Quality traits of goose eggs: 1. Effects of goose age and storage time of eggs

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1 Arch. Geflügelk. 4, 68 (4), , ISSN Verlag Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart Quality traits of goose eggs: 1. Effects of goose age and storage time of eggs Qualitätseigenschaften von Gänseeiern: 1. Effekte des Gänsealters und der Lagerdauer der Eier M. Tilki 1 and $. inal Manuskript eingegangen am 3. November, angenommen am 1. Mai 3 lntroduction Measurement of albumen quality is a function of height for inner thick albumen and the Haugh unit is an outcome of this measurement (HAUGH, 1937), or more correctly only the albumen height alone (SILVERSIDES and VILLE NEUVE, 1994; Scorr and SILVERSIDES, ). The major factors in determining egg quality are egg storage time, storage conditions, and strain and age of hen. In addition, there are minor effects of nutrition in specific cases. LILJEDAHL et al. (1984) observed a decline in most traits that were evaluated in layers, with the exception of egg weight, which increased with age. height and Haugh units were traits used to evaluate albumen quality, which also turned worse with age. With increasing age, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk index decrease even as egg weight and total amount of albumen increase (SILVER SIDES, 1994; SCOTI and SILVERSIDES, ). The egg size and its components are influenced by a number of genetic and nongenetic factors (W ASHBURN, 199). The Haugh unit, albumen index, yolk index, egg weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, shell weight, shell thickness and shell membrane thickness are affected by geese age (ARROYO, 1993; PAKULSKA et al 199; PUCHAJDA et al., 199; TiLI<i, 1) and storage time of eggs (IMAI, 1986; YANNAKO POULOS and TSERYENI-GOUSI, 1986; SOUZA et al 1994; AKBA~ et al 1996; ALTAN et al 1997). Hatchability of fertile eggs was found as 76. and 71.1 %, 77. and 7.3% in the P 1 and nct year of lay of WD-1 and WD-3 strain of White ltalian, respectively (ROSIKI and BEDNARCZYK, 1997). PuCHAJDA et al. (199) reported that fertility was 78.9 and 84.% and hatchability of fertile eggs was 8.3 and 6.% in eggs of 1 and 3 years old Bilgorajska geese. Hatchability decreases rapidly after 6-7 days holding period although eggs, properly stored, can be held for 1 to 14 days with fair results (EMINGER, 199). Hatchability was stated as 83., 79.7, 64. and.7% in 3, 1, 17 and 4 days stored Landes geese egg (BOGENFÜRST, 199). PANDUR and BoGENFÜRST (1998) calculated the same parameters as 86.7, 81.3 and 46.6% for 1-3, 7-9 and -4 days stored geese eggs. Shell weight for White Italian geese egg was found as 19.8 g (PAKULSKA et al 199) and for Ivages Hybrid 1 Department of Anima! Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kafkas, Kars-Turkey Department of Anima! Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selc;uk, Konya-Turkey geese egg was found as 18.7 g (HALAJ et al., 1991). Shell ratio for 1 and 3 years old Bilgorajska geese were 11. and 1.7% (PuCHAJDA et al 199), and for African, Chinese, Toulouse and Emden geese it was 13., 1.9, 13. and 1.8% (ARROYO, 1993), respectively. PUCHAJDA et al. (199) reported that yolk weight was 46.3 and 6. g and albumen weight was 8.1 and 91.6 g in eggs of 1 and 3 year old Bilgorajska geese. HALAJ et al. (1991) found 9. g for albumen weight in Ivages Hybrid geese egg. ARROYO (1993) found 34.3, 34., 33. and 34.3% for yolk ratio and 3.3,.9, 3.3 and.8% for albumen ratio in African, Chinese, Toulouse and Emden geese eggs, respectively. The aims of this study were to investigate the changes of geese eggs external and internal quality depending on storage time and age of geese. Materials and Methods Birds and Housing This research was conducted on eggs obtained from 1, and 3 years old France White geese (INRA) at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Turkey. Geese were housed all together a month ago before the laying season. Every age group was composed of 1 male and female goose. Geese were fed a concentrate (Table 1) to meet the National Research Council recommendations for laying geese (NRC, 1994). The concentrate contained,9 kcal/kg ME, 1% CP and was offered by g/goose/day. Egg quality traits Initial samples of eggs were collected daily from the geese at 1, and 3 years old. For 1, and 3 years old geese 1, 114 and 7 eggs were broken and evaluated. For the evaluation of each group's storage time effect, eggs were examined from the same procedure. Eggs were stored at C and -6% relative humidity (GRAYES, 198) for,, 1, 1, and days. At sampling, eggs were weighed and broken onto a flat surface where the height of the albumen was measured half way between yolk and edge of the inner thick albumen by using electronic albumen height gauge. The diameters of the thick albumen were measured using micrometer. The yolk was separated from the albumen and weighed. The shells were carefully washed and dried at Arch iv für Geflügelkunde 4/ 4

2 TiLKi and inal, Ouality traits of goose eggs 1 83 Table l. lngredients and analyses nutrients of the concentrate fed during the laying period Bestandteile und analysierte Nährstoffgehalte des Konzentrates, das während der Legeperiode eingesetzt wurde lngredient Corn Soybean Barley Fish meal Urne stone Dicalciumphosphate Salt Vit. - Min. Premix 1 Chemical analysis Metabolisable enerji (kcal/kg] Dry matter Crude protein (in DM] Ether extract (in DM) Crude fibre (in DM] Ash (in DM] % l Provided per kg concentrate: Vitamin A, 1 IU; Vitamin D 3, 4 IU; Vitamin E,. mg; Vitamin KJ, 4.38 mg; Vitamin B1,. mg; Vitamin B, 1. mg; Vitamin B6, 7 mg; Vitamin B1,.3 mg; Folie acid, 1.7 mg; D-Siotin.8 mg; Vitamin C, 87. mg; N iacin, 7 mg; Ca~D-Pantothenat, 14 mg; Choline chloride 18.7 mg; Fe, 14 mg; Zn, 1 mg; Cu, 14 mg; Co,.3 mg; 1, 1.7 mg; Se,.6 mg; Mn, 14 mg. Provided by calculation INRC, 1994) room temperature for 1-1 minutes and weighed. Tue shell thickness and shell membrane thickness were measured from three different parts of each egg (equator, point and stubby edge) using a micrometer and the three measurements taken were averaged and recorded as shell thickness and shell membrane thickness. The weight of the albumen was calculated as the difference between the weight of the egg and the weight of the yolk and shell. Then, Haugh unit, albumen index, yolk index and egg weight loss were calculated as described below: Haugh unit = 1 log ( height x Egg weight ) index = height (mm)/[ length (mm)+ width (mm)] x 1 index = ( height (mm)/ diameter (mm)) X 1 Egg weight loss = ((Egg weight - Egg broken weight)/ Egg weight) x 1 The maximum widths and lengths of each egg were measured with callipers and their shape indices were calculated using the formula: Shape index = (maximum width (mm)/maximum length (mm)) X 1 Statistical Analysis All data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical package (SPSS, 1999). General linear model procedure was used including effects of storage time and age and their two way interaction. The significant means were compared by Duncan's test. Yijk = µ + a; + bi + (a + b);j + eijk Where; Yijk is the observation of measurement (Egg weight, egg broken weight, egg weight loss, shell weight, shell ratio, shell thickness, shape index, albumen weight, albumen ratio, yolk weight, yolk ratio, shell membrane thickness, Haugh unit, albumen index, yolk index) µ is the overall mean, a; is the effect of age (i: 1,, 3), bj is the effect of storage time U:,, 1, 1,, day), (a + b);j is the interaction of the age with storage time, eijk is the random error. Results Table shows egg weight, egg broken weight, egg weight loss, shell weight, shell ratio, shell thickness and shape index according to age and storage time. Weight of the egg increased with the age of geese by 8.1 g. An increase in shell weight was observed with increasing age of geese (1.4%). The egg weight loss decreased with age (.6%), but increased with increasing of (3.1% ). Table 3 shows yolk and albumen weight and ratio, yolk weight and ratio, shell membrane thickness, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk index according to age and storage time. The albumen weight and ratio, yolk weight and ratio and shell membrane thickness increased with geese age, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk indices values decreased with age of geese. When storage time increased, albumen Table. Effect of age and storage time on quality features of geese egg Einfluss des Alters und der Lagerdauer auf Merkmale der äußeren Eiqualität von Gänseeiern n Egg weight Egg broken Egg weight Shell weight Shell ratio Shell thickness Shape index (g) weight (g) loss (%) (g) (%) (mm) (%) Mean Age *** *** *** *** *** *** c C b b b.6.37b b b..4b c ll c..b *** d o.o7c lOb Age * *** a-e: Differences between values having different letters in the same column are statistically significant IP <.). : Not significant IP >.), *: P <., **: P <.1, ***: P < 1 Archiv für GeAügelkunde 4/4

3 1 84 TiLKi and inal, Guality troits of goose eggs Table 3. Effect of age and storoge time on quality feature of geese egg Einfluss des Alters und der Lagerdauer auf Merkmale der inneren Eiqualitöt von Gänseeiern weight (g) 36 Mean Age b l 3 ratio(%).6. 1 weight (g) ratio(%) Shell membrane Haugh thickness (mm) unit index (%) 48. l C 4. l.46c o.oob.3.3b b 3..lb.8 7.l l Age* 1.7 l.67 b l.63 bc l.83bcd l.8cd l.9d l l.6.34 b.4 b.37bc.39cd.43d lb 3.4.9C b b l.14b 8.6 l.b.7 l.3 8C b 6.7 O. l 4bc 6.37 o.1cd d l 33. l index (%) d 31. o.7cd C bc b b.6b.3C.7d.8 a-e: Differences between values having different letters in the same column are statistically signilicant (P <.). : Not significant (P >.), * : P <., ** : P <.1, **: P <.1 ratio and weight, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk: indices values decreased. But there was no constant trend in yolk: weight and shell membrane thickness according to storage time. Tue interactions between storage time and age were significant for egg weight loss (P < 1) and albumen index (P <.). Tue maximum egg weight loss was determined in the eggs from 1 year old geese stored for days. Eggs freshly laid ( day) from one year old geese revealed the highest albumen index (Table 4). Discussion Egg weight, egg broken weight, egg weight loss, shell weight and shell thickness were significantly affected by age (P < 1), as reported by PuCHAJDA et al. (199) and FARUGA et al. (1999). The present results agree with the observations obtained by ROQUE and SOARES (1994), and REIS et al. (1997), who Table 4. Means of interoction between age and storoge time Mittelwerte der Interaktion zwischen Alter und Lagerdauer Age 3 (day) Egg water loss index (%) (%) l l l reported that proportional weight loss decreased slightly with flock age, because of the associated increase in egg weight, as larger eggs have less shell area per unit of interior egg weight than smaller eggs. Egg weight loss increased linearly with length of storage time. A lower shell ratio was found in eggs of 3 years old geese than 1 and years old geese (P < 1). These findings were comparable to that reported by ARROYO (1993) and higher than that reported by PAKULSKA et al. (199) and PuCHAJDA et al. (199). However, the results for 1 year old INRA geese were similar to that reported by ROSIKI () for Wl l and W33 strains of White Italian geese aged 1 year. According to RAMos et al. ( 1991) egg shell thickness higher than.6 mm may cause hatchability problems in geese eggs. Shell thicknesses of eggs from 1 year old geese were higher than of eggs laid by and 3 years old geese (P < 1). These findings were similar to that reported by RAMos et al. (1991) and PUCHAJDA et al. (199), but values were lower than that reported by i~güzar (1) for Turkish native geese. These differences rnight be explained by age, genotype, different management and diet. Shape index was not affected significantly by age and storage time as sirnilar to that reported by i~güzar (1) and TiLKi (1). But, the shape index was higher than that reported by HALAJ (1991) and FARUGA et al. (1999). weights were increased with advanced geese age, but it decreased with storage time (P < 1). RAMOS et al. (1991), ARROYO (1993) and PucHAJDA et al. (199) reported that ageing in layers increase the yolk: weight as found in a corresponding study (P < 1). But there were no differences observed in yolk: weight in term of storage time. This result shows an agreement with many authors (AHN et al., 1999; Scorr and SILVERSIDES, ). : weight was sirnilar to literature data according to the evaluated factor. : weight was expected to increase with a longer period of storage due to the transrnission of arnino acids from the albumen to the vitelline membrane into the yolk: (Scorr and SILVERSIDES, ). Any literature about albumen and yolk: indices could not be found for geese; therefore present findings were discussed with results of other poultry species. Haugh unit value decreased with advanced age by 11. units and storarchiv für Geflügelkunde 4/4

4 TiLKi and inal, Guality traits of goose eggs age time by 18.6 units (P < 1). The results for geese eggs were similar to data reported by IMAI et al (1986), SILVERSIDES and VIIENEUVE (1994) and AKBA et al. (1996) for quail and hen eggs. But the observed values were lower than that reported by ALTINEL et al. (1996) for quail egg and by ROSIKI () for Wl l and W33 strains of White ltalian geese. In addition, Haugh unit of fresh egg was higher than that reported by ERi ir et al. (1999) for turkey eggs. and yolk index values decreased with increasing age and storage time (P < 1). These results for geese egg were similar to that reported by IMAI et al. (1986), ALTINEL et al. (1996) for quail egg and AKBA et al. (1996) for hen egg. Tue albumen index of day broken eggs was almost the same as that reported by AKBA et al. (1996), ALTINEL et al. (1996) and ALTAN et al. (1997) for hen and quail eggs. But, albumen index of fresh broken geese egg (without storage) was higher than that reported by ERi ir et al. (1999) for turkey eggs. Comparably, yolk index of fresh broken eggs (without storage) was similar to those data reported by ERi ir et al. (1999) for turkey eggs, while the findings were lower than that reported by ÄKBA et al. (1996), ALTINEL et al. (1996) and ALTAN et al. (1997) for hen and quail eggs. Fertility, general hatchability and hatchability of fertile eggs increased with age of geese (PucHAIDA et al., 199; ROSIKI and BEDNARCZYK, 1997). As determined in the corresponding study, thinner egg shells were found for eggs laid by older geese. Layer's age effect may have an influence on fertility, general hatchability and hatchability of fertile eggs with both thinner egg shell and a well known effect of maturing on reproductive traits. Fertility, general hatchability and hatchability of fertile eggs decreased with increasing storage time (BoGENFÜRST, 199; PANDUR and BOGENFÜRST, 1998). lt might be stated that decreases in the values of Haugh unit, albumen and yolk indices with the storage time may be negatively associated with general hatchability and hatchability of fertile eggs. In conclusion, hatchability is one of the most important traits in geese breeding. lt could be accepted that egg properties directly affect hatchability. Therefore, determining the egg properties in geese may give a reflection for hatchability. Tue important traits which may influence hatchability such as albumen-yolk indices and Haugh units were higher in l year old geese. However, longer storage time in 3 year old geese increased egg weight lose. Mainly the first deterrnination of such characteristics in geese might be a starting point for further studies in geese. 1 8 The weight of the egg increased with age of the geese. With increasing age, shell weight, albumen weight, yolk weight and shell membrane thickness increased, but egg weight loss, shell ratio, Haugh unit, albumen and yolk index values decreased. Tue egg weight loss increased with increasing storage time. When storage time increased, albumen weight, Haugh unit, alburnen and yolk index values decreased. Keywords Geese, egg quality, age, storage time Zusammenfassun g Qualitätseigenschaften von Gänseeiern: 1. Effekte des Gänsealters und der Lagerdauer der Eier Bei INRA Gänsen wurden die Effekte von Gänsealter und Lagerzeit der Eier auf einige äußere und innere Qualitätseigenschaften der Eier untersucht. Für die 1, und 3 Jahre alten Gänse wurden folgende Mittelwerte für die frischen (ohne Lagerung) Eier ermittelt: Eigewicht 144,, 148, und 17,3 g (P <,1), Eigewichtsverlust,37,,6 und 1,7% (P <,1), Schalengewicht 18,7, 18,4 und,l g (P <,1), Schalenanteil 13,3, 1,7 und 11,9% (P <,1), Schalendicke,,, 1 und, mm (P <,1), Formindex 68,, 68,6 und 68,%, Eiklargewicht 77,, 8,4 und 96,7 g (P <,1), Eiklaranteil 4,6,,3 und 7,1% (P <,1), Dottergewicht 4, 1, 46,6 und, g (P <,1), Dotteranteil 3,, 3, und 31,1% (P <,1). Die Mittelwerte für die Haugh Einheiten, den Eiklar- und den Dotterindex lagen bei fri schen Eiern (ohne Lagerung) bei 71,, 8,9% und 36,8%. Das Eigewicht nahm mit dem Alter der Gänse zu. Mit zunehmendem Alter erhöhten sich auch die Gewichte von Schale, Eiklar und Dotter sowie die Dicke der Schalenmembran. Demgegenüber nahmen der Gewichtsverlust, der Schalenanteil, die Haugh Einheiten sowie der Eiklar- und der Dotterindex ab. Der Eigewichtsverlust nahm mit zunehmender Lagerdauer zu, während sich das Eiklargewicht, die Haugh Einheiten sowie der Eiklar- und der Dotterindex verringerten. Stichworte Gänse, Eiqualität, Lebensalter, Lagerdauer References Summary Tue effects of age and storage time on some interior and exterior egg properties in INRA geese were evaluated. For 1, and 3 years old geese the mean values for fresh egg weight (without storage) were 144., 148. and 17.3 g (P < 1), for egg weight loss.37,.6 and 1.7% (P < 1), for shell weight 18.7, 18.4 and.1 g (P < 1), for shell ratio and 11.9% (P < 1), for egg shell thickness.,. and. mm (P < 1), for shape index 68., 68.6 and 68.%, for albumen weight 77., 8.4 and 96.7 g (P < 1), for albumen ratio 4.6,.3 and 7.1 % (P < 1), for yolk weight 4.1, 46.6 and. g (P < 1), for yolk ratio 3., 3. and 31.1 % (P <.1), respectively. Tue mean values for Haugh unit, albumen index and yolk index in freshly broken eggs (without storage) were 71., 8.9% and 36.8%, respectively. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 4/4 AHN, D. U SELL, J. L., Jo, C CHAMRUSPOLLERT, M. and JEFFREY, M 1999: Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on the quality characteristics of chicken eggs during refrigerated storage. Poultry Sei. 78, AKBA~, Y ALTAN,. and KOCAK, C 1996: Tavuk ya~1run tavuk yumurtasmm i\: ve di~ kalite özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Tr. J. of Veterinary and Animal Sei., ALTAN,, AKBA~, Y SEVGICAN, F. and ERKEK, R 1997: Effect of cold storage on egg quality. Tr. J. of Veterinary and Animal Sei. 1, ALTINEL, A G~, H KlRMIZIBAYRAK, T <;:örekci, S. G. and Bit.AL, T 1996: Japon b1ldircmlarmda (Cotumix cotumix Japonica) yumurta kalitesi ve özellikleri üzerinde ara~tmnalar. istanbul Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi Derg., ARRovo, C. L., 1993: Specific gravity, weight and the percentage of shell, white and yolk in goose eggs. Poultry Abst. 19, 6, BOGENFÜRST, F 199: Tue current state and future of incubation in waterfowl. loth European Symposium on Waterfowl, Halle, Germany, 41-6.

5 1 86 TiLKi and inal, Quality traits of goose eggs EMINGER, M. E., 199: Poultry Science. Interstate Publishers, lnc., Third Edition, USA. ERi~iR, z., AKINC!, z. and POYRAZ, ö., 1999: Hindi yumurtalannda bazi di ve i9 kalite özellikleri. Tavuk9uluk Ar~urma Derg. 1, FARUGA, A., JAMROZ, E., PucttAJDA, H., LEPEK, G. and WoJCIK, A., 1999: The influence of various factors on the biological value and hatchability of the Bilgoraj goose eggs. 1th European Symposium on Waterfowl, Adana, Turkey, GRAVES, W., 198: Raising poultry successfully. Williamson Publishing, Com, First Edition, USA, PP: HALAJ, M., UKROPEC, s. and KOPECKY, J., 1991: Morphological and technological traits of eggs of the broiler and foie gras types of geese. ArLirnal Breeding Abst. 9, 4. HAUGH, R. R., 1937: The Haugh unit for measuring egg quality. US Egg Poultry Mag. 43, -, lmai, C., MoWLAH, A. and SAITO, J., 1986: Storage stability of Japanese quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica) eggs of room temperature. Poultry Sei. 6, i~gozar, E., 1 : Kapal ko ullarda banndrrlan yerli kaz genotiplerinde yumurta verirni ve kirni yumurta özellikleri, I. Dogu Anadolu Kanaili Yeti tiriciligi Sempozyumu, 1-4 May 1, Van, Turkey, LILlEDAHL, L. E., GAVORA, J. S., FAIRFuu, R. W. and GoWE, R. S., 1984: Age changes in genetic and environmental variation in laying hens. Theor. Appl. Genet. 67, NRC, 1994: Nutrient requirements of poultry. Ninth Revised Edition, National Academy Press, Washington. PAKULSKA, E., BEDNARCZVK, M BADOWSKI, J. and SIWEK, M., 199: Influence of level and source of protein in diet quality on goose hatching eggs. loth European Symposium on Waterfowl, Halle, Germany, PANDUR, M. and BOGENFORST, F 1997: Long term Storage of goose eggs with periodic warrning. Poljoprivredna Znanstvena Smotra. 6, PUCHAJDA, H., FARUGA, A., PUDYSZAK, K. and KOZLOWSK.I, K., 199: Characteristics of hatching eggs of a brood flock of Bilgorajska geese. loth European Symposium on Waterfowl, Halle, Germany, RAMos, M., PUENTES, D., JAY, M TANDRON, E. and TOLEDO, Y. E., 1991: Morphological, physical and chernical traits of goose eggs in tropical conditions.. The effect of egg shell thickness on losses during incubation in Landes geese. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Avicola. 18, RE1s, L. H., GAMA, L. T. and SOARES, M. C., 1997: Effects of short storage conditions and broiler breeder age on hatchability, hatching time, and chick weights. Poultry Sei. 76, ROQUE, L. and SoARES, M. C., 1994: Effects of eggshell quality and broiler breeder age on hatchability. Poultry Sei. 73, ROSIKI, A. and BEDNARCZYK, M., 1997: Influence of genotype on goose egg hatchability. Archiv für Geflügelkunde. 61, RosIKI, A., : Analysis of direct and correlated effect of selection in two goose strains. Rocz. AR, Poznan, 39. SCOTT, T. A. and SILVERSIDES, F. G., : Tue effect of Storage and strain of hen on egg quality. Poultry Sei. 79, SILVERSIDES, F. G. and VIIENEUVE, P 1994: Is the haugh unit correction for egg weight valid for eggs stored at room temperature? Poultry Sei. 73, -. S!LVERSIDES, F. G., 1994: The Haugh unit correction for egg weight is not adequate for comparing eggs from chickens of different lines and ages. J. Appl. Poultry Res. 3, SOUZA, H. B. A., SOUZA, P. A., BROGNANI, E., ROCHA,. E., ALVESDE, S. H. B., ALVESDE, S. P. and EsPERANCA, R.., 1994: Effect of age of hen egg quality. Cientifica Jaboticabal., SPSS for Windows Release 1., 7 Oct 1999 Copyright (c Spss Inc ). TiLKi, M., 1: Türkiye'de yeti tirilen degi.sik orijinli kazlann kulu9ka, büyüme ve karkas özellikleri (Hatching, growth and carcass traits of different originated geese rearing in Turkey). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Selcuk, Konya-Turkey. y ANNAKOPOULOS, A. L. and TSERVENI-GOUSI, A. S., 1986: Quality characteristics of quail eggs. British Poultry Sei. 7, WASHBURN, K. W., 199: Genetic variation in egg composition. PP: in: Poultry Breeding and Genetics. R. D. Crawford, ed. Elsevier Scientific Publishers, New York. Correspondence: Dr. Muarnmer Tilki, University of Kafkas, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anima! Breeding, 36 3 Kars, Turkey; E.mail: com or Archiv für Geflügelkunde 4/4