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2 Thank you for your purchase from In the Hands of a Child Your Premiere Lapbook Provider since 2002!! Penguins HOCPP 1123 Published: February, 2010 Authors: Katie Kubesh Niki McNeil Kimm Bellotto For information about other products available from In the Hands of a Child Call or visit our website at Entire contents of this Project Pack 2009 In the Hands of a Child Kerlikowske Road Coloma, MI Permission is hereby granted to the individual purchaser to reproduce student materials in this project pack for noncommercial individual or classroom use only. In the Hands of a Child gives permission for one copy of all written material to be copied and or printed. Classroom teachers have permission to reproduce one copy for each student in class. Members of co-ops or workshops have permission to reproduce one copy for up to 10 children per unit. Reproducible graphics may be reprinted as many times as needed. Permission is not granted for school wide or system wide reproduction of materials. 2 Page Printed in the USA.

3 Bringing Laughter and Learning Together In the Hands of a Child At In the Hands of a Child, we know how important hands-on learning is for students. Our Project Packs and Note Packs are not only educational, but fun and exciting too! To help you get started with your Note Pack, we have included some helpful tips! What is Notebooking? Notebooking, what some call educational journaling, is taking information that one has learned and experienced and recording it in a notebook or binder. Notebooking pages may include drawings, copywork, interviews, maps, narrations, pictures, reports, timelines, and much more! What are the benefits of Notebooking? There are too many to list! Students who incorporate notebooking into their curriculum increase their artistic skills, comprehension skills, listening skills, narrating skills, organization skills, and more. Notebooking allows students the ability to create and express themselves in a much better way than worksheets or other monotonous activities can do. Students who notebook have an instant scrapbook or portfolio of their studies for instant review of materials learned as well as a way to show off their work! What is a Note Pack? A Note Pack from In the Hands of a Child includes all the information, activities, and graphic templates needed for your student to complete a notebook on a particular topic! Inside this Note Pack (and all of our Note Packs) you will find a Research Guide, Activity Questions, and Notebooking Pages. All of the key concepts in the Research Guide will correlate to the Activity Questions, which can be answered on the Notebooking Pages. What steps do we need to follow to complete a Note Pack? Read through the entire Research Guide first and then complete the Activities and Notebooking Pages, or break your study up and read a section of the Research Guide and then complete the Activities and Notebooking Pages! Vocabulary words in the guide are always in bold the first time they appear in the reading, which makes a perfect time to stop and work on the Vocabulary activity! Just like our Project Packs, Note Packs are easily adaptable to fit the needs/skill level of you and your students! What supplies do I need? You will need paper in different white or multi-colors (depending on your student's preference), a notebook or binder to put your student's notebooking pages in, and your student's favorite writing and coloring tools. 3 P age

4 I have a Note Pack, NOW what? We hope you are delighted with your new purchase and we'd like to share a few tips with you that we have found to be beneficial to other customers. Here is a brief introduction to our product layout. Table of Contents Guide Core Concepts Graphics Each Note Pack starts with a Table of Contents and is followed by a Research Guide. The Research Guide contains all of the lessons needed to complete the activities laid out in a chapter-like format. This format helps to build students' listening, reading, and comprehension skills. Included in the Research Guide is a Bibliography, which also makes a great resource for finding information for any rabbit trails you may choose to follow during your study. Related books and websites are also included in the Research Guide. Next, you will find a list of core concepts to be covered during the study, each of the concepts is represented by a Note Pack Activity and a graphic template. Each graphic template or Note Pack Activity helps students take bite-sized pieces of information learned in the Research Guide and complete a notebooking activity to record and retain that information. If you implement graded assignments in your curriculum, the list of concepts will be essential for you, the parent/teacher, to know what to test the student on. Under each concept you will find any instructions for each of the graphic templates. Reproducible graphics for the templates follow. You may want to make a copy of each graphic for each student completing the unit. Note Packs from In the Hands of a Child make great stand-alone unit studies or can easily be added as a supplement to an existing curriculum. When using as a stand-alone product we recommend completing 2-3 activities per session (30-45 minutes). Start by reading 2-3 sections of the Research Guide and then complete the corresponding Note Pack Activities. Each activity correlates to each section of the Research Guide. Vocabulary and Timeline activities do not have to be completed in one day. Vocabulary words can be learned throughout the entire study. We recommend that your student learn a few new vocabulary words each day or learn them as they appear in the Research Guide (all words in bold are vocabulary words). We also recommend Timeline activities be completed a little each day. Choose the vocabulary words and time periods you are going to add to your vocabulary pages or timelines as you read them in the Research Guide. Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact us. We are here to help you Bring Laughter and Learning Together in the Hands of YOUR child! Niki can be reached at Niki@HandsofaChild.com Kimm can be reached at Kimm@HandsofaChild.com Katie can be reached at Katie@HandsofaChild.com or HANDS-01 4 P age

5 Penguins If you have ever visited a zoo you may have seen some birds that looked like they were wearing tuxedos. These flightless black and white birds, once called "feathered fish" by some, are penguins. There are seventeen different kinds of penguins in the world. The smallest, the Little (Blue) penguin, is just about one foot tall and the Emperor penguin, which grows as tall as four feet, is the largest penguin. Penguins are fun and interesting animals to observe and study! Physical Characteristics Even though there are seventeen different types of penguins, they all have a few physical characteristics in common: All have a similar body shape. All have blue-black backs and white breasts or bellies. All have a bill (that is black or orange-red, and ranges in shape from short and stout to long and curved). All have feet that have three toes and are webbed. Penguins have webbed feet to help them move through the water. Some penguins have patterns around their necks and heads and others have brightly colored crests, which distinguish them from other types of penguins. Male and female penguins look alike, but males usually weigh more and have different sized bills. 5 P age

6 Anatomy Penguins have plump, rounded bodies that are pointed at each end. They are perfectly shaped to do what they do best - swim! Feathers At first glance, it may not look like penguins have feathers, but they do! Most penguins have blue, black, or gray feathers on their back, and white feathers on their belly. The feathers on a penguin are small and stiff and form a warm waterproof covering that serves as insulation. Penguins have an extra layer of long downy feathers underneath the small, stiff ones. In addition, penguins have thick layers of fat, called blubber, to keep them warm. Although they have feathers and wings like other birds, penguins do not fly. Flippers Most birds use their wings for flying, but not penguins! Penguins have wings, shaped like flippers, which they use for swimming, not flying. In fact, penguins are some of the best swimmers of all birds. Their wings also help penguins keep their balance walking across slippery ice and snow! Penguins do not use their flipper-like wings for flying; they use them to swim! Their wings are modified to form thin, stiff flippers that propel them through the water. Using their webbed feet as rudders, penguins can swim underwater up to 25 miles per hour (40.3 km/hour). In order to breathe, penguins leap out of the water to get air. This movement is called porpoising. Skeleton Unlike other birds, penguins have bones that are solid, not hollow. This helps penguins stay submerged underwater. If a penguin s bones were hollow like a robin s, it would keep floating to the top! A penguin's tail, which helps the animal prop itself up on land, is short and stiff so it does not slow the penguin down as it glides through the water. 6 P age

7 Eyes and Ears Penguins have good eyesight and very good hearing. They have big eyes that enable them to see well both underwater and on land. Penguins can open their eyes underwater, which helps them to track their prey. Penguins look like they do not have ears, but they have two little holes, one on each side of the head, that are covered with feathers. A penguin's hearing is so good it can find its partner or baby just by hearing its call. Habitat The Southern Hemisphere is home to all seventeen types of penguins. When some people think of penguin habitats, they picture cold and frozen climates like Antarctica. While some penguin species do live in Antarctica, most actually live in sub-antarctic regions around and north of the Antarctic Circle. Other penguins, however, prefer the warmer climates found in South America and Africa. Camels, reptiles, and penguins live in the hot desert. Yes, you read that right - penguins live in the desert, too! Several penguin species live along the desert coastlines of South America and southern Africa. Penguins living in these warm habitats could not survive without the cold and nutrient-rich water currents located there. Expert Divers All penguins are expert divers, but the Emperor penguin is the champ! It can dive 500 feet, which is deeper than any other bird can dive. Scientists who study the diving behavior of penguins learn a great deal by attaching miniature computers to the backs of the birds. These special devices record certain activities of the penguin and provide data on the number of dives, depth of dives, swimming speeds, and how often prey is caught and swallowed. One set of data, collected from a Gentoo penguin, recorded the bird making over 450 dives in a row during a 15-hour time period and reaching depths of 525 feet. 7 P age

8 Where in the World do Penguins Live? All penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere, or southern half, of the world. There are 17 different kinds of penguins that live in the world. Adelie penguin (Antarctica) African penguin (Southern Africa) Chinstrap penguin (Antarctica and islands around Antarctica) Emperor penguin (Antarctica) Erect crested penguin (islands around New Zealand) Fiordland penguin (New Zealand) Galapagos penguin (Galapagos Islands) Gentoo penguin (Antarctica and islands around Antarctica) Humboldt penguin (Peru and Chile) King penguin (Islands around Antarctica) Little (blue) penguin (Australia and New Zealand) Macaroni penguin (South America and Falkland Islands) Magellanic penguin (Southern South America and Falkland Islands) Rockhopper penguin (Islands around Antarctica) Royal penguin (Australia and Macquarie Island) Snares penguin (Snares Island and New Zealand) Yellow-eyed penguin (New Zealand) 8 P age

9 In the Water Penguins stay at sea for weeks at a time in order to eat. In fact, they spend as much as 80% of their lives at sea! When they do leave the water, they leap up on a rocky shore or iceberg. Penguins are streamlined for the water. They have smooth, sleek, barrel-shaped bodies that enable them to glide through the water. Their bodies are the most specialized of all birds for marine life. Excellent swimmers, some penguins can reach speeds of more than 25 miles (40.3 km) per hour. On Land Penguins are skilled swimmers, but on land they look awkward as they move. Their legs are set far back on their bodies, which makes them waddle when they walk. It is much easier for penguins to slide on ice than to walk, so penguins often toboggan on their bellies over the ice, especially if they are migrating a long distance. The Rookery When penguins live on land, they come together and form colonies called rookeries. It becomes quite loud when there are hundreds of thousands of penguins together in a rookery. The population of a rookery ranges from less than100 pairs of penguins to over 300,000 pairs. A crowded rookery allows penguins to have lots of social interaction and stimulation and makes it easy for most to find a mate. Once a year, penguins gather together in a rookery to find a mate, lay their eggs, and raise their young. Normally quiet birds, the penguins make a lot of croaking and trumpeting sounds during the mating season! All of these sounds help penguins attract a mate. 9 P age

10 Diet Penguins are carnivorous, which means they eat meat. Fish, krill, squid, shrimp, and other crustaceans are on the main menu for penguins. The penguin mouth has fleshy spines that point backward, allowing it to easily eat these slippery types of sea creatures. All penguins eat only when they are at sea. Excellent trackers and hunters, they swim near the surface of the water, searching for food. When they find it, they dive swiftly in pursuit of their prey. Life Cycle The life cycle of a penguin can be broken down into seven stages: Courting Stage 1 When penguins court each other, they hold their wings away from their bodies and their beaks up high. Penguins have different postures and calls they use to find mates and to defend their nests. The gentoo penguin, for example, raises and lowers its flippers and calls to its mate. Sometimes this type of penguin will give its mate a stone as a gift. Nesting Stage 2 Penguins build their nests in rocky crevices, on open areas with sticks and grass, or on stones they have arranged in a circle. Penguin nests are usually lined with a few stones and bits of grasses and other vegetation. The Emperor and King Penguins do not build nests at all, but keep their eggs warm on their feet! Penguin Food Wild Penguins In the wild penguins eat: Crustaceans Anchovies Sardines Amphipods Lantern fish Zoo Penguins Zoo penguins are fed small herrings and mackerel. If you are ever at a penguin exhibit at the zoo during feeding time, you might notice the zookeeper throw the penguins' food into the water. This is so the penguins have to dive in and catch the fish. 10 P age

11 Eggs Stage 3 After the nest is built, it is time to lay eggs. Female penguins usually lay two white or green eggs at a time. Keeping the eggs warm is a two-parent job. A female penguin passes her eggs to her mate and he carries the egg on top of his feet. The eggs are kept warm by a flap on the penguin s body called a brood pouch. The egg sits on the parent s feet under the brood pouch. Both males and females have a brood pouch. One parent keeps the eggs or chick warm while the other parent searches for food. Try to carry an egg on your feet do you get very far with it? Can you walk normally, or do you kind of waddle? A male penguin waddles carefully and only goes short distances so he won t drop the egg. During this time, the female penguin swims out to sea to hunt for food. The incubation period for penguin eggs is days, depending on the type of penguin. Parents fiercely guard their eggs and nesting territory. While on land, the penguin that is keeping the eggs warm does not eat. It lives off a layer of fat located under the skin. During the incubation period, one type of penguins loses up to 75 pounds (33.8 kg) while on land. This can be almost 30% of its body mass. After an egg hatches, the female penguin returns to care for the chick(s). The new mother carefully tucks her chick into her brood pouch, and the male penguin swims out to sea to eat. Penguin Pairs Penguins are monogamous animals. Once paired off, the same pair of penguins will mate and raise their young every year. Penguin mates sometimes stay together for many years and often return to the same breeding site each year. Some penguin mates bond with each other by slapping each other on the back with their flippers! 11 P age