Measurement of heritability of hatching date and chick condition in parasitic jaegers
|
|
- Bryce Gardner
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 2290 Measurement of heritability of hatching date and chick condition in parasitic jaegers R.A. Phillips and R.W. Furness Abstract: There are few published studies of heritability of reproductive traits in long-lived birds. In parasitic jaegers (Stercorarius parasiticus) breeding on Foula, Shetland, there was no significant heritability in calendar hatching date or relative hatching date, using either mother offspring, father offspring, or pooled mother/father offspring regressions. By contrast, chick body condition (mass corrected for size) was highly heritable. Both traits were important determinants of chick survival from banding until recruitment. High heritability of chick condition was therefore surprising, as characters closely related to fitness are generally assumed to have low heritability. However, chick condition may include a component of structural size, and morphological traits tend to have high heritabilities despite frequently having an important influence on fecundity or viability in birds. Résumé : Il existe peu de travaux publiés sur l héritabilité des caractères relatifs à la reproduction chez les oiseaux qui vivent longtemps. Chez des Labbes parasites (Stercorarius parasiticus) qui se reproduisent dans l île de Foula, Shetland, les régressions mère rejetons, père rejetons, ou mère/père rejetons n ont pas révélé d héritabilité significative de la date d éclosion réelle ou de la date relative de l éclosion. En revanche, le coefficient de condition (masse pondérée d après la taille) des oisillons s est avéré fortement héritable. Les deux caractéristiques sont d importants facteurs déterminants de la survie des oisillons entre le moment où ils sont bagués et le recrutement. La forte héritabilité de la condition des oisillons est par conséquent plutôt surprenante, puisque les caractéristiques fortement reliées au fitness sont généralement considérées comme de faible héritabilité. Il faut cependant se rappeler que la condition des oisillons peut comporter une composante de taille structurale et que les caractéristiques morphologiques ont tendance à être fortement héritables, même si elles ont souvent une forte influence sur la fécondité ou la viabilité chez les oiseaux. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Notes 2294 Introduction Obtaining the data necessary to determine heritability of different characters in populations of wild birds can be a laborious process (Boag and van Noordwijk 1987); in particular, there are few values for species that defer breeding for many years. As an alternative, researchers frequently calculate the repeatability value of a trait, which in theory sets the upper limit to heritability (Falconer 1989). Although these approaches yield similar results in some populations, this is not always the case (Boag and van Noordwijk 1987). Repeatability is normally greater, because it measures the fraction of phenotypic variance in a character resulting from permanent, or nonlocalised, differences between individuals, which includes both genetic and environmental effects, whereas heritability estimates the fraction that can be attributed to additive genetic variance only (Boag and van Noordwijk 1987). Received May 20, Accepted August 31, R.A. Phillips 1 and R.W. Furness. Applied Ornithology Unit, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom. 1 Author to whom all correspondence should be sent at the following address: Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Caerlaverock, Caerlaverock, Dumfries, DG1 4RS, United Kingdom ( rap@wwtck2.idps.co.uk). Can. J. Zool. 76: (1998) Repeatabilities of two important reproductive traits, laying date and chick condition (mass corrected for size), were low to moderate in established pairs of parasitic jaegers (Stercorarius parasiticus) breeding on Foula, Shetland, in (Phillips and Furness 1998). This is one of the few seabirds for which there is also a published value for heritability of laying date, from a long-term study of jaegers breeding at Fair Isle, also in Shetland (O Donald 1983). However, this latter value (0.85) exceeded repeatability in the Foula population and is considerably higher than heritability recorded in other bird species, which is generally 0.4 or less (Newton and Marquiss 1984; Gustafsson 1986; Perdeck and Cavé 1992; Hakkarainen et al. 1996). Furthermore, hatching date (and also chick growth rate and fledging mass) shows strong relationships with postfledging survival in seabirds (Nisbet and Drury 1972; Perrins et al. 1973; Spear and Nur 1994). These traits are clearly important components of overall fitness and, as such, would generally be expected to exhibit comparatively low heritability (Fisher 1930). This study therefore examines the heritability of hatching date and chick condition and discusses their relationship with fitness in the Foula population of parasitic jaegers. Methods Heritability estimates Mass and wing-length (maximum wing chord) measurements were available for large numbers of parasitic jaeger chicks that had
2 Notes 2291 Fig. 1. Relative hatching dates (days relative to the mean in each year) of parasitic jaeger chicks on Foula in and the relative hatching date of their parent. been banded on Foula, Shetland (60 08 N, 2 05 W), each year between 1976 and Between 1992 and 1994, 29 of these birds were trapped and color-banded as breeding adults on Foula. The hatching date, relative hatching date, and chick body condition index for these birds were calculated from their measurements as chicks, as follows. Hatching date was estimated from wing length on the basis of a logistic curve fitted to wing length versus age for chicks of known age in 1992 (Phillips et al. 1996). The very slight variation among years in wing growth had a negligible effect on the estimation of hatching date (Phillips et al. 1996), consequently the error associated with this approach can be assumed to be minor. Relative hatching date was estimated by comparison with the mean hatching date in each year. An index of chick body condition was calculated as the deviation of observed from expected mass at a particular age, expressed as a proportion of the expected value (following Bolton 1995; Phillips et al. 1996). Expected mass was obtained from the equation of a logistic curve fitted to mass versus age for chicks of known age in During , hatching dates of chicks of the color-banded birds were established by direct observation (territories were visited daily or on consecutive days around the time of hatching). Most chicks were also weighed and measured on one to four occasions during chick rearing, and an index of body condition (a mean value if more than one measurement was available) was calculated as before. To maintain statistical independence, the mean values for chick hatching date and chick body condition index of all offspring of each color-banded bird between 1992 and 1994 were used in the following analyses. Heritability (h 2 ) can be estimated from the slope of the regression of offspring versus mean parental value or, more commonly, twice the slope of the offspring value regressed on that for one parent (Falconer 1989). Frequently, only mother offspring heritabilities are calculated for reproductive traits. However, in parasitic jaegers, both parents feed the chick and presumably influence its body condition. Furthermore, repeatability in laying date of male parasitic jaegers that changed mate was significantly higher than in females that did so, and laying date was related to male rather than female body condition (Phillips and Furness 1998). This suggests that a male characteristic (presumably his ability to provide sufficient food to get his partner into reproductive condition) is important in determining the timing of breeding. Both mother offspring and father offspring regressions were therefore carried out, in addition to pooled mother/father offspring regressions (to maximise sample sizes and include some unsexed adults). We were unable to sex offspring and, because of reversed size dimorphism in this species, this may increase the error in heritability estimates for chick condition, but would be unlikely to have any effect on the overall conclusions. One-tailed probabilities are presented, as we are testing the hypothesis that offspring resemble their parent (e.g., Perdeck and Cavé 1992; Hochachka 1993). Heritabilities are generally calculated from values measured at the same stage in all individuals, because, for example, chick condition may vary seasonally or laying date may change with adult age. Repeatability of body condition was, however, quite high (r i = 0.53, p < ) in a sample of 467 chicks measured more than once during chick rearing on Foula in , indicating that, relative to others, each individual maintains a reasonably consistent level of condition throughout the nestling period. Although chick body condition shows no significant relationship with parental age, laying date changes with age in parasitic jaegers, with birds in the youngest age category (5- to 8-year-olds) laying significantly later than mid-aged or older adults (Phillips 1995); however, excluding the youngest age group had no effect on the results (analyses are not presented). Consequently, while it may add some statistical noise, the influence of measuring traits in birds of different ages on our conclusions was assumed to be minor. Timing of breeding, chick growth, and survival In addition to the 29 adults trapped on Foula, another 9 birds banded as chicks in previous years were recorded at Shetland colonies 4 years or more after they fledged (British Trust for Ornithology banding recoveries data base). These were probably breeding birds, as parasitic jaegers in Shetland generally recruit at 4 or 5 years of age (O Donald 1983). The growth and hatching dates of the 38 recruits (less than 3% of the total) were compared with those of the remaining chicks that were not known to have survived and recruited at any colony. To normalise the data, chick body condition and hatching date were square-root transformed and relative hatching date was inverse transformed before analysis. Results Heritability estimates The estimated heritability (mean ± SE) of calendar hatching date and relative hatching date were 0.22 ± 0.72 (r 2 = 0.01, n = 16, p = 0.38) and 0.70 ± 0.72 (r 2 = 0.06, n = 16, p = 0.17) from the father offspring mean regression, 0.21 ± 0.44 (r 2 = 0.03, n = 10, p = 0.68) and 0.20 ± 0.50 (r 2 = 0.02, n = 10, p = 0.65) from the mother offspring regression, and 0.02 ± 0.44 (r 2 = 0.00, n = 29, p = 0.48) and 0.27 ± 0.49 (r 2 = 0.01, n = 29, p = 0.29 from the pooled father/mother offspring regression, respectively (Fig. 1). None of these regressions was statistically significant and confidence limits were clearly very wide. Estimated heritability of chick condition, however, was high and statistically significant from the father offspring regression, with h 2 = 1.57 ± 0.66 (r 2 = 0.30, n = 15, p < 0.02), from the mother offspring regression, with h 2 = 0.92 ± 0.25 (r 2 = 0.65, n =9, p < 0.005), and from the pooled father/mother offspring regression, with h 2 = 1.03 ± 0.25 (r 2 = 0.40, n = 27, p < ) (Fig. 2).
3 2292 Can. J. Zool. Vol. 76, 1998 Table 1. The mean chick-condition index and hatching dates of parasitic jaeger chicks banded on Foula between 1976 and 1989 in relation to their fate. Status Chick condition index Hatching date Relative hatching date Recruited a 0.03±0.11 (38) 49.7±5.4 (38) 1.37±4.7 (38) Unknown 0.02±0.11 (1275) 52.0±5.7 (1298) 0.04±5.1 (1298) t test t 1311 = 2.91, p = t 1334 = 2.65, p = t 1334 = 1.74, p =0.08 Note: Values are presented as untransformed means (± 1 SD), but data were transformed before analysis (see Methods). Numbers in parentheses are sample sizes. a Birds aged over 4 years that were trapped or recovered at any Shetland colony. Influence of hatching date and chick body condition on juvenile survival Differences in hatching date and body condition made a significant contribution to variation in overall fitness (Table 1). Birds that were known to have recruited into Shetland colonies had grown significantly better as chicks than those of unknown fate. Although they did not hatch significantly earlier relative to the mean in their particular year (p = 0.08), on average they did hatch on earlier calendar dates, i.e., without correcting for annual variation. In a stepwise logistic regression with all three variables available for entry, the probability of recruitment was related to both chick condition and calendar hatching date (chick condition: Wald s statistic = 11.7, p < 0.001; hatching date: Wald s statistic = 8.2, p < 0.005). With calendar hatching date unavailable for entry, the probability of recruitment was related to chick condition and relative hatching date (chick condition: Wald s statistic = 10.4, p < 0.005; relative hatching date: Wald s statistic = 4.2, p < 0.05), even though for the latter the univariate analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups. Fig. 2. Body condition index (mass corrected for age) of parasitic jaeger chicks on Foula in and chick condition index of their parent. The regression line relates to the pooled data set. Discussion In this study, the estimates of heritability were very low and nonsignificant for calendar hatching date and generally higher but still nonsignificant for relative hatching date, irrespective of whether mother offspring, father offspring, or pooled father/mother offspring regressions were considered. This compares with the high heritability value for laying date recorded in the previous study on Fair Isle from a smaller sample of 22 parasitic jaegers (O Donald 1983). As outlined in the Introduction, this last number is probably an overestimate. Heritability values obtained in separate years or from separate study populations of great tits (Parus major) also showed poor agreement, reflecting differences in environmental conditions and, to some extent, the influence of outlying values in analyses (van Noordwijk 1987; Gebhardt-Henrich and van Noordwijk 1991). By contrast, on Foula there appeared to be significant and high heritability of chick body condition, although, as with hatching dates, the exact values are unreliable because of the large standard errors. Heritability appears to exceed the repeatability of a related trait, mean chick body condition in two-chick broods, which was 0.43 in a much larger sample of color-banded birds breeding on Foula in (Phillips and Furness 1998). However, this is not unusual, as heritability estimates have exceeded repeatability values or unity in several other studies (e.g., Gebhardt-Henrich and van Noordwijk 1991; Wiggins 1991; Potti 1993; Cooke et al. 1995; Hakkarainen et al. 1996). High heritabilities may be attributable to maternal effects, genotype environment interactions, or a common environment component, if developmental and living conditions of parents and offspring are similar, although the results of field studies that have examined these effects suggest that their influence tends to be comparatively minor (van Noordwijk et al. 1980; van Noordwijk 1987; Wiggins 1989; Cooke et al. 1995; but see Schluter and Gustafsson 1993). In addition, a disadvantage of the single parent offspring regression approach used in this study is sensitivity to assortative mating (Falconer 1989). The parasitic jaeger is one of the few species for which there is evidence for a correlation in overall body size (principal component 1 (PC1)) within mated pairs (Phillips and Furness 1997). It may be this that is partly responsible for the high heritability of chick condition, as condition may to some extent be related to chick structural size. Important fitness traits should in general show lower heritabilities than metric traits because little additive genetic variance remains in a population at equilibrium (Fisher 1930)
4 Notes 2293 or because they are subject to additional environmental noise (Price and Schluter 1991). In parasitic jaegers, timing of breeding clearly has an important bearing on chick survival until recruitment into Shetland colonies. The standard errors of our heritability estimates for this trait were wide, therefore a great deal of confidence cannot be placed in the exact value; nonetheless the results suggest that heritability is low. Nonsignificant parent offspring regressions in laying or hatching date have been recorded in several species (Newton and Marquiss 1984; Boag and van Noordwijk 1987; Perdeck and Cavé 1992; Hochachka 1993), and heritability values in others tend to be low (Newton and Marquiss 1984; Gustafsson 1986). Parasitic jaegers on Foula do therefore conform to this pattern, which is consistent with Fisher s theorem. By comparison, the high heritability of chick body condition in parasitic jaegers is surprising, given the importance of this trait to juvenile survival. Although the degree of heritability of body mass is variable among species, heritabilities of morphological traits, such as wing length, tarsus length, or bill dimensions, are frequently very high (Grant 1986; Wiggins 1989; Gebhardt-Henrich and van Noordwijk 1991; Schluter and Gustafsson 1993). This is despite an important influence of body size on survival or fecundity shown in several studies (Monaghan and Metcalfe 1986; Sedinger et al. 1995). Therefore, while apparently running counter to Fisher s theorem, the high degree of heritability of chick condition in parasitic jaegers is not at odds with the general trend for morphological traits. In addition, the results of recent studies suggest a variety of mechanisms that may act to maintain genetic variance in fitness-related traits (see Price et al. 1988; Alatalo et al. 1990). Acknowledgements We are grateful to the Holbourn family for permission to work on Foula, and thanks are extended to the many fieldworkers who helped to find and band parasitic jaeger chicks over the years. The British Trust for Ornithology kindly provided band-recovery data. Part of this research was funded by grants from the Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group. R.A.P. was supported by a Natural Environment Research Council Studentship. Kate Lessells, Paulo Catry, and two anonymous reviewers made helpful comments on early drafts of the manuscript. References Alatalo, R.V., Gustaffson, L., and Lundberg, A Phenotypic selection on heritable size traits: environmental variance and genetic response. Am. Nat. 135: Boag, P.T., and van Noordwijk, A.J Quantitative genetics. In Avian genetics: a population and ecological approach. Edited by F.A. Cooke and P.A. Buckley. Academic Press, London. pp Bolton, M Food delivery to nestling storm petrels: limitation or regulation? Funct. Ecol. 9: Cooke, F., Rockwell, R.F., and Lank, D.B The snow geese of La Pérouse Bay: natural selection in the wild. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Falconer, D.S Introduction to quantitative genetics. 3rd ed. Longman, London. Fisher, R.A The genetical theory of natural selection. Dover, New York. Gebhardt-Henrich, S.G., and van Noordwijk, A.J Nestling growth in the great tit 1. Heritability estimates under different environmental conditions. J. Evol. Biol. 3: Grant, P.R Ecology and evolution of Darwin s finches. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. Gustafsson, L Lifetime reproductive success and heritability: empirical support for Fisher s fundamental theorem. Am. Nat. 128: Hakkarainen, H., Korpimäki, E., Ryssy, J., and Vikström, S Low heritability in morphological characters of Tengmalm s owls: the role of cyclic food and laying date? Evol. Ecol. 10: Hochachka, W.M Repeatable reproduction in song sparrows. Auk, 110: Monaghan, P., and Metcalfe, N.B On being the right size: natural selection and body size in the herring gull. Evolution, 40: Newton, I., and Marquiss, M Seasonal trend in the breeding performance of sparrowhawks. J. Anim. Ecol. 53: Nisbet, I.C.T., and Drury, W.H Post-fledging survival in herring gulls in relation to brood-size and date of hatching. Bird-banding, 43: O Donald, P The Arctic skua: a study of the ecology and evolution of a seabird. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Perdeck, A.C., and Cavé, A.J Laying date in the coot: effects of age and mate choice. J. Anim. Ecol. 61: Perrins, C.M., Harris, M.P., and Britton, C.K Survival of Manx shearwaters Puffinus puffinus. Ibis, 115: Phillips, R.A Population ecology of Arctic skuas Stercorarius parasiticus on Foula, Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K. Phillips, R.A., and Furness, R.W Predicting the sex of parasitic jaegers by discriminant analysis. Colon. Waterbirds, 20: Phillips, R.A., and Furness, R.W Repeatability of breeding parameters in Arctic skuas. J. Avian Biol. 29: Phillips, R.A., Caldow, R.W.G., and Furness, R.W The influence of food availability on the breeding effort and reproductive success of Arctic skuas Stercorarius parasiticus. Ibis, 138: Potti, J Environmental, ontogenetic, and genetic variation in egg size of Pied Flycatchers. Can. J. Zool. 71: Price, T.D., and Schluter, D On the low heritability of lifehistory traits. Evolution, 45: Price, T.D., Kirkpatrick, M., and Arnold, S.J Directional selection and the evolution of breeding date in birds. Science (Washington, D.C.), 240: Schluter, D., and Gustafsson, L Maternal inheritance of condition and clutch size in the collared flycatcher. Evolution, 47: Sedinger, J.S., Flint, P.L., and Lindberg, M.S Environmental influence on life-history traits: growth, survival, and fecundity in black brant (Branta bernicla). Ecology, 76: Spear, L., and Nur, N Brood size, hatching order and hatching date: effects on four life-history stages from hatching to recruitment in western gulls. J. Anim. Ecol. 63: van Noordwijk, A.J Quantitative ecological genetics of great tits. In Avian genetics: a population and ecological ap-
5 2294 Can. J. Zool. Vol. 76, 1998 proach. Edited by F.A. Cooke and P.A. Buckley. Academic Press, London. pp van Noordwijk, A.J., van Balen, J.H., and Scharloo, W Heritability of ecologically important traits in the great tit. Ardea, 68: Wiggins, D.A Heritability of body size in cross-fostered tree swallow broods. Evolution, 43: Wiggins, D.A Natural selection on body size and laying date in the tree swallow. Evolution, 45:
Original article. Genetic study on Dandarawy chickens. II. Heritability of live and carcass measurements. M.A. Abdellatif
Original article Genetic study on Dandarawy chickens. II. Heritability of live and carcass measurements M.A. Abdellatif Assiut University, Faculty of Agriculture, Animal Production Department, Assiut Egypt
More informationPhenotypic selection on morphology at independence in the Chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica
Phenotypic selection on morphology at independence in the Chinstrap penguin Pygoscelis antarctica J. MORENO, A. BARBOSA, A. DE LEOÂ N & J. A. FARGALLO Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, J. Gutierrez
More informationSummary. Plymouth Rock (PP), Light Sussex (SS) and their recriprocal Crosses. Sixteen
Egyptian Genetic correlation between length of wattles and female body weight at sexual maturity in the foul H. AYOUB, M. F. AMER S. SHALASH Faculty of agvicultuve Ainshams univevsity, Cairo., Égyfit.
More informationHERITABILITY ESTIMATES OF HATCHING
HERITABILITY ESTIMATES OF HATCHING TIME IN THE FAYOUMI CHICKENS F. H. ABDOU H. AYOUB* Animal Production Department, Shebin El-Kom, Tanta Univ. Faculty of Agric., * Faculty of Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo
More informationUniversity of Groningen. Offspring fitness and individual optimization of clutch size Both, C; Tinbergen, Joost; Noordwijk, Arie J.
University of Groningen Offspring fitness and individual optimization of clutch size Both, C; Tinbergen, Joost; Noordwijk, Arie J. van Published in: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B,
More informationSummary. Inheritance of body weight and breast length of age in meat type strains of chickens. Introduction. at 8 weeks. Faculty of agriculture
Inheritance of body weight and breast length of age in meat type strains of chickens at 8 weeks H. AYOUB M. KHIRELDIN S. SHALASH Faculty of agriculture Ain shams university, Cairo, Egypt Summary Two pure
More informationSOURCES AND CONSEQUENCES OF VARIATION IN QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN TREE SWALLOWS TACHYCINETA BICOLOR. David Anthony Wiggins
SOURCES AND CONSEQUENCES OF VARIATION IN QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN TREE SWALLOWS TACHYCINETA BICOLOR David Anthony Wiggins B.S., University of Oklahoma, 1983 M.Sc., Brock University, 1985 THESIS SUBMITTED
More informationAdjustments In Parental Care By The European Starling (Sturnus Vulgaris): The Effect Of Female Condition
Proceedings of The National Conference on Undergraduate Research (NCUR) 2003 University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah March 13-15, 2003 Adjustments In Parental Care By The European Starling (Sturnus Vulgaris):
More informationWithin-clutch repeatability of egg dimensions in the jackdaw Corvus monedula: a study based on a museum collection
Biologia, Bratislava, 56/2: 211 215, 2001 Within-clutch repeatability of egg dimensions in the jackdaw Corvus monedula: a study based on a museum collection Piotr Tryjanowski 1, Lechos law Kuczyński 2,
More informationPhenotypic and Genetic Variation in Rapid Cycling Brassica Parts III & IV
1 Phenotypic and Genetic Variation in Rapid Cycling Brassica Parts III & IV Objective: During this part of the Brassica lab, you will be preparing to breed two populations of plants. Both will be considered
More informationSurvivorship. Demography and Populations. Avian life history patterns. Extremes of avian life history patterns
Demography and Populations Survivorship Demography is the study of fecundity and survival Four critical variables Age of first breeding Number of young fledged each year Juvenile survival Adult survival
More informationTree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) are breeding earlier at Creamer s Field Migratory Waterfowl Refuge, Fairbanks, AK
Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) are breeding earlier at Creamer s Field Migratory Waterfowl Refuge, Fairbanks, AK Abstract: We examined the average annual lay, hatch, and fledge dates of tree swallows
More informationANALYSIS OF GROWTH OF THE RED-TAILED HAWK 1
OhioJ. Sci. DEVONIAN ICROPHYTOPLANKTON 13 Copyright 1983 Ohio Acad. Sci. OO3O-O95O/83/OOO1-OO13 $2.00/0 ANALYSIS O GROWTH O THE RED-TAILED HAWK 1 ARK A. SPRINGER 2 and DAVID R. OSBORNE, Department of Zoology,
More informationBelow, we present the methods used to address these objectives, our preliminary results and next steps in this multi-year project.
Background Final Report to the Nova Scotia Habitat Conservation Fund: Determining the role of food availability on swallow population declines Project Supervisor: Tara Imlay, tara.imlay@dal.ca In the past
More informationMate protection in pre-nesting Canada Geese Branta canadensis
Mate protection in pre-nesting Canada Geese Branta canadensis I. P. JOHNSON and R. M. SIBLY Fourteen individually marked pairs o f Canada Geese were observedfrom January to April on their feeding grounds
More informationparental rearing capacities
Functional Ecology 2001 Sons and daughters: age-specific differences in Blackwell Science, Ltd parental rearing capacities F. DAUNT,* P. MONAGHAN,* S. WANLESS, M. P. HARRIS and R. GRIFFITHS* *Ornithology
More informationFactors Influencing Local Recruitment in Tree Swallows, Tachycineta bicolor
Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Honors Projects Undergraduate Research and Creative Practice 2013 Factors Influencing Local Recruitment in Tree Swallows, Tachycineta bicolor Danielle M.
More informationPolymorphism of egg white proteins
Polymorphism of egg white proteins egg weight and components weight in the Fayoumi hen A. OBEIDAH, P. MÉRAT L. DURAND Laboratoire de Gin gtique factorielle (*) Centre national de Recherches zootechniques,
More informationNestling Weight and Survival in Individual Great Tits (Parus major) Tinbergen, Joost; Boerlijst, M.C.
University of Groningen Nestling Weight and Survival in Individual Great Tits (Parus major) Tinbergen, Joost; Boerlijst, M.C. Published in: Journal of Animal Ecology DOI: 10.2307/5035 IMPORTANT NOTE: You
More informationMale parental care and monogamy in snow buntings
Behav Ecol Sociobiol (1987) 20:377-382 Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 9 Springer-Verlag 1987 Male parental care and monogamy in snow buntings Bruce E. Lyon*, Robert D. Montgomerie, and Linda D. Hamilton*
More informationUdder conformation and its heritability in the Assaf (Awassi East Friesian) cross of dairy sheep in Israel
Udder conformation and its heritability in the Assaf (Awassi East Friesian) cross of dairy sheep in Israel E. Gootwine, B. Alef, S. Gadeesh To cite this version: E. Gootwine, B. Alef, S. Gadeesh. Udder
More informationThe effect of environmental temperature on the growth of vertebrae in the tail of the mouse
/. Embryol. exp. Morph. Vol. 24, 2, pp. 405-410, 1970 405 Printed in Great Britain The effect of environmental temperature on the growth of vertebrae in the tail of the mouse By JANET F. NOEL 1 AND E.
More informationdoi: /
doi: 10.2326/1347-0558-7.2.117 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Methods for correcting plumage color fading in the Barn Swallow Masaru HASEGAWA 1,#, Emi ARAI 2, Mamoru WATANABE 1 and Masahiko NAKAMURA 2 1 Graduate School
More informationLONG-TERM REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT IN WESTERN GULLS: CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATE TACTICS IN DIET CHOICE
Ecology, 80(1), 1999, pp. 288 297 1999 by the Ecological Society of America LONG-TERM REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT IN WESTERN GULLS: CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERNATE TACTICS IN DIET CHOICE CYNTHIA A. ANNETT AND RAYMOND
More information1941 ) would suggest genetic differences between breeds with respect to these
GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC PARAMETERS OF BODY TEMPERATURE AND RESPIRATION RATE IN FAYOUMI CHICKS A. OBEIDAH, A. MOSTAGEER M. M. SHAFIE Animal Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University Giza
More informationNATURAL AND SEXUAL VARIATION
NATURAL AND SEXUAL VARIATION Edward H. Burtt, Jr. Department of Zoology Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware, OH 43015 INTRODUCTION The Darwinian concept of evolution via natural selection is based on three
More informationquality factors when a one-sided selection for shell quality is practised?
as like we THE CONSEQUENCES OF SELECTION FOR SHELL QUALITY IN POULTRY (1) W. F. van TIJEN Institute for Poultry Research rc Het Spelderholt u, Beekbergen, The Netherlands SUMMARY In two strains, one of
More informationINFLUENCE OF CONTAMINATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND BREEDING CONDITIONS ON DEVELOPMENT OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS
INFLUENCE OF CONTAMINATION OF ENVIRONMENT AND BREEDING CONDITIONS ON DEVELOPMENT OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS Muriel Naciri, P. Yvoré, L. Conan To cite this version: Muriel Naciri, P. Yvoré, L. Conan. INFLUENCE
More informationCo-operative breeding by Long-tailed Tits
Co-operative breeding by Long-tailed Tits v N. W. Glen and C. M. Perrins For most of this century, ornithologists have tended to believe that the majority of birds breed monogamously, with either the pair
More informationEffects of early incubation constancy on embryonic development: An experimental study in the herring gull Larus argentatus
Journal of Thermal Biology 31 (2006) 416 421 www.elsevier.com/locate/jtherbio Effects of early incubation constancy on embryonic development: An experimental study in the herring gull Larus argentatus
More informationInheritance of coat and colour in the Griffon Bruxellois dog
Inheritance of coat and colour in the Griffon Bruxellois dog R Robinson To cite this version: R Robinson. Inheritance of coat and colour in the Griffon Bruxellois dog. Genetics Selection Evolution, BioMed
More informationSummary. investigation programs. Estimation of general and specific combining abilities from a diallel cross of three inbred lines of Fayoumi chicks
week Estimation of general and specific combining abilities from a diallel cross of three inbred lines of Fayoumi chicks M. SOLTAN, F. H. ABDOU, M. ABD-ELLATIF H. AYOUB* Faculty of Agvic., Shebin EL-Kom,
More informationSelection for Egg Mass in the Domestic Fowl. 1. Response to Selection
Selection for Egg Mass in the Domestic Fowl. 1. Response to Selection H. L. MARKS US Department of Agriculture, Science & Education Administration, Agricultural Research, uthern Regional Poultry Breeding
More informationWarmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major) Visser, M.E.; Noordwijk, A.J. van; Tinbergen, Joost; Lessells, C.M.
University of Groningen Warmer springs lead to mistimed reproduction in great tits (Parus major) Visser, M.E.; Noordwijk, A.J. van; Tinbergen, Joost; Lessells, C.M. Published in: Proceedings of the Royal
More informationHOW MANY BASKETS? CLUTCH SIZES THAT MAXIMIZE ANNUAL FECUNDITY OF MULTIPLE-BROODED BIRDS
The Auk 118(4):973 98, 001 HOW MANY BASKETS? CLUTCH SIZES THAT MAXIMIZE ANNUAL FECUNDITY OF MULTIPLE-BROODED BIRDS GEORGE L. FARNSWORTH 1 AND THEODORE R. SIMONS Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit,
More informationRELATIONSHIPS AMONG WEIGHTS AND CALVING PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS IN A HERD OF UNSELECTED CATTLE
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WEIGHTS AND CALVING PERFORMANCE OF HEIFERS IN A HERD OF UNSELECTED CATTLE T. C. NELSEN, R. E. SHORT, J. J. URICK and W. L. REYNOLDS1, USA SUMMARY Two important traits of a productive
More informationOecologia. Environmental change and the cost of philopatry: an example in the lesser snow goose. Oecologia (1993) 93: Springer-Verlag 1993
Oecologia (1993) 93:128-138 Oecologia 9 Springer-Verlag 1993 Environmental change and the cost of philopatry: an example in the lesser snow goose E.G. Cooch 1'*, R.L Jefferies 2, R.F. RoekwelP, F. CookC
More informationEvolution in Action: Graphing and Statistics
Evolution in Action: Graphing and Statistics OVERVIEW This activity serves as a supplement to the film The Origin of Species: The Beak of the Finch and provides students with the opportunity to develop
More informationLAYING DATES AND CLUTCH SIZE IN THE GREAT TIT
Wilson Bull., 101(2), 1989, pp. 236-253 LAYING DATES AND CLUTCH SIZE IN THE GREAT TIT C. M. PERRINS AND R. H. MCCLEERY ABSTRACT. - During the course of 40 years of observations, we found that the mean
More informationOffspring sex ratio in red-winged blackbirds is dependent on
Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 6141-6145, October 1983 Population Biology Offspring sex ratio in red-winged blackbirds is dependent on maternal age (parental age/reproduction/offspring sex/population
More informationMiguel Ferrer a a Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Avd. María Luisa,
This article was downloaded by: [183.218.64.91] On: 25 March 2014, At: 09:35 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer
More informationHIGH DENSITY DIETS FOR DWARF LAYERS (1)
HIGH DENSITY DIETS FOR DWARF LAYERS (1) J. H. QUISENBERRY Texas A and M University, Department of Poultry Science College Station, Texas U. S. A. 77843 SUMMARY The recent widespread introduction of a simply
More informationFitness cost of incubation in great tits (Parus major) is related to clutch size de Heij, Maaike E.; van den Hout, Piet J.
University of Groningen Fitness cost of incubation in great tits (Parus major) is related to clutch size de Heij, Maaike E.; van den Hout, Piet J.; Tinbergen, Joost Published in: Proceedings of the Royal
More informationIncrease of egg weight with age in normal and dwarf, purebred and crossbred laying hens
Original article Increase of egg weight with age in normal and dwarf, purebred and crossbred laying hens F Minvielle, P Mérat JL Monvoisin G Coquerelle, A Bordas Institut National de la Recherche Agronornique,
More informationSEASONAL PATTERNS OF NESTING IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD MORTALITY
Condor, 80:290-294 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1978 SEASONAL PATTERNS OF NESTING IN THE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRD MORTALITY DONALD F. CACCAMISE It is likely that birds adjust their reproductive period
More informationGenetic approaches to improving lamb survival
Genetic approaches to improving lamb survival SBRT, Nottingham - 18-nov-2017 Mark Young CIEL United Kingdom Forbes Brien University of Adelaide Australia UK Agri-Tech Centres Motivated by vision to drive
More informationYou may use the information and images contained in this document for non-commercial, personal, or educational purposes only, provided that you (1)
You may use the information and images contained in this document for non-commercial, personal, or educational purposes only, provided that you (1) do not modify such information and (2) include proper
More informationMacdonald Raptor Research Centre Macdonald Campus of McGill University 21,111 Lakeshore Road Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Qu6bec H9X 1CO and
GROWTH OF BODY COMPONENTS IN PARENT-AND HAND-REARED CAPTIVE KESTRELS by David M. Bird Macdonald Raptor Research Centre Macdonald Campus of McGill University 21,111 Lakeshore Road Ste-Anne de Bellevue,
More informationBIOL4. General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination June Unit 4 Populations and environment. Monday 13 June pm to 3.
Centre Number Surname Candidate Number For Examiner s Use Other Names Candidate Signature Examiner s Initials General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination June 2011 Question 1 2 Mark Biology
More informationEVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF A STRAIN, STOCKING DENSITY AND AGE ON BILATERAL SYMMETRY OF BROILER CHICKENS
2017 NPPC ISSN 1337-9984 EVALUATION OF EFFECTS OF A STRAIN, STOCKING DENSITY AND AGE ON BILATERAL SYMMETRY OF BROILER CHICKENS M. A. POPOOLA*, M. O. BOLARINWA, O. O. OJETOLA, O. C. OLADITI, O. P. KOLAWOLE
More informationVariation in egg mass in the Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca: An experimental test of the brood survival and brood reduction hypotheses
Evolutionary Ecology Research, 999, : 753 768 Variation in egg mass in the Pied Flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleuca: An experimental test of the brood survival and brood reduction hypotheses Lars Hillström*
More informationSexing of eastern white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) based on biometric measurements
Sexing of eastern white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) based on biometric measurements Piotr Ćwiertnia 1, Adam Wysocki 2, Kamila Kamińska 1, Zbigniew Kwieciński 1, Honorata Kwiecińska 1 1 Poznań Zoological
More information(Anas platyrynchos) production traits in laying Brown Tsaiya. Genetic parameters of some growth and egg. Original article
Original article Genetic parameters of some growth and egg production traits in laying Brown Tsaiya (Anas platyrynchos) C. Tai R. Rouvier J.P. Poivey 2 1Taiwan Livestock Research Institute Department of
More informationSchemes plus screening strategy to reduce inherited hip condition
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Schemes plus screening strategy to reduce inherited hip condition Author : Mike Guilliard Categories : Vets Date : September
More informationPROBABLE NON-BREEDERS AMONG FEMALE BLUE GROUSE
Condor, 81:78-82 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1979 PROBABLE NON-BREEDERS AMONG FEMALE BLUE GROUSE SUSAN J. HANNON AND FRED C. ZWICKEL Parallel studies on increasing (Zwickel 1972) and decreasing
More informationToledo, Ohio. The population was located within the city limits
GROWTH OF NESTLING AMERICAN GOLDFINCHES DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER IN THE NEST AND HATCHING SEQUENCE By I,ARRY C. HOLCOMB American Goldfinches (Spinus tristis) laid smaller clutches of eggs in a year when
More informationCLUSTERING AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BODY RESERVES CHANGES THROUGHOUT PRODUCTIVE CYCLES IN MEAT SHEEP
CLUSTERING AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BODY RESERVES CHANGES THROUGHOUT PRODUCTIVE CYCLES IN MEAT SHEEP MACE Tiphaine 1, Gonzalez-Garcia E. 2, Carriere F. 3, Douls S. 3, Foulquié D. 3, Robert-Granié C. 1,
More informationVARIATION, AND PARENTAL QUALITY ON CHICK
The Auk 111(2):263-273, 1994 RELATIVE EFFECTS OF HATCHING ORDER, EGG-SIZE VARIATION, AND PARENTAL QUALITY ON CHICK SURVIVAL IN COMMON TERNS PATRICIA BLAIR BOLLINGER Department of Natural Resources, Cornell
More informationDO BROWN-HEADED COWBIRDS LAY THEIR EGGS AT RANDOM IN THE NESTS OF RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS?
Wilson Bull., 0(4), 989, pp. 599605 DO BROWNHEADED COWBIRDS LAY THEIR EGGS AT RANDOM IN THE NESTS OF REDWINGED BLACKBIRDS? GORDON H. ORTANS, EIVIN RDSKAPT, AND LES D. BELETSKY AssrnAcr.We tested the hypothesis
More informationIS REPRODUCTION BY TREE SWALLOWS COST FREE?
The Auk 117(4):902 912, 2000 IS REPRODUCTION BY TREE SWALLOWS COST FREE? MICHAEL T. MURPHY, 1 BRIAN ARMBRECTH, 2 EKATERINI VLAMIS, 3 AND AARON PIERCE 4 Department of Biology, Hartwick College, Oneonta,
More informationMass and date at departure affect the survival of Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus chicks after leaving the colony
BS 7 39: 673-678 Mass and date at departure affect the survival of Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus antiquus chicks after leaving the colony ANTHONY J. GASTON Canadian Wildrife Service, National Wildlife
More informationREPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF AMERICAN KESTRELS: THE ROLE OF PREY ABUNDANCE AND WEATHER
The Condor 102:814-822 0 The Cooper Omahological Society 2000 RERODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF AMERICAN KESTRELS: THE ROLE OF REY ABUNDANCE AND WEATHER RUSSELL D. DAWSON~ AND GARY R. BORTOLOTTI Department of Biology,
More informationDemography and breeding success of Falklands skua at Sea Lion Island, Falkland Islands
Filippo Galimberti and Simona Sanvito Elephant Seal Research Group Demography and breeding success of Falklands skua at Sea Lion Island, Falkland Islands Field work report - Update 2018/2019 25/03/2019
More informationReduced availability of refuse and breeding output in a herring gull (Larus argentatus) colony
Ann. Zool. Fennici 35: 37 42 ISSN 0003-455X Helsinki 4 June 1998 Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 1998 Reduced availability of refuse and breeding output in a herring gull (Larus argentatus)
More informationEnvironmental and genetic factors affecting udder characters and milk production in Chios sheep
Environmental and genetic factors affecting udder characters and milk production in Chios sheep A.P. MAVROGENIS C. PAPACHRISTOFOROU P. LYSANDRIDES A. ROUSHIAS * Agricultural Research Institute Nicosia,
More informationGreat Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) Productivity and Home Range Characteristics in a Shortgrass Prairie. Rosemary A. Frank and R.
Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) Productivity and Home Range Characteristics in a Shortgrass Prairie Rosemary A. Frank and R. Scott Lutz 1 Abstract. We studied movements and breeding success of resident
More informationActivity 1: Changes in beak size populations in low precipitation
Darwin s Finches Lab Work individually or in groups of -3 at a computer Introduction The finches on Darwin and Wallace Islands feed on seeds produced by plants growing on these islands. There are three
More informationKing penguin brooding and defending a sub-antarctic skua chick
King penguin brooding and defending a sub-antarctic skua chick W. Chris Oosthuizen 1 and P. J. Nico de Bruyn 1 (1) Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria,
More informationSTAT170 Exam Preparation Workshop Semester
Study Information STAT Exam Preparation Workshop Semester Our sample is a randomly selected group of American adults. They were measured on a number of physical characteristics (some measurements were
More informationNOTE TECHNIQUE INFLUENCE OF CAPTURE AND WING TAGGING ON THE LITTLE EGRET (EGRETTA GARZETTA) DURING THE BREEDING SEASON
NOTE TECHNIQUE INFLUENCE OF CAPTURE AND WING TAGGING ON THE LITTLE EGRET (EGRETTA GARZETTA) DURING THE BREEDING SEASON Olivier PINEAU, Heinz HAFNER and Yves KA YSER Station Biologique de la Tour du Va/at,
More informationThe fall and the rise of the Swedish Peregrine Falcon population. Peter Lindberg
Peregrine Falcon Populations status and perspectives in the 21 st Century J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (editors) European Peregrine Falcon Working Group, Society for the Protection of Wild Animals Falcon www.falcoperegrinus.net,
More informationAdult Brünnich s Guillemots Uria lomvia balance body condition and investment in chick growth
Ibis (2006), 148, 106 113 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Adult Brünnich s Guillemots Uria lomvia balance body condition and investment in chick growth ANTHONY J. GASTON 1 * & J. MARK HIPFNER 2 1 National Wildlife
More informationFurry Family Genetics
Furry Family Genetics Name: Period: Directions: Log on to http://vital.cs.ohiou.edu/steamwebsite/downloads/furryfamily.swf and complete your Furry Family. In the tables provided, list the genotypes and
More informationUniversity of Groningen
University of Groningen No sexual differences in embryonic period in jackdaws Corvus monedula and black-headed gulls Larus ridibundus Salomons, Henri; Mueller, Wendt; Dijkstra, C; Eising, Corine; Verhulst,
More informationBLACK OYSTERCATCHER NEST MONITORING PROTOCOL
BLACK OYSTERCATCHER NEST MONITORING PROTOCOL In addition to the mid-late May population survey (see Black Oystercatcher abundance survey protocol) we will attempt to continue monitoring at least 25 nests
More informationHe was a year older than her and experienced in how to bring up a brood and survive.
Great Tit 1. Life of a great tit 1.1. Courtship A young female great tit met her mate in a local flock in April. The male established a breeding territory and would sing, sway his head and display his
More informationUniversity of Canberra. This thesis is available in print format from the University of Canberra Library.
University of Canberra This thesis is available in print format from the University of Canberra Library. If you are the author of this thesis and wish to have the whole thesis loaded here, please contact
More informationNiche separation and Hybridization -are nestling hybrid flycatchers provided with a broader diet?
Niche separation and Hybridization -are nestling hybrid flycatchers provided with a broader diet? Nilla Fogelberg Degree project in biology, 2006 Examensarbete i biologi 20p, 2006 Biology Education Centre
More informationVARIATIONS IN GROWTH OF ROSEATE TERN CHICKS
The Condor 97:335-344 0 The Cooper Ornithological Society 1995 VARIATIONS IN GROWTH OF ROSEATE TERN CHICKS IAN C. T. NISBET I.C. T. Nisbet & Company, Inc., 150 Alder Lane, North Falmouth, MA 02556 JEFFREY
More informationand hatching success in starlings
Functional Ecology 2000 The consequences of clutch size for incubation conditions M. G. Barker Aberdeen, UK Blackwell Science, Ltd and hatching success in starlings J. M. REID, P. MONAGHAN and G. D. RUXTON
More informationThe effect of climate change on the correlation between avian life-history traits
Global Change Biology (2005) 11, 1606 1613, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01038.x The effect of climate change on the correlation between avian life-history traits CHRISTIAAN BOTH 1 andmarcel E. VISSER
More informationA future cost of misdirected parental care for brood parasitic young?
Folia Zool. 55(4): 367 374 (2006) A future cost of misdirected parental care for brood parasitic young? Mark E. HAUBER School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, PB 92019, New Zealand;
More informationThe effect of testosterone injections on aggression and begging behaviour of black headed gull chicks (Larus ridibundus)
The effect of testosterone injections on aggression and begging behaviour of black headed gull chicks (Larus ridibundus) Abstract L.M. van Zomeren april 2009 supervised by Giuseppe Boncoraglio and Ton
More informationESTIMATING NEST SUCCESS: WHEN MAYFIELD WINS DOUGLAS H. JOHNSON AND TERRY L. SHAFFER
ESTIMATING NEST SUCCESS: WHEN MAYFIELD WINS DOUGLAS H. JOHNSON AND TERRY L. SHAFFER U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, North Dakota 58402 USA ABSTRACT.--The
More informationEFFECTS OF POSTNATAL LITTER SIZE ON REPRODUCTION OF FEMALE MICE 1
EFFECTS OF POSTNATAL LITTER SIE ON REPRODUCTION OF FEMALE MICE 1 R. E. Nelson 2 and O. W. Robison North Carolina State University, Raleigh 2767 SUMMARY A group of 8 dams weaned 588 female mice to be mated
More informationLike mother, like daughter: inheritance of nest-site
Like mother, like daughter: inheritance of nest-site location in snakes Gregory P. Brown and Richard Shine* School of Biological Sciences A0, University of Sydney, NSW 00, Australia *Author for correspondence
More informationGreat tits lay increasingly smaller clutches than selected for: a study of climate- and density-related changes in reproductive traits
Journal of Animal Ecology 2009, 78, 1298 1306 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01596.x Great tits lay increasingly smaller clutches than selected for: a study of climate- and density-related changes in reproductive
More informationThe purpose of this lab was to examine inheritance patters in cats through a
Abstract The purpose of this lab was to examine inheritance patters in cats through a computer program called Catlab. Two specific questions were asked. What is the inheritance mechanism for a black verses
More informationVARIATION IN INCUBATION PERIOD WITHIN A POPULATION OF THE EUROPEAN STARLING ROBERT E. RICKLEFS AND CYNTHIA
VARIATION IN INCUBATION PERIOD WITHIN A POPULATION OF THE EUROPEAN STARLING ROBERT E. RICKLEFS AND CYNTHIA A. SMERASKI Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
More informationHole-nesting birds. In natural conditions great and blue tits breed in holes that are made by e.g. woodpeckers
Hole-nesting birds In natural conditions great and blue tits breed in holes that are made by e.g. woodpeckers Norhern willow tits excavate their own holes in rotten trees and do not accept old holes or
More informationAGE AT FIRST BREEDING AND CHANGE IN PLUMAGE OF KELP GULLS LARUS DOMINICANUS IN SOUTH AFRICA. R. J. M. CRAWFORD*, B. M. DYER* and L.
S. Afr. J. mar. Sci. 22: 27 32 2000 27 AGE AT FIRST BREEDING AND CHANGE IN PLUMAGE OF KELP GULLS LARUS DOMINICANUS IN SOUTH AFRICA R. J. M. CRAWFORD*, B. M. DYER* and L. UPFOLD* In South Africa, kelp gulls
More informationShort-term and Long-term Consequences of Predator Avoidance by Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor)
Made in United States of America Reprinted from THE AUK Vol. 108, No.3, July 1991 Copyright @ 1991 by The American Ornithologists' Union Short-term and Long-term Consequences of Predator Avoidance by Tree
More informationGenetic evaluation for egg production traits in Japanese quail.
BENHA VETERINARY MEDICAL JOURNAL, VOL. 8, NO. 1:178 185, MARCH 015 Genetic evaluation for egg production traits in Japanese quail. Eman A. Manaa 1, Khairy M. ElBayomi, Gamal A. Sosa 3 1 Department of animal
More informationEstimating the age of Corncrake Crex crex chicks from body weight and the development of primary feathers
Ringing & Migration (2005) 22, 139-144 Estimating the age of Corncrake Crex crex chicks from body weight and the development of primary feathers RHYS E. GREEN* and GLEN A. TYLER Royal Society for the Protection
More informationGrowth and Development. Embryonic development 2/22/2018. Timing of hatching. Hatching. Young birds and their parents
Growth and Development Young birds and their parents Embryonic development From fertilization to hatching, the embryo undergoes sequence of 42 distinct developmental stages The first 33 stages vary little
More informationNote brève. No effect of uropygial gland secretions on hatching success in. Ismael Galván 1
Note brève No effect of uropygial gland secretions on hatching success in Great Tits Parus major Ismael Galván 1 Résumé. Absence d effet des sécrétions de la glande uropygienne sur le succès à l éclosion
More informationStation 1. Using the cards, match the vocabulary word with its definition. If there are any words you do not know, write them down if you have time!
Station 1 Using the cards, match the vocabulary word with its definition. If there are any words you do not know, write them down if you have time! Station 2 Answer the following questions on a separate
More informationBROOD REDUCTION IN THE CURVE-BILLED THRASHER By ROBERTE.RICKLEFS
Nov., 1965 505 BROOD REDUCTION IN THE CURVE-BILLED THRASHER By ROBERTE.RICKLEFS Lack ( 1954; 40-41) has pointed out that in species of birds which have asynchronous hatching, brood size may be adjusted
More informationLab 7. Evolution Lab. Name: General Introduction:
Lab 7 Name: Evolution Lab OBJECTIVES: Help you develop an understanding of important factors that affect evolution of a species. Demonstrate important biological and environmental selection factors that
More informationMaternal investment during egg laying and offspring sex: an experimental study of zebra finches
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR, 2002, 64, 87 822 doi:0.006/anbe.2002.973, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Maternal investment during egg laying and offspring sex: an experimental study of zebra finches
More information