More panthers, more roadkills Florida panthers once ranged throughout the entire southeastern United States, from South Carolina
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1 Mark Lotz Florida Panther Biologist, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission Darrell Land Florida Panther Team Leader, Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission Florida panther roadkills have captured media attention in Florida this year; and with a record number of documented road mortalities, it s no wonder. Historically speaking, at least since extensive research activities commenced on Puma concolor coryi in 1981, only one to three road mortalities of this endangered subspecies were documented annually. Comparatively, in the first six months of 2007, 14 Florida panthers have succumbed to vehicle collisions. More panthers, more roadkills Florida panthers once ranged throughout the entire southeastern United States, from South Carolina to Louisiana and south through Florida. As was common with many predators in early America, panthers were hunted relentlessly out of fear for human safety and for livestock protection. Additionally, habitat destruction and degradation further reduced panther range and numbers. In 1981, the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) embarked on one of the longest, most comprehensive research projects on a North American felid. Research and management activities continue to this Wild Cat News - 1
2 day. When research began in the early 1980s, the panther population probably comprised only 20 to 30 animals. Even with so few individuals in the population, panthers were still dying on the roads of south Florida. Gradually though, through land acquisition, changes in game management practices, and conservation efforts, panther numbers slowly rose through the 1990s. The genetic problems Florida panthers faced have been well documented. In 1995, a bold experiment most appropriately called genetic introgression was initiated. Eight female pumas from Texas (Puma concolor stanleyana), the closest living relative of the Florida panther and one with which they historically co-mingled, were released throughout the panthers range. Not only did this effort dramatically alter the deleterious effects of years of inbreeding, it also resulted in a continual steady increase in the population size of the Florida panther. Today, the Florida panther population is estimated at 80 to 100 adults. The Number of road-kills Florida Panther Roadkills June Year Number of Panthers Female Male Minimum Population Estimate Figure 1: Minimum number of panthers > 2 years of age and number of documented roadkills by year. The minimum number of panthers per year was calculated from the estimated birth and death dates of live-captured panthers or panthers discovered at death (primarily roadkills). Totals for each year include any panther > 2 years of age at some point in that year. Minimum population estimates are backfilled as data becomes available (i.e., recovery of dead panthers). Therefore, the observed decline of recent years is not indicative of current population. Figure 2: Age composition of panthers killed by vehicles from 1997 to 2007 (n=76). Kittens are < 1 year of age; young adults are > 1 year of age and < 3 years of age; older adults are > 3 years of age. 39% Sex of Florida panther roadkills 61% Male Female Figure 3: Classification of Florida panther roadkill by sex, from 1979 to Below: Unfortunately scenes like this have been all too common in 2007.
3 Above: The underpasses on the Alligator Alley portion of I-75 consist of two bridges. number of Florida panther roadkills has mirrored the size of the panther population (Fig. 1). In short, there is a greater chance of panthers being killed on roads today partly because there are more panthers. However, increased vehicular traffic through panther habitat, from an expanding human population, may also be affecting the number of roadkills. Panthers at risk Through the 1980s, most of the panther roadkills were adults estimated to be 5 to 10 years old. Through the 1990s, more young cats and fewer old individuals were being killed on the highways. Ages generally ranged from seven months to five years. The trend towards younger-aged animals being killed on roadways continues in the 21 st century with several roadkilled panthers being less than 1 year old. Overall, young adults and kittens comprise a majority of the road mortality (Fig. 2). Most roadkills involve male panthers (Fig. 3). Young males, in particular, comprise a group that must overcome many hardships to survive. When they first disperse from their natal range, they are frequently expelled from one occupied territory to the next by resident males and are frequently forced to cross roads during these dispersal movements. Also, because male panthers have such large home ranges and because habitat in southern Florida is typically fragmented by roadways, panthers have little choice but to cross roads while patrolling their territory. This makes them more vulnerable to colliding with a vehicle. Conversely, female panthers maintain smaller Wild Cat News - 3
4 I-95 Orlando Tampa I-4 Naples I-75 (Alligator Alley) Recent Florida panther roadkills (yellow triangles) throughout Florida from 1997 to July There are no known females outside of the breeding population (pink circle, area is approximate), and all roadklills outside of this area have been dispersed or transient males. Wild Cat News - 4
5 OSSF Immokalee Naples FPNWR SR29 I-75 FSPSP BCNP Everglades City US41 Recent Florida panther roadkills (yellow triangles) in southwest Florida from 1997 to July Public lands include Big Cypress National Preserve (BCNP), Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge (FPNWR), Fakahatchee Strands Preserve State Park (FSPSP), and Okaloacoochee Slough State Forest (OSSF). Wild Cat News - 5
6 Above: Underpasses allow Florida panthers to safely cross beneath the flow of traffic. Number of roadkills Percent of radiocollared vs uncollared roadkills 82% 18% Collared Uncollared Figure 4: Percent of radiocollared vs uncollared Florida panthers, from 1979 to Number of roadkilled radiocollared and uncollared panthers Year Radio-collared Uncollared Figure 5: Number of radiocollared vs. uncollared panthers by year. The increase in uncollared panthers represents an increasing population in areas without underpasses. A 4% 2% B 8% 5% 21% FeLV 16% 56% 17% Aggression Unknown Vehicle Other Figure 6: Causes of mortality for Florida panthers from 1997 to Figure 6A includes all 139 panther mortalities and Figure 6B only includes the 63 panthers wearing a radiocollar at the time of death. FeLV is an acronym for feline leukemia virus. 27% 44% FeLV Aggression Unknown Vehicle Other home ranges that are often contained within road networks. Therefore, females typically cross roads less frequently and are less susceptible to highway mortality. Wildlife underpasses have been an excellent conservation tool for Florida panthers. These underpasses have been built on two major roadways that crisscross the heart of panther habitat. In 1986, efforts began to upgrade State Road 84 (SR84, Alligator Alley), a two-lane east-west highway that intersected core panther habitat in southern Florida, to the divided four-lane Interstate 75 (I-75). Mitigation for this project (completed in 1993) involved the construction of 36 wildlife underpasses along an approximately 40-mile section of roadway. Working in conjunction with the underpasses is a continuous stretch of 10-foot-high chain link fencing to guide wildlife to the underpasses and prevent them from accessing the new high-speed road. Another roadway, State Road 29 (SR29), cuts a north-south path from Immokalee to Everglades City. When SR29 was widened and realigned beginning in the early 1990s, six wildlife underpasses were proposed for construction. The first was completed in 1995, and the final two were completed in June Fencing schemes vary with the underpasses on SR29 due to the distance between structures. These underpasses provide vital linkages between several publicly owned lands and allow panther movement and dispersals to occur unabated. As one might expect, the large tracts of roadless public lands adjacent to SR29 and Alligator Alley are where a majority of our capture work is conducted; therefore, these areas contain the largest number of collared panthers. The majority of radio-collared panthers, which represents roughly 1/3 of the Wild Cat News - 6
7 estimated panther population, are protected from roads by virtue of where we conduct our activities in juxtaposition to wildlife underpasses and large tracts of public land with low road densities. Interestingly, the vast majority of roadkilled panthers have been uncollared (Fig. 4). Since 1995, the population has grown and reoccupied areas recently devoid of panthers. These panthers are utilizing landscape that is segmented by a number of roadways that do not have underpasses. Consequently, these recolonizing panthers, most of which have not been previously handled, are being recovered more frequently as victims of vehicle collisions as opposed to panthers residing in refugia on public lands to the South (Fig. 5). Impacts How much of an impact is road mortality to the panther population? Certainly, in total numbers, more road casualties have been documented than any other cause (Fig. 6a). But dead Florida panthers rarely go unnoticed by motorists and are typically reported. Therefore, most roadkilled panthers are recovered whether they have a radio collar or not. However, panthers that die in the wildlands of southern Florida are seldom recovered unless they were wearing a working radio collar at the time of their death. If one were to analyze mortality data solely from the radio-collared population, intraspecific aggression is the most common cause of mortality (Fig. 6b). But again, there may be a bias here based on where radio collars are deployed. Without question, road casualties have the potential to impact the conservation and recovery of the endangered Florida panther. The FWC has been involved in ways to reduce panther highway mortality for more than 20 years. This has included the posting of warning signs, reduced night-time speed zones, and public information campaigns. The FWC continues to work cooperatively with private and public entities in order to help minimize the impact of vehicle mortality on Florida panthers. However, underpasses with an appropriate length of fencing seem to be the only proven method to protect panthers from vehicle collisions. I-75 (Alligator Alley) bisects prime panther habitat and stretches from Naples on the west coast to Ft. Lauderdale on the east coast. Thirty-six wildlife underpasses allow panthers to maintain normal movement patterns.
Florida Field Naturalist
Florida Field Naturalist PUBLISHED BY THE FLORIDA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOCIETY VOL. 36, NO. 3 SEPTEMBER 2008 PAGES 55-82 Florida Field Naturalist 36(3):55-59, 2008. AMERICAN CROCODILE, CROCODYLUS ACUTUS, MORTALITIES
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