE SOFT TISSUE SURGERY PAPER I. (Basic Sciences) Tuesday 2 May 1995
The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons PAPER I (Basic Sciences) Tuesday 2 May 1995 10.00 a.m. to 1.00 p.m. (3 hours) SECTION A Two long answer questions of which a candidate must choose ONE question
More informationCE West June 1-3, 2018 Wine Country Inn, Palisade, CO
CE West June 1-3, 2018 Wine Country Inn, Palisade, CO Tips and Tricks of the Trade: Practical Dermatology and Ophthalmology for the General Practitioner AGENDA Friday, June 1 5:00 6:00 PM Registration
More informationIncidence of Ophthalmic Affections in Dogs A Short Study
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 09 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Case Study https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.187
More informationSURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA AND PROLAPSE IN A PUG BITCH
Indo-Am. J. Agric. & Vet. Sci., 2014 ISSN M Gokula 2321 9602 Krishnan www.iajavs.com et al., 2014 Vol. 2, No. 3, September 2014 2014 Meghana Publications. All Rights Reserved Case Report SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
More informationAustralian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists. Fellowship Examination. Veterinary Ophthalmology Paper 1
Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists Fellowship Examination June 2016 Veterinary Ophthalmology Paper 1 Perusal time: Twenty (20) minutes Time allowed: Three (3) hours after perusal
More informationGastric Dilatation-Volvulus
Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus The term "ACVS Diplomate" refers to a veterinarian who has been board certified in veterinary surgery. Only veterinarians who have successfully completed the certification requirements
More informationClumber Spaniel Club Health Survey 2014 Summary of Results
Clumber Spaniel Club Health Survey 2014 Summary of Results RESPONSE RATE Survey forms were sent to all Club members, published on the Club website and sent to the Working Clumber Spaniel Society for circulation
More informationAnnual Conference THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2018 THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE Annual Conference January 26-28, 2018 2018 THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE COLLEGE
More informationScottish Surveillance of Healthcare Infection Programme (SSHAIP) Health Protection Scotland SSI Surveillance Protocol 7th Edition 2017 Question &
Contents General... 4 Pre-op... 4 Peri-op... 5 Post-op... 8 Caesarean Section... 12 Orthopaedics... 14 Large Bowel:... 15 Vascular... 17 General Pre-op Q: If a patient is an emergency admission is the
More information4-year-old neutered male American domestic shorthair cat with a locally extensive area of swelling ulceration and crusting over the nasal planum.
4-year-old neutered male American domestic shorthair cat with a locally extensive area of swelling ulceration and crusting over the nasal planum. Which of the following is the most likely disease? 1. Squamous
More informationWound types and healing part three: classification of injuries
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Wound types and healing part three: classification of injuries Author : Louise O Dwyer Categories : RVNs Date : July 1, 2010
More informationAcute Laminitis in the UK The Redwings Study
Acute Laminitis in the UK The Redwings Study Nicola Jarvis BVetMed Cert AVP(EM) MRCVS Redwings Horse Sanctuary Nine farms Over 1,300 resident horses, ponies, donkeys and mules Over 500 more in guardian
More informationPectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest) Dr Hasan Nugud Consultant Paediatric Surgeon
Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest) Dr Hasan Nugud Consultant Paediatric Surgeon Pectus excavatum Pectus excavatum (PE) is an abnormal development of the rib cage where the breastbone (sternum) caves in,
More informationOphthalmic examination findings in a group of retired racing Greyhounds
Veterinary Ophthalmology (2007) 10, 6, 363 367 Blackwell Publishing Inc Ophthalmic examination findings in a group of retired racing Greyhounds Gwendolyn L. Lynch Eye Care for Animals at City of Angels
More informationPPPA Health and Research Committee Report to the Club April 1, 2017
PPPA Health and Research Committee Report to the Club April 1, 2017 We have had a very busy last 8 months with the discovery of several Genetic Markers in the breed. This was an unexpected benefit of the
More informationPackage leaflet: Information for the user. GENTAMICIN VISION 3 mg/ml eye drops, solution Gentamicin
Package leaflet: Information for the user GENTAMICIN VISION 3 mg/ml eye drops, solution Gentamicin Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine because it contains important
More informationPedicle ties provide a rapid and safe method for feline ovariohysterectomy
Pedicle ties provide a rapid and safe method for feline ovariohysterectomy K. Miller 1, W. Rekers 2, K. Ellis 2, K. Ellingsen 2, M. Milovancev 3 1 Oregon State University/Oregon Humane Society 2 Oregon
More informationShort-nosed (Brachycephalic) dogs time to stand up and be counted
Short-nosed (Brachycephalic) dogs time to stand up and be counted Brachycephalic dogs have been attracting more and more media attention of late - and that can only be a good thing. Brachycephalic means
More informationRoundtable Notes from 2013 IEOC/Acrivet Symposium
Roundtable Notes from 2013 IEOC/Acrivet Symposium Cornea Various discussions on linear keratopathy, IMMK, and other cornea topics Keypoint: 1. We hypothesize that linear keratopathy (Haab s striae) is
More informationFOCUS ON THE FELINE: THE IDIOSYNCRATIC CAT EYE AND HOW TO DEAL WITH IT
FOCUS ON THE FELINE: THE IDIOSYNCRATIC CAT EYE AND HOW TO DEAL WITH IT J. Seth Eaton, VMD, DACVO Veterinary Ophthalmologist, Ocular Services On Demand (OSOD) Adjunct Assistant Clinical Professor, School
More informationSpotting eye problems in pets 13 October 2014, by Genevieve Rajewski
Spotting eye problems in pets 13 October 2014, by Genevieve Rajewski Pets don t usually wind up at the veterinarian because of obvious vision loss. Credit: istock Pets don't have to read an eye chart to
More informationSurgical Wound Management in Dogs using an Improved Stable Chlorine Dioxide Antiseptic Solution.
Case Report Surgical Wound Management in Dogs using an Improved Stable Chlorine Dioxide Antiseptic Solution. Chapnick A 1 and Wilkins RJ *2 Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry Volume 1 Issue
More informationEquine Emergencies. Identification and What to do Until the Vet Arrives Kathryn Krista, DVM, MS
Equine Emergencies Identification and What to do Until the Vet Arrives Kathryn Krista, DVM, MS Common Equine Emergencies Cellulitis/lymphangitis Choke (esophageal obstruction) Colic Eye abnormalities Fever
More informationLens luxation when the lens gets wobbly
Lens luxation when the lens gets wobbly Introduction The lens what is it there for? The lens - anatomy Lens luxation What does that mean? Lens luxation - what to look out for? Lens luxation How can it
More informationCanine Distemper Virus
Photo: LE Carmichael, MJ Appel Photo: LE Carmichael, MJ Appel Photo: LE Carmichael, MJ Appel Canine Distemper Virus Canine Distemper (CD) is a highly contagious infectious disease of dogs worldwide caused
More informationPre- and Post -Surgery Information
Pre- and Post -Surgery Information Preparing For Anesthetic Procedures or Surgery Preparing your pet: If you notice your pet is coughing or sneezing, vomiting, or has diarrhea, please call to speak with
More informationFeline Ocular diseases. Eye diseases in cats v.s. humans. Feline Keratitis/Keratoconjunctivitis
Professor in Veterinary Ophthalmology School of Veterinary Medicine National Taiwan University Feline Ocular diseases Cats have unique/predisposed diseases in several systems compared to other species.
More informationWashington State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
1 Standard Operating Procedure #9 Title: Minor Medical Treatment of Rodents Washington State University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Purpose: Currently, the Office of the Campus Veterinarian
More informationFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a progressive. Prevalence of feline infectious peritonitis in specific cat breeds *
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery (2006) 8, 1e5 doi:10.1016/j.jfms.2005.04.003 Prevalence of feline infectious peritonitis in specific cat breeds * Loretta D Pesteanu-Somogyi DVM 1y, Christina Radzai
More informationA 10-Year Review of a Minimally Invasive Technique for the Correction of Pectus Excavatum
Pectus Excavatum A 10-Year Review of a Minimally Invasive Technique for the Correction of Pectus Excavatum Presented at the national meeting of the American Pediatric Surgery Association, May 1997 Donald
More informationSURGICAL (SURVIVAL) OOCYTE COLLECTION FROM XENOUS LAEVIS
UBC Animal Care Guidelines SOP: ACC 2013 01 Surgical Oocyte Collection from Xenopus Laevis Submitted by: Shelly McErlane Last Date Revised: Date Approved: January 28, 2013 SURGICAL (SURVIVAL) OOCYTE COLLECTION
More informationSuitability of Antibiotic Treatment for CAP (CAPTIME) The duration of antibiotic treatment in community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
STUDY PROTOCOL Suitability of Antibiotic Treatment for CAP (CAPTIME) Purpose The duration of antibiotic treatment in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) lasts about 9 10 days, and is determined empirically.
More informationAuthor of PGD: Adrian MacKenzie, Lead Pharmacist, Community Pharmacy.
Patient Group Direction for the supply of Chloramphenicol 0.5% eye drops to named patients registered with the Minor Ailment Service attending Community Pharmacies in NHS Borders This document authorises
More informationScience & Technologies. DİSTAL ULNAR RETAİNED CARTİLAGİNOUS CORE RCC İN DOGS Mehmet SAĞLAM 1, M. Alper ÇETİNKAYA 2 1
DİSTAL ULNAR RETAİNED CARTİLAGİNOUS CORE RCC İN DOGS Mehmet SAĞLAM 1, M. Alper ÇETİNKAYA 2 1 Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Dışkapı 06110 Ankara. 2 Reseach Unit
More informationCOMMON CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN RATS AND MICE
COMMON CLINICAL CONDITIONS IN RATS AND MICE Megan H. Nowland, DVM, Diplomate ACLAM Assistant Professor Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine University of Michigan NCRC Building 10, Suite G90 2800 Plymouth
More informationOcular Tear Film Stability in Extra Ocular Diseases of Dogs
Ocular Tear Film Stability in Extra Ocular Diseases of Dogs A. Kumaresan*, C. Ramani, L. Nagarajan, R. Sridhar and S. Ushakumary Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Veterinary college and Research Institute,
More informationAustralian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists. Fellowship Examination. Small Animal Surgery Paper 1
Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists Fellowship Examination June 2017 Small Animal Surgery Paper 1 Perusal time: Twenty (20) minutes Time allowed: Three (3) hours after perusal Answer
More informationCanine Ophthalmology Diseases
Canine Ophthalmology Diseases 1 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 Canine Ophthalmology Diseases Canine Ophthalmology (the eye & its diseases) Acuity is less than humans and horses, but greater than the cat. Dogs have few
More informationSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE RODENT SURVIVAL SURGERY
ANA- 05 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE RODENT SURVIVAL SURGERY Version #1 Author: Kerri Nielsen Effective Date: 27 Jan 2016 1. PURPOSE To ensure that rodent survival surgeries are completed using the basic
More informationIs Robenacoxib Superior to Meloxicam in Improving Patient Comfort in Dog Diagnosed With a Degenerative Joint Process?
Is Robenacoxib Superior to Meloxicam in Improving Patient Comfort in Dog Diagnosed With a Degenerative Joint Process? A Knowledge Summary by Adam Swallow BVSc MRCVS 1* 1 University of Bristol * Corresponding
More informationCataract Surgery in the Dog
Introduction Cataract Surgery in the Dog A cataract is any abnormal cloudiness in the lens of the eye. This may vary from a small area requiring no treatment through to total cataract and blindness. The
More informationNUMBER: R&C-ARF-10.0
1. PURPOSE PAGE 1 OF 6 This policy describes the procedures for keeping and maintaining animal medical records. This procedure is approved by the Creighton University Institutional Animal Care and Use
More informationPOST-OPERATIVE ANALGESIA AND FORMULARIES
POST-OPERATIVE ANALGESIA AND FORMULARIES An integral component of any animal protocol is the prevention or alleviation of pain or distress, such as that associated with surgical and other procedures. Pain
More informationCRANIAL CLOSING WEDGE OSTEOTOMY (CCWO)
CRANIAL CLOSING WEDGE OSTEOTOMY (CCWO) Cruciate disease in the dog Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease is the most common cause of hindlimb lameness in the dog. It affects the stifle joint, the equivalent
More informationInternational Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 6, No 1, 2017,
International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 6, No 1, 2017, 872 876 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) Case report SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF BILATERAL HYPERMATURE CATARACT BY EXTRACAPSULAR
More informationAPPROACHING LIZARD COELIOTOMY
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk APPROACHING LIZARD COELIOTOMY Author : anonymous Categories : Vets Date : March 15, 2010 William Lewis provides a working
More informationSilicone delivery liner assists easy release of 3M TM Ioban TM 2 Antimicrobial Incise Drape onto the skin.
3M Health Care Incise Drapes A barrier to bacterial contamination Silicone delivery liner assists easy release of 3M TM Ioban TM 2 Antimicrobial Incise Drape onto the skin. 3M TM Ioban TM 2 Adhesive remains
More informationPerioperative Care of Swine
Swine are widely used in protocols that involve anesthesia and invasive surgical procedures. In order to ensure proper recovery of animals, preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative techniques specific
More informationFocus on Ophthalmology Inside the Eye of the Horse
www.ivis.org Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners - Focus Meeting Focus on Ophthalmology Inside the Eye of the Horse Raleigh, NC, USA 2012 Next Focus Meetings: August 4-6, 2013
More informationUiTM CARE APPLICATION FORM
UiTM CARE APPLICATION FORM (Committee on Animal Research and Ethics) FOR UiTM CARE OFFICE USE ONLY Proposal No.:... Date of hard copy receipt:... INFORMATION FOR PRINICIPAL INVESTIGATOR Submit the duly
More informationAntimicrobial Prophylaxis in Digestive Surgery
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Digestive Surgery Toar JM. Lalisang, MD, PhD Digestive Surgery Division Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Medical Faculty Universitas Indonesia Antibiotic must be present before
More informationNUMBER: /2005
Purpose PAGE 1 OF 7 The purpose of this policy is to describe the procedures for keeping and maintaining animal medical records. This procedure is approved by the Creighton University Institutional Animal
More informationSTERILIZED NYLON MOSQUITO NET FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF UMBILICAL HERNIA IN BUFFALOES
Case Report Buffalo Bulletin (March 2014) Vol.33 No.1 STERILIZED NYLON MOSQUITO NET FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF UMBILICAL HERNIA IN BUFFALOES Vineet Kumar*, D.D. Mathew, R.A. Ahmad, M. Hoque, A.C. Saxena, Rekha
More informationAssociated Terms: Breast Cancer, Radical Mastectomy, Mastectomy, Mammectomy, Mammary Adenocarcinoma
Associated Terms: Breast Cancer, Radical Mastectomy, Mastectomy, Mammectomy, Mammary Adenocarcinoma The term "ACVS Diplomate" refers to a veterinarian who has been board certified in veterinary surgery.
More information2012 A YEAR IN REVIEW. The Good, The Bad and The Sick
2012 A YEAR IN REVIEW The Good, The Bad and The Sick PINK EYE Most common in summer and fall Prevalence and severity of disease vary greatly From year to year From area to area Young animals are most susceptible
More informationSEVERE AND EXTENSIVE BITE WOUND ON A FLANK AND ABDOMEN OF AN IRISH WOLF HOUND TREATED WITH DELAYED PRIMARY CLOSURE AND VETGOLD
SEVERE AND EXTENSIVE BITE WOUND ON A FLANK AND ABDOMEN OF AN IRISH WOLF HOUND TREATED WITH DELAYED PRIMARY CLOSURE AND VETGOLD PRESENTATION & HISTORY A three-year-old male neutered Irish Wolf Hound weighing
More informationInstitute of Surgical Research
Institute of Surgical Research Surgical techniques A5 Practical Module. A1. MODUL - Asepsis and the surgeon A2. MODUL Surgical instrumentation A3. MODUL Operations A4. MODUL Bleedings A5. MODUL sterile
More informationPublic Assessment Report Paediatric data. EXOCIN (OCUFLOX) Ofloxacin. Marketing Autorisation Holder: Allergan
Public Assessment Report Paediatric data EXOCIN (OCUFLOX) Ofloxacin Marketing Autorisation Holder: Allergan Rapporteur: Co-Rapporteur: Currently approved indication(s): Pharmaceutical form(s) and strengths
More informationThe Miracle Cat: The Treatment of a Cat that was bitten by a Tiger Snake
Zaharah Braybrooke (2014) The Miracle Cat: The Treatment of a Cat that was bitten by a Tiger Snake This essay illustrates an example of the power of an intimate relationship between a domesticated cat
More informationDon t let arthritis slow down your dog!
Don t let arthritis slow down your dog! abcd DOG CAT ACUTE CHRONIC PERIOPERATIVE INJECTABLE ORAL SUSPENSION CHEWABLE Keeping your dog in the prime of life Is your dog at risk of developing arthritis? As
More informationAugust 20, To: RRCUS Board of Directors From: RRCUS Health & Genetics Chairs
August 20, 2007 To: RRCUS Board of Directors From: RRCUS Health & Genetics Chairs We are writing this memorandum to urge the RRCUS Board of Directors to rectify a troubling problem regarding eye-screening
More informationAustralian College of Veterinary Scientists. Fellowship Examination. Small Animal Surgery Paper 1
Australian College of Veterinary Scientists Fellowship Examination June 2011 Small Animal Surgery Paper 1 Perusal time: Twenty (20) minutes Time allowed: Three (3) hours after perusal Answer your choice
More informationMalignant Catarrhal Fever in a Red Angus Cow B Y : L A U R E N R I C E R O V C
Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Red Angus Cow B Y : L A U R E N R I C E R O V C 2 0 1 5 History & Signalment Three year old Red Angus Cow Complaint: Blindness From 15 Red Angus Cow Herd Managed on Pasture
More informationThe active component of CHLOROMYCETIN eye ointment is chloramphenicol.
PRODUCT INFORMATION CHLOROMYCETIN EYE OINTMENT chloramphenicol 10 mg per g NAME OF THE MEDICINE The active component of CHLOROMYCETIN eye ointment is chloramphenicol. OHH O 2 N C - C - CH 2 OH H NHCOCHC
More informationInfluences on tetanus immunization in
Archives of Emergency Medicine, 1990, 7, 163-168 Influences on tetanus immunization in accident and emergency A. MONTAGUE & E. GLUCKSMAN Accident and Emergency Department, King's College Hospital, Denmark
More informationFeline Wellness Report
Demo/Sample Clinic Feline Wellness Report 59 YOUR CAT'S AGE, IN HUMAN YEARS: Environment, genetics, nutrition and size are factors in determining a cat's age. Although this calculation is not exact, it
More informationProceedings of the 57th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners - AAEP -
http://www.ivis.org Proceedings of the 57th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners - AAEP - November 18-22, 2011 San Antonio, Texas, USA Next Meeting : Dec. 1-5, 2012 - Anaheim,
More informationProceeding of the SEVC Southern European Veterinary Conference
www.ivis.org Proceeding of the SEVC Southern European Veterinary Conference Oct. 17-19, 2008 Barcelona, Spain http://www.sevc.info Reprinted in the IVIS website with the permission of the SEVC www.ivis.org
More informationThe Eyes Have It! Ophthalmology Conference
Silver Sponsors The Eyes Have It! Ophthalmology Conference More than a window to the soul. has convened an illuminating ophthalmology conference comprising ophthalmologists and internists. Robin will be
More informationWhat s Your Diagnosis?
What s Your Diagnosis? Signalment: Maine Coone (8 month old, female intact) Presenting complaint: Lethargy, inappetence, serosanguinous vaginal discharge History: Lives with 11 other Maine Coone cats (males
More informationINDEX. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. LAMENESS
LAMENESS INDEX Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. Acidosis, rumen, hoof hom disruption in, 121 Anesthesia, selective, for lameness examination in cattle, 47-48 Anti-inflammatory
More informationWeekly Report The University of Tokyo Name
July 29 The flight was delayed, so we arrived at the Suvarnabhumi airport late at night. July 30 An orientation for us was held from 11:00 am. July 31 This day was the first day of the aquatic animal unit.
More information