Kingdom: Animalia. Phylum: Chordata. Class: Aves. Order: 28 orders Passeriformes- most. Strigiformes- owls. Piciformes- woodpeckers

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1 Snowball 3:54 1

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3 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: 28 orders Passeriformes- most Strigiformes- owls Piciformes- woodpeckers Anseriformes- ducks & geese Osprey-Gone Fishin 1:58 3

4 Similar to reptiles: Feet and legs have scales Amniotic Egg Different from reptiles: Lack teeth Short tail 4

5 Feathers Forelimbs modified into wings Gizzard Lightweight bones most are hollow Endothermic Efficient respiratory system 4 chambered heart 5

6 Amnion Encloses embryo in watery environment Yolk Sac Food supply Absorbs thru blood vessels connected to gut Allantois Stores wastes Gas exchange Chorion Allows oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide 6

7 Modified scales Develop from skin follicles molt (gradually) Used for: Camouflage (crypsis) Mating Warmth Flight 2 Types: Contour Down 7

8 Give shape Flight feathers: specialized on wings and tail Have barbs that contain barbules w/ hooks Link barbs Flexible zip feathers together using beak Preen gland: Secretes oil Spread over feathers clean, protect and waterproof Hummingbird Preening :54 8

9 Cover body of all young birds Beneath contour feathers Soft, fluffy Provide insulation 9

10 Pigmentation Chemicals absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others See those reflected Side note: 3 main pigments found in bird 1. Melanins - most common grays, blacks, and browns 2. Carotenoids - intense red and bright yellow Ex: goldfinch and cardinal 3. Porphyrins - reds, browns, and some greens Ex: owls 10

11 Coloration- prism effect produces some greens, all blues, and whites Light enters feather and is refracted thru barbs Did you know... A Blue Jay's feathers are not really blue? If look at one with the light coming from behind, you will see this. However, when light enters its feathers from the outer surface, it gets refracted just enough to allow only blue light back out. Therefore, we see the Blue Jay as being blue. 11

12 Iridescence shimmering color Light entering feathers interacts with cell membranes as described before, but also reacts with melanin (black pigment). Ex: Red throat feathers of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird Glossy purple head of the Common Grackle Have you ever... noticed a hummingbird s throat feathers alternate between the shimmering ruby-red and black? In the light it appears red, but in the shadow it appears dark. Caused by melanin granules embedded within the feathers 12

13 Hollow bones Some fused Rigid Ex: Fused collarbone = wishbone Keel breast muscle attachment Sharp bone on ventral side Large breast muscle 30% of weight 13

14 Generate enough heat to maintain body degrees F Side note: Flight requires lots of energy = need for high metabolism = need for high body temp 14

15 Septum divides Oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood kept separate Complete sinus venosus not present Small portion in Right Atrium serves as pacemaker 15

16 Flight = high energy needs Have air sacs(holding tanks) Advantage: Lungs always exposed to fully oxygenated air 16

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18 Endothermic metabolism Divided ventricle Highly efficient lungs Side notes: Cool facts Hummingbirds flap wings beats per second Migrating birds travel thousands of miles without stopping Use thermals to help 18

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20 Nostrils Eyes Beak Feathers Talons 20

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22 Beak, legs, and feet suit environment Ex: Carnivores: talons, tearing beaks Ducks: shoveling bills, webbed feet Finches: seed crushing, perching feet Penguins: modified for swimming 22

23 28 orders 60% belong to Passeriformes Songbirds 5,300 species Largest terrestrial vertebrate group 23

24 May know songs at birth May require tutoring Learn and change it Copy anything heard and make variations Ex: mocking bird 24

25 Courtship Keep Out! Contact Feeding Migration Flying Predator Alert Feed Me! More complex songs Usually by males Chickadee sounds - click in report online Other communications: Woodpeckers drum w/ beak Ruffed grouse drums w/ wings 25

26 Scrape Nests Burrow Nests Cavity Nests Platform Nests Cup nests Statant cup nests Suspended cup nests Pensile nests Pendulous nests Adherent nests Ground Nests 26

27 Scrape Nests Simple depressions in ground or leaf litter Some stones may be added Used by: some penguins, shorebirds, gulls, terns, nighthawks, vultures Plovers nesting 1:42 27

28 Burrow Nests Great protection Stable climate May make own nest or use others Kingfisher1:54 28

29 Cavity Nests In trees or cacti Passerines, woodpeckers, owls, parrots, and some waterfowl. primary cavity nesters construct own nest secondary cavity nesters use natural cavities Pileated Woodpecker:20 29

30 Platform Nests Flat On ground, tree, tops of vegetation or debris in shallow water Buteo Nest 4:11 30

31 Rufous-tailed Hummingbird 7:11 Cup Nests Cupped shaped Variety of materials used 1. Statant cupped nests- crotches and branches of trees and shrubs. Supported from below Ex: passerines and hummingbirds 31

32 2. Suspended Cup Nests- Supported from rims and/or sides A) Pensile Suspended from rims and sides Stiff Ex: Kinglets and Vireos (Blackcapped Vireo pictured left) B) Pendulous Suspended from rims and sides Flexible and deep Ex: orioles Oropendola nests :20 32

33 Adherent nests Cupped Sides attached by adhesive mud or saliva Ex: swifts and Barn Swallows Chimney Swift Salivary Arch 1:45 33

34 4. Ground nests Cupped On ground Sides may arch over and form a dome Ex: passerines of grasslands and tundra 34