Online Version ISSN: X Volume 4, Number 3 September 2012

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1 Online Version ISSN: X Volume 4, Number 3 September

2 Editor-inChief Tsanko Yablanski Faculty of Agriculture Trakia University, Stara Zagora Bulgaria Co-Editor-in- Chief Radoslav Slavov Faculty of Agriculture Trakia University, Stara Zagora Bulgaria Editors and Sections Genetics and Breading Atanas Atanasov (Bulgaria) Ihsan Soysal (Turkey) Max Rothschild (USA) Stoicho Metodiev (Bulgaria) Nutrition and Physiology Nikolai Todorov (Bulgaria) Peter Surai (UK) Zervas Georgios (Greece) Ivan Varlyakov (Bulgaria) Production Systems Dimitar Pavlov (Bulgaria) Dimitar Panaiotov (Bulgaria) Banko Banev (Bulgaria) Georgy Zhelyazkov (Bulgaria) Agriculture and Environment Georgi Petkov (Bulgaria) Ramesh Kanwar (USA) Product Quality and Safety Marin Kabakchiev (Bulgaria) Stefan Denev (Bulgaria) Vasil Atanasov (Bulgaria) English Editor Yanka Ivanova (Bulgaria) Scope and policy of the journal Agricultural Science and Technology /AST/ an International Scientific Journal of Agricultural and Technology Sciences is published in English in one volume of 4 issues per year, as a printed journal and in electronic form. The policy of the journal is to publish original papers, reviews and short communications covering the aspects of agriculture related with life sciences and modern technologies. It will offer opportunities to address the global needs relating to food and environment, health, exploit the technology to provide innovative products and sustainable development. Papers will be considered in aspects of both fundamental and applied science in the areas of Genetics and Breeding, Nutrition and Physiology, Production Systems, Agriculture and Environment and Product Quality and Safety. Other categories closely related to the above topics could be considered by the editors. The detailed information of the journal is available at the website. Proceedings of scientific meetings and conference reports will be considered for special issues. Submission of Manuscripts All manuscript written in English should be submitted as MS-Word file attachments via to ascitech@uni-sz.bg. Manuscripts must be prepared strictly in accordance with the detailed instructions for authors at the website and the instructions on the last page of the journal. For each manuscript the signatures of all authors are needed confirming their consent to publish it and to nominate on author for correspondence. They have to be presented by a submission letter signed by all authors. The form of the submission letter is available upon from request from the Technical Assistance or could be downloaded from the website of the journal. All manuscripts are subject to editorial review and the editors reserve the right to improve style and return the paper for rewriting to the authors, if necessary. The editorial board reserves rights to reject manuscripts based on priorities and space availability in the journal. Internet Access This journal is included in the Trakia University Journals online Service which can be found at Address of Editorial office: Agricultural Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University Student's campus, 6000 Stara Zagora Bulgaria Telephone.: Technical Assistance: Nely Tsvetanova Telephone.: ascitech@uni-sz.bg

3 Online Version ISSN: X Volume 4, Number 3 September

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5 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 4, No 3, pp , 2012 Age-related morphometric and weight parameters of third-eyelid (Harderian) gland in common bronze turkeys (Meleagris meleagris gallopavo) D. Dimitrov* Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria Abstract. In this research, biological material from 60 clinically healthy bronze turkeys at the age of 1, 7, 14, 28, 35, 49, 56, 90, 120 and 240 days were used. Six birds (3 male and 3 female) were included in each of the ten age groups. By means of electronic balance, the individual live body weights were determined and then, in full compliance with the requirements of the Ethical Committee at the Trakia University, Stara Zagora, a pair of Harderian glands was collected from each bird. Morphometric and weight investigations were carried out on each of the 120 glands collected. The results were statistically processed and presented in a table. The weight and morphometric research have shown that one-day old bronze turkeys possessed a Harderian gland weighing 7.30 mg, with a length of 8.50 mm, width of 2.16 mm and circumference of 3.66 mm. By the time of the sexual maturity and economic realisation (age of 240 days), the Harderian gland weight was mg, its length 24.60mm, width 8.05 mm, and circumference mm.according to the results of the present study, the Harderian gland in common bronze turkeys has increased its weight almost 32 times 240 days after hatching. Its length was almost 3 times, its width 4 times and its circumference 6 times higher as compared to the age of one day. Keywords: bronze turkey, Harderian gland, morphometry Introduction more substantial amounts of birds were imported in hunting reserves of King Ferdinand the beginning of the last century. The common All terrestrial vertebrates (Popivanov et al., 1995) have lacrimal bronze turkey has been created in the USA by crossing local glands situated in different parts of the eye orbit. The international indigenous turkeys with black Norfolk gobblers. The crosses had a scientific community has agreed hat apart the classic lacr4imal black plumage with reddish and greenish tint, giving the specific gland, the second primary intraorbital glands is the structure bronze-like sheen. Standard bronze turkeys are well adopted, and discovered by Johan Jacob Harder, which, after the congress on bird resistant to environmental influences, hence very appropriate for anatomy held in Manchester (1976) is called third eyelid gland. All outdoor rearing until late autumn. These traits make them suitable avian species are known to possess both intraorbital glands for breeding in pheasant farms of South Bulgaria in order to be used (McLelland, 1975) but the Harderian was better developed and of for hunting in game reserves. larger size. Both intraorbital glands have raised the scientific interest The lack of information about the morphometric and weight of researchers after the publication of the report of Mueller et al. parameters of the Harderian gland in bronze turkeys and our (1971), affirming that in chickens, they contained immunocompetent scientific interest in the intraorbital glands of birds, reared in aviaries cells. The reports published later (Aitken et al., 1977; Burns, 1996; or under industrial conditions (Dimitrov, 2001, 2009), and previous Akaki et al., 2000; Khan et al., 2007; Boydak et al., 2009; Bogdan, results of ours in broiler turkeys (Dimitrov, 2009, 2011, 2011), 2010; Kozlu et al., 2010; Bayraktaroglu et al., 2011) have confirmed encouraged this study. this hypothesis, but yet, there is not a full agreement as to which of these two glands is more important for the local immunity of the avian eye orbit. Material and methods The detailed literature overview showed that there were few reports on the normal microstructure of Harderian gland in turkeys, The present experiment was performed with 60 clinically published mainly in the 1980s. Anatomic descriptions and some light healthy common bronze turkey poults and turkeys (Meleagris microscopy features of both lacrimal and Harderian glands in a local meleagris gallopavo) purchased from the pheasant farm in turkey breed are resented by Solovjova et al. (1978) but without Trankovo, Stara Zagora region. The birds were at the age of 1, 7, 14, reference to their age and gender. The first light microscopy 28, 35, 49, 56, 90, 120 and 240 days. Each age group consisted of 3 comparative examinations of glandular ducts of Harderian and male and 3 female birds. The selected age groups included the lacrimal glands in turkeys, chickens and ducks were conducted by period from hatching to the sexual maturity of birds. Burns et al. (1979), again without specifying the breed, age or The individual live body weights were determined before gender of subjects. The first ultrastructural investigation of the third- removal of glands by means of automated balance ADAM eyelid gland of turkeys (Maxwell et al., 1986) was performed on a AAA100L (Czech Republic). All procedures were performed as per local stock hybrid from the day of hatching to 4 weeks of age. To our the requirements of the Trakia University Animal Ethics Committee. best knowledge, weight or morphometric data about intraorbital After inhalation anaesthesia followed by decapitation and glands in turkeys are not available. orbitotomy, a pair of Harderian glands (right and left) were obtained In Europe, the turkey is imported from America. In Bulgaria, * dimitardimit@gmail.com 220

6 from each bird by the method of Aitken et al. (1976). Each of the 120 longer by 3.75 mm, wider by mm, and with greater glands was weighed on SARTORIUS AY303 (USA) automated circumference (by 6.63 mm). After another week, 14-day-old poults balance. The metric parameters were determined by means of a have gained another g in weight. The third-eyelid gland weight ruler, graphing paper and calliper. Data were statistically processed has increased by 4.84 mg, its length by 2.83 mm, its width by 0.66 by statistical software (StatMost for Windows) and presented in a mm, but its circumference only by 0.33 mm. Over the next two table. weeks (28 days of age), bronze turkey poults weight was bigger by g, the Harderian gland was by 7.70 mg heavier. Its length has increased by mm only, the width by mm, and the circumference by 0.41 mm only. After another month, the live body Results weight of 56-day-old turkeys has increased by g and the weight of the Harderian gland by mg. The gland dimensions The results in Table 1 present the live body weight of turkey increased by 5.12 mm (length), 1.50 mm (width) and 2.00 mm poults and adult turkeys, average for males and females. It could be (circumference). Thirty-four days later, 3-month-old turkeys were seen that during the first post hatching week, bronze turkey poults heavier by g, their Harderian gland heavier by mg, have increased its live body weight only by g, but the and its length, width and circumference have increased by 1.87 mm, Harderian gland at the age of 7 days was heavier by mg, 0.50 mm and mm, respectively. The turkeys have added Table 1. Age-related weight and morphometric parameters of Harderian gland of common bronze turkeys (Meleagris meleagris gallopavo) Age of birds (days) Body weight of birds (g) Glands weight (mg) Glands length (mm) Glands width (mm) Glands circumference (mm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± g to its body weight after a month, and g to Harderian mg per week in average between days 56 to 90; by 4.28 mg between gland's weight. The gland's length has increased by 0.37 mm, its days 90 and120 and by 2.86 mg per week between days 120 and width by 0.07 mm, and its circumference by 0.87 mm. Over the 240. Third-eyelid gland's length increased at the highest rate during last time interval of 120 days, the 240-day-old sexually mature the first week of life (3.75 mm). Within this period, the circumference turkeys were heavier by g. The Harderian gland was also increased most intensively (by 6.63 mm per week). heavier by mg, and with greater length (by 1.85 mm), width The comparison of presented weight and morphometric (1.3 mm) and circumference (by 2.43 mm). parameters of the third-eyelid gland in sexually mature bronze turkey (240 days of age) with BUT-9 hybrid broiler turkeys (France) allowed making the following conclusions. By the time of the sexual maturity and economic realisation (age Discussion of 240 days), the Harderian gland weight was by mg heavier. The gland in broiler turkeys was shorter by 2.55 mm than that of As already mentioned, there are few data available about bronze turkeys, narrower by 0.09 mm only, but its circumference was Harderian gland's metric parameters in turkeys and no data about by 1.98 higher. age-related changes. No information has been encountered about According to the results of the present study, the Harderian the Harderian gland of the common bronze turkey. The present data gland in common bronze turkeys has increased its weight almost 32 could be only compared to the results of a previous study of ours times 240 days after hatching. Its length was almost 3 times, its width (Dimitrov, 2009) in broiler turkeys. 4 times and its circumference 6 times higher as compared to the The results allowed us to focus the attention on some trends in age of one day. the development of the Harderian gland in common bronze turkeys from hatching to sexual maturity (age of 240 days). There were two periods of most intensive growth of gland's weight during the first post hatching week (by mg weekly) and between 28 and 56 References days of age 9 by mg weekly). After the second period, the rate of increase has slowed down and gland's weight increased by 6.96 Aitken I and Survache B, 1976.A procedure for location and 221

7 removal of the lachrymal and Harderian glands of avian species. Dimitrov D and Savov S, Weight, some morphometrical and Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 53A, , structural investigations of pheasant s (Phasianus Colchicus Aitken I and Survache B, Lymphoid cells in avian paraocular Mongolicus) intraorbital glands. Journal of Mountain Agriculture on glands and paranasal tissues. Comparative Biochemistry and the Balkans, 12, 2, Physiology, 58A, 3, Dimitrov DS, Intraorbital glands in turkey broilers. III. Lacrimal Akaki C, Simazu M, Baba T, Tsuji S, Kodama H, Mukamoto M and gland histometry. Agricultural Science and Technology, 3, 4, 327- Kojikawa T, Possible migration of Harderian gland 331. Immunoglobulin A bearing lymphocytes into the caecal tonsil in Dimitrov DS, Histometrical investigation on the turkey broiler chickens. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44, third eyelid (Harderian) gland. Agricultural Science and Technology, Avtandilov G, Medical morphometry, , Medicina, 3, 3, Moscow, (Ru). Khan M, Jahan M, Islam M, Haque Z and Kon Y, Bayraktaroglu A, Korkmaz D, Asti R, Kurtdede N and Altunay H, Immunoglobulin containing plasma cells in the Harderian and Conjunctiva Associated Lymphoid Tissue in the Ostrich lachrymal glands in broiler and native chickens of Bangladesh. (Struhtio camelus). Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Facultesi Dergisi, Tissue and Cell, 93, 3, , 1, (Tur). Kozlu T and Altunay H, The structure and functions of Bogdan, R., 2010.Aspects concerning Harderian gland morphology Haderian gland. Ataturk Universitesi Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 5, 2, in some domestic birds. Anatomie si Histologie Comparata, 1, (Tur). (Rom). Maxwell M, Rothwell B and Burns B, A fine structural study Boydak M and Aydin M, Histology of the Harderian gland of of the turkey Harderian gland. Journal of Anatomy, 148, domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus). Acta Veterinaria, Brno,, McLelland J, Aves sense organs. In: Sisson and Grosmans 78, th Anatomy of Domestic Animals, , Saunders, 5 edn., 2, Burns R and Maxwell M, 1979.The structure of the Harderian gland Philadelphia, USA. and lachrymal ducts of the turkey, fowl and duck. Alight Mueller A, Sato K and Glick B, 1971.The chicken lachrymal gland, microscopical study. Journal of Anatomy, 128, gland of Harder, caecal tonsil, and accessory spleens as sources of Burns RB, The Harderian gland in birds: Histology and antibody-producing cells. Cellular Immunology, 2, Immunology. In: Harderian glands, , Springer Verlag, Berlin, Popivanov R, Botev B, Nakov L and Kirov K, 1995.Comparative Heidelberg, Germany. Anatomy of the Vertebrates, Medicine and Physical Culture, , Dimitrov DS, Comparative study on some weight and Sofia (Bg). morphometric parameters of Harderian and lachrymal glands in Solovjova L, Krasnikov G and Shikov A, Morphological broiler chicken aged between 1-56 days. Bulgarian Journal of structure of the intraorbital glands in the turkey. In: Proceedings of Veterinary Medicine, 4, 3, Ukrainian Scientific Institute of Expermental Veterinary Medicine, Dimitrov DS, The gland of the third eyelid (Harderian gland) Harkov, Ukraina, and lachrymal gland in the turkey broiler weight, some Survache D and Aitken I, Immunocompetent cells in avian morphometrical and structural investigations. Bulgarian Journal of paraocular glands. Research in Veterinary Science, 24, Veterinary Medicine, 12, Supll. 1,

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9 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 4, No 3, 2012 CONTENTS 1 / 3 Genetics and Breeding Genetic polymorphism of the melatonin receptor MT1 gene in four Bulgarian sheep breeds D. Hristova, S. Georgieva, Ts. Yablanski, S. Tanchev, R. Slavov, G. Bonev Biochemical investigations on sunflower lines (Helianthus annuus L.) and their hybrid combinations N. Nenova, E. Penchev, M. Drumeva Development and testing of experimental sunflower hybrids obtained by using doubled haploid lines M. Drumeva Stability of productiveness and technological qualities of diploid and triploid sugar beet varieties and hybrids G. Kikindonov Morphometric characteristic of European perch (Perca fluviatilis) related to sex dimorphism I. Sirakov, Y. Staykov, E. Ivancheva, G. Nikolov, A. Atanasov Correlations between grain yield and yield related traits in barley mutant lines B. Dyulgerova Nutrition and Physiology Pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin in calves after single subcutaneous application D. Dimitrova, P. Petkov, D. Tsoneva Pharmacokinetics of pefloxacin in pigs after single intramuscular application D. Dimitrova, V. Katsarov, D. Tsoneva Age-related morphometric and weight parameters of third-eyelid (Harderian) gland in common bronze turkeys (Meleagris meleagris gallopavo) D. Dimitrov Effect of dried distillers' grains with solubles from corn (ddgscc) fed on fattening lambs M. Yossifov, L. Kozelov, K. Dimov Research on the stimulating effect of Tribulus terrestris on the oviparous activity of the queen bees I. Hristakov Ethological parameters as markers of sheep welfare І. Varlyakov, T. Slavov Effect of dietary supplementation of dried distillers grains with solubles (Zarnela) on some rumen fermentation parameters in yearling sheep V. Radev Production Systems Performance of three commercial hybrid layers housed in conventional and enriched cage systems H. Lukanov, D. Alexieva 246

10 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 4, No 3, 2012 CONTENTS 2 / 3 The evolution and current situation of sheep breeding in Romania I. Răducuţă Effect of soil compaction on nodulation of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) G. Milev, P. Yankov Effect of biostimulator Aveikan on growth manifestations yield and phytosanitary status in leek variety Starozagorski 72 S. Masheva, N. Valchev, V. Yankova Influence of mineral fertilization on the harmful soil acidity and chemical composition of wine grape varieties V. Valcheva, K. Trendafilov, S. Todorova Studying the effect of irrigation furrows in maize grain A. Stoyanova, M. Georgiev, L. Plescuta Chemical composition, nutritive value, energy yield and feed units of the winter pea grain grown after different predecessors using conventional and organic production M. Gerdgikova, M. Videva, D. Pavlov, A. Dobreva Agriculture and Environment Assessment of the physical-chemical status of surface water in lower part of Toundja river, Bulgaria G. Mihaylova, G. Kostadinova, G. Petkov Change of some chemical properties of alluvial-meadow soil (Mollic fluvisol) after long term fertilization S. Todorova, N. Simeonova, K. Trendafilov, V. Valcheva Investigation on the effect of the environment on some new common winter wheat varieties E. Penchev, K. Kostov, I. Stoeva, V. Dochev Chemometrical analyses of Zn distribution between water and soil of dams in Chirpan Municipality, Bulgaria N. Georgieva, Z. Yaneva, M. Todorova, R. Ivanova, N. Nizamov, P. Neicheva Comparative ecological analysis of the types of pasture and swards in Sakar and Strandzha region V. Vateva, K. Stoeva Product Quality and Safety Physico-chemical quality characteristics of royal jelly from three regions of Bulgaria R. Balkanska, I. Zhelyazkova, M. Ignatova Microscopic method for qualification of the cut surface of white brined cheese P. Boyanova, P. Panayotov, V. Ganchovska, A. Bosakova Ardenska Characterization of enzyme with carboxymethyl cellulase activity produced by Trichoderma reesei NRRL 3652 B. Zhekova, G. Dobrev, V. Dobreva, M. Hadjikinova

11 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 4, No 3, 2012 CONTENTS 3 / 3 Investigations on production traits of mulard ducks with experimentally induced aflatoxicosis I. Valchev, N. Grozeva, L. Lazarov, D. Kanakov, Ts. Hristov, R. Binev, Y. Nikolov Study on levels of some heavy metals in water and liver of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) from waterbodies in Stara Zagora region, Bulgaria V. Atanasov, E. Valkova, G. Kostadinova, G. Petkov, N. Georgieva, Ts. Yablanski, G.Nikolov Comparative electronmicroscopical study of the enterocytes of the duodenum of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) and the wild type (Coturnix coturnix) R. Mihaylov, R. Dimitrov, V. Yordanova

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Todorov N and Mitev J, Effect of level of feeding during dry period, and body condition score on reproductive perforth mance in dairy cows,ix International Conference on Production Diseases in Farm Animals, Sept.11 14, Berlin, Germany, p. 302 (Abstr.). Thesis: Penkov D, Estimation of metabolic energy and true digestibility of amino acids of some feeds in experiments with muscus duck (Carina moshata, L). Thesis for DSc. Agrarian University, Plovdiv, 314 pp. The Editorial Board of the Journal is not responsible for incorrect quotes of reference sources and the relevant violations of copyrights.

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