The Cranial Characters of the Brevicipitid Genus Cacosternum (Boulenger).
|
|
- Diana O’Brien’
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Cranial Characters of the Brevicipitid Genus Cacosternum (Boulenger). By C. G. S. de Villiers, M.A., Ph.D., Professor of Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa. With 12 Text-figures. THE present paper is a continuation of my work on the cranial characters of the two South African Brevicipitid genera lacking the claviculo-procoracoidal arch in the pectoral girdle. The genus Phrynomerus (Noble) was discussed in a previous paper in this Journal (vol. 73), to which the reader is referred for details of technique, which was, however, slightly varied for purposes of the present research, inasmuch as double bulkstaining was resorted to. The nuclear stain, haemalum, was applied in the usual way, and after all traces of alum used for differentiation were washed out, the object was bulk-stained for twenty-four hours in a strong aqueous solution of Bismarck brown and differentiated in ordinary tap-water for forty-eight hours. I have not yet experimented with bulk-staining for connective tissue and muscle; stains recommended for this purpose are fuchsin and light green or eosin respectively. The use of van Gieson in conjunction with Bismarck brown is considered by many workers to lead to confusing results, so that pure fuchsin is recommended for connective tissue and for decalcified bone. All material was decalcified with Ebner's solution in preference to nitric acid, which is, however, used with great success for the same purpose by Professor Stadtmiiller of Gottingen, according to a personal communication from him. The material of Cacosternum bottgeri was kindly supplied by the Director of the Transvaal Museum; Cacosternum capense was collected by the author on the Stellenbosch Flats after the first rains in May The eighteen specimens collected are the only ones known besides the type
2 276 C. G. S. DB VILLIBRS specimens collected by Mr. Eose of Cape Town. Three specimens of Cacosternum namaquense were collected by Dr. Herre of Stellenbosch University during the phenomenal Namaqualand rains of 1929; but owing to the rarity of the material, this species was not microtomized. Mr. Hewitt has recently upheld the species and recorded the existence of two specimens referable to it in the collection of the South African Museum. REVIEW OF THE EXISTENT LITERATURE ON THE GENUS. The genus Cacosternum was first described by Boulenger (1887, page 51). The new genus was referred to the Engyostomatidae and the following osteological details were enumerated as being characteristic of it: palate toothless, without dermal ridges; tympanum hidden; no procoracoids; coracoids slender; sternum extremely small, cartilaginous; diapophyses of sacral vertebrae strongly dilated. The presence of strong subarticular tubercles of the fingers and toes, also present in Phrynomerus, was mentioned. The first South African species to be described was C. bottgeri in Boulenger's catalogue of 1882, where it is referred to as Arthroleptis bottgeri (p. 118). Werner (1910) described a new species of Cacosternum, C. namaquense. Boulenger (1906-9) first called C. bottgeri by the name now generally used. No cranial characters are mentioned in this work. Valuable osteological data are supplied by Hewitt (1911) from which I select the following: (p. 215) 'maxillary and premaxillary teeth present, no vomerine teeth, palate without dermal ridges, tympanum hidden. In the skull a fronto-parietal foramen is present and the frontoparietals are but feebly ossified'. Hewitt then regarded Cacosternum as allied to the Dyscophids, on account of the presence of teeth. Andersson (1911) merely notes the occurrence of Phrynomerus and Cacosternum in British East Africa, where the Swedish Zoological Expedition made a collecting tour in Methuen (1913, p. 123) classifies C. bottgeri under the sub-family Dyscophinae of the Engyostomatidae, probably on account of the presence of teeth on the maxilla. No cranial characters are mentioned. Hewitt (1919) discusses
3 CRANIUM OF CACOSTERNUM 277 in detail the affinities of the Cacosternum-Anhydrophryne group (pp. 184r-7) and concludes that the absence of procoracoids is of greater importance than the presence of maxillary teeth and stresses the affinities with the Malagasy Dyscophids. The presence of a fronto-parietal fontanelle in Breviceps and Cacosternum is not considered by the author as of great systematic importance. That part of Noble's work (1922) dealing with Cacosternum and its allies is of extreme importance, as it discards the toothed ' Dyscophidae' as an independent family and classes them with allied toothless forms under the new family Brevicipitidae. Noble's paper of 1924 contains interesting speculations on the origin of the Ethiopian Brevicipitidae, which are referred to the older African fauna whichflourishedwhen the mainland was still connected with Madagascar (pp. 277 and 278), and suggests possible affinities between the Cacosternum-Anhydrophryne group and the Malagasy Anodonthyla, the affinities of which genus are further discussed by Noble (1926, pp. 2-4), the conclusion arrived at being that Anodonthyla is derived from a form with divided, dentigerous vomer. In 1926 Hewitt contributed valuable information regarding the morphology and systematics of the genus Cacosternum: C. capense, the new Cape species described by the same author in 1925, was shown to possess a divided coracoid, which may be of great value in a comparison of Cacosternum and Phrynomerus. Werner's species (1910) of C. namaquense was upheld and found to be allied to C. capense, from which it differs mainly in being toothless. A new sub-species of C. bottgeri, C. bottgeri albiventer was described. C. namaquense, of which Werner's specimens were supposed to be the only ones extant, was rediscovered by Dr. Herreat IKoeboes, Eichtersfeld, Namaqualand. The three specimens collected in October 1929 agree in every detail with those described by Werner, who collected them at Steinkopf. The new specimens are in the Department of Zoology of the University of Stellenbosch. Noble (1926 a, p. 4) again refers to the possible relationship of Cacosternum and Anhydrophryne, and of the latter genus with the genera Arthroleptis and Arthroleptella, without, NO. 294 T
4 278 C. G. S. DE VILMBRS in the opinion of the author of this paper, making good his point. Nieden (1926, p. 11) groups Cacosternum under the Engyostomatidae and is therefore not aware of the discovery of maxillary teeth in the genus by Hewitt (1911). Power published a paper dealing with Cacosternum in On p. 250 he comes to the remarkable conclusion that ' Cacosternum has bufonid affinities', but bases his argument solely on the pattern of the chitinous tooth-rows and the position of the anus. The present author published a paper (1929 a) on the macroscopic development of C. capense, whose spawn and larvae are extremely common round Stellenbosch, and is of opinion that the larvae are in appearance and in habit as unlike Bufo larvae as they possibly can be, and resemble much more closely those of the genus Pyxicephalus. Mr. Rose, the discoverer of C. capense, gave a preliminary account of its habits and life-history in 1926 (p. 437). The latest paper up to date, referring to Cacosternum, is that of Noble (1927, pp. 116 and 117), in which the following conclusions are reached: (1) The pectoral girdles of Cacosternum and Phrynomerus agree closely; (2) the larvae of the former genus are ranid and unlike those of Phrynomerus ; (3) Anhydrophryne was evolved from Arthroleptella, from which it differs by the absence of a clavicle; (4) the close relationship of Cacosternum and Anhydrophryne is stressed; (5) Cacosternum is possibly also derived from Arthroleptella but is in any case ' closely related to ranids and not to other Brevicipitids'. In a paper read before the British Association at the Cape Town Session, the author of this paper has fully described the non-aquatic life-history of Arthroleptella and has proved that the genus is perfectly ranid. Contrary to what Noble presupposes, it has no clavicle, but a procoracoid only. It was suggested that Arthroleptella, Cacosternum, and Anhydrophryne might have to be removed to the Ranidae. RESULTS OF OWN INVESTIGATIONS. It is proposed in the following account to discuss chiefly those features of the cranial characters of the genus Cacosternum
5 CRANIUM OF CACOSTERNUM 279 in which it differs from Phrynomerus, the other South African genus lacking a procoracoid. The following description applies in the main to Cacosternum capense: the difference between it and the smaller species, C. bb'ttgeri, will duly be noted. C. namaquense Avas not sectioned as the material is too rare. THE OLFACTORY CAPSULE. Both cartilagines praenasales are present as in Phrynomerus ; the superior is short, the inferior long and flexed beneath the solum nasi, and forms the main support for the premaxilla. It is imbedded in the tubules of the large glandula intermaxillaris. The same conditions prevail in 0. bottgeri. The two vestibular 'Wiilste' are both present and the plica obliqua is blunt and short and suspended from the cartilago obliqua as in Phrynomerus, not from the tectum nasi as in Eana; the same applies to C. bottgeri. The recessus sacciformis, described by Gaupp for Kan a, was found to be absent in Phrynomerus. In Cacosternum it is, however, present, but its anatomical relations are not the same as in Eana. Gaupp described the organ on pages 625 and 633 of the third volume of the ' Anatomie des Frosches' (1904). On page 625 we read: 'Der Wulst [i.e. the one taking the place of the cartilago alaris] ist von unten und hinten her gewissermassen unterminiert durch den Becessus sacciformis, der hinten in die Vestibularnische tibergeht, medial- und ventralwarts mit dem Infundibulum und dem Cavum medium zusammenhangt.' Additional details are furnished on p. 633: 'Lateral von diesem Wandwulst stiilpt sich ein schlaffwandiger Schleimhautblindsack, der Recessus sacciformis, nach vorn und oben hin vor, der seinen Ausgang von der erwahnten Kommunikationsspalte und im Anschluss daran (nach vorn hin) auch noch von der lateralen Kante des Cavum medium nimmt.' In Phrynomerus an evagination of the infundibulum and cavum medium is absent, but a sac-like recess is present in Cacosternum, although it does not undermine the large' Wulst', is short and wide instead of high and narrow as in Ran a (see Gaupp, loc. cit., fig. 140, p. 627), and does not communicate with the vestibule. The T 2
6 280 C. G. S. DE VILLIEBS recessus in C. capense is figured in Text-fig. 1, from which it will be seen that it originates from both infundibulum and cavum medium; it does not represent the point of communication of the ductus nasolacrimalis with the cavum medium, as the TEXT-FIG. 1. s n Transverse section through the three narial cavities of the left side in Cacosternum eapense. bl.v., blood-vessel; cv.i., cavum inferius; cv.m., cavum medium; cv.p., cavum principale ; gl.imx., glandula nasalis intermaxillaris; g.n.l., glandula nasalis lateralis; inf., infundibulum; l.if., lamina inferior cristae intermediae; l.sp., lamina superior cristae intermediae; rc.m., recessus medialis; r.sc, recessus sacciformis; s.n., solum nasi; s.o.c, side of olfactory capsule; spmx., septomaxillary. latter receives the duct at its blind, lateral division, after the recessus sacciformis has disappeared from sections. It will be seen from the figure that the recess is surrounded by the septomaxillary bone, which forms a capsule for it. In C. bottgeri the recess has exactly the same disposition as in 0. capense. In Phrynomerus two remarkable prechoanal sacs were described (loc. cit.); they were shown to be derived from an unpaired prechoanal sac in the young form. The apparatus is easily derived from a fusion of the two ' Gaumenleisten' (Gaupp) or palatal ridges. In Cacosternum, Text-fig. 2, there is an blv
7 CRANIUM OF CACOSTERNUM 281 unpaired preohoanal sac as in the young Phrynomerus, but the choanae no longer open into, but just beyond it. In C. bottgeri the sac was filled with dense mucous material. The premaxilla and maxilla have the usual relations with neighbouring structures, but are not separated palatally by the ventrallyflexedcrista subnasalis as in Phrynomerus. They are moreover toothed: the teeth consist of a functional 6c c Transverse section through the head ofcacosternum capense in the anterior region of the olfactory capsule, bc.cv., buccal cavity; cr.sb., criata subnasalis; g.n.m., glandula nasalis medialis; M.c, Meckel's cartilage; pch.s., prechoanal sac; pl.t., planum terminale; sjp.n., septum nasi; ten., tectum nasi. Other abbreviations as for Text-fig. 1. row (acrodont), and a few additional rows waiting to take the place of the former. The premaxillary teeth of C. bottgeri are sketched in Text-fig. 3; they have the normal histological structure of anuran teeth as described for Ran a by Krause (1923), and were discovered in the genus by Hewitt (1911). C. namaquense differs from the other species in being toothless. The vomer in C. capense is a very small bone investing the edge of the solum nasi region of the choana. There is no considerable prolongation of the bone into the narial cavity, as Cacosternum lacks the enormous cartilaginous axis of the eminentia olfactoria, which the vomer invests in
8 282 C. G. S. DE VILLIERS Phrynomerus. C. bottgeri has a comparatively large vomer, its size being due to the extent of the squame investing the ventral surface of the solum nasi. The bone encapsules a few tubules of the glandula intermaxillaris. In both species the vomer is entirely edentulous, and separated from its fellow on the other side by fibrous connective tissue. In G. capense the two bones approach each other most closely. The palatine is widely separated from the vomer, so that no vomero- pwx TEXT-FIG. 3. pn pmx L sk Section through the left premaxilla of Cacosternum bottgeri. c.pn.i., cartilago praenasalis inferior; epm., epithelium of buccal cavity; pl.c., pulp cavity of tooth; pmx.l., left premaxilla; pmx.r., right premaxilla; pn.pmx.l., prenasal portion of left premaxilla; sk., socket of tooth; t., tooth. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. p a 1 a ti n e is formed as in Phrynomerus. The bone invests the ventral surface of the processua antorbitalis as in Rana and is of course quite edentulous. The septomaxillary is topographically confined to the lamina superior cristae intermediae and, as stated above, encapsules the recessus sacciformis. As in Phrynomerus, the bone terminates in front of the planum terminale of the cartilago obliqua. The relation of nasals and os en ceinture in Cacosternum was first remarked upon by Noble (1926), who pointed out that the
9 CRANIUM OF CACOSTERNUM 283 nasals are very small bones appearing on the sides of the large os en ceinture, which latter is prolonged into the tectum nasi. At their maximal width a nasal in Cacosternum covers about one-sixth of the tectum nasi, so that two-thirds of the latter are exposed; laterally the nasal does not articulate with the maxilla as in R a n a. This peculiarity is also met with in P h r y n o - merus, but the posterior bay in the nasal is absent. For the rest, the region of the olfactory capsule and associated structures differs very little from the well-known type met with in the frog. The absence of an enlarged eminentia olfactoria and associated cartilaginous axis encountered in Phrynomerus is probably to be interpreted as lack of specialization in this direction. OSSIFICATIONS IN THE SPHENETHMOID EEGION. In neither of the two species sectioned is the os en ceinture ossified so far forwards as one might expect. The first traces of the bone are met with in the nasal septum at the level of the choana and the posterior limits of the vomers. This is exactly the state of affairs in Ran a as well. The ossification spreads to the tectum nasi at the region of the anterior limits of the processus antorbitalis, but the ventral portion of the narial skeleton only begins to show signs of ossification towards the posterior region of the processus antorbitalis, which is not partially incorporated into the os en ceinture as in Ran a. These features are drawn in Text-fig. 4, a. In the region of the roots of the olfactory nerves (Text-fig. 4, b) the os en ceinture appears upon transverse section as a densely ossified trough with no traces of cartilage in its walls. In Phrynomerus the free dorsal ends of the trough persist as cartilage, which also constitutes the central portion of its bottom. More posteriorly these three tracts of cartilage also appear in Cacosternum ; it is interesting to note that the appearance of the mid-ventral tract indicates the presence of a posterior ventral notch in the os en ceinture. This is not represented in R a n a. The anterior division of the os en ceinture in C. bottgeri is similar in appearance to that of C. capense, but the posterior portion is like that of Phrynomerus, inasmuch as no complete
10 284 C. G. S. DB VILLIERS ossification occurs, the three tracts of cartilage persisting as in Phrynomerus. It will be convenient to leave the discussion of the other cartilage bones to a later stage and to consider forthwith the fronto-parietal bones and the so-called fronto-parietal TEXT-FIG o e c en t 4a: Transverse section of the skull ofc. capense cut posterior to the antorbital process. 4 b: Transverse section through the region of the antorbital process of C.capense. b.op.7i., branch of the optic nerve; cn.t., connective tissue; frp., fronto-parietal; mx., maxilla; o.e.c, os en ceinture; op.n., optic nerve; pal., palatine; pr.aob., processus antorbitalis. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. fontanelle. Hewitt (1911) remarked upon the weak ossification of the fronto-parietals and called attention to the presence of the fontanelle in C. bottgeri. These two features are also met with in Cacosternum capense. The tips of the fronto-parietals are figured in Text-fig. 4, a; they are imbedded in tough connective tissue which forms the roof of the brain case. The bones do not increase greatly in size in the interorbital region but are always joined by a wide expanse of connective
11 CRANIUM OF CACOSTBRNUM 285 tissue as in Phrynomerus; they attain to their maximal size in the region of the anterior limits of the otic capsule, but even so they do not touch in the middle line, although they are considerably more strongly developed than in Phrynomerus. Conditions in C. bottgeri correspond very closely to those in C. capense, but the fronto-parietals are even smaller and hardly project from the otic capsule into the connective-tissue cranial roof. This is almost exactly similar to the Phrynomerus pattern. The p r o - o t i c: The optic foramen is bounded anteriorly by cartilage, but its postero-dorsal margin is formed by the p r o - otic bone. Exactly the same conditions prevail in C. bottgeri. All ossification of the septum dividing the cavity of the otic capsule from the brain-cavity disappears before the foramen acusticum and the foramen endolymphaticum are sectioned, whereas in Bana and Phrynomerus the anterior boundary of the former foramen is part of the pro-ootic. Posterior to the two foramina mentioned, the otic capsule is almost entirely cartilaginous. Weak ossification of the capsule was also a feature of Phrynomerus, in which the supra- and infracristal ossifications were likewise absent. C. bottgeri has the same type of otic capsule as C. capense, except that in the latter species the posterior division contains much more persistent cartilage than in the former. The cranial roof consists of fibrous connective tissue in the orbital region; towards the anterior boundary of the otic capsule the tip of the taenia tecti medialis is sectioned; when this spreads laterally and passes into what should represent the taenia tecti transversalis, the cartilaginous cranial roof shows no more foramina, so that as in Phrynomerus and Arthroleptella (de Villiers, 1929) the parietal foramen is absent and the taenia tecti transversalis is confluent with the tectum synoticum. It is of course also possible to consider this state of affairs to be due to the absence of the transverse taenia; but comparative data are not available; Gaupp's original description referred to the European E a n a fusca. A remarkable feature of the tectum synoticum of Oacosternum is its weak development towards the foramen magnum, where it possesses a deep
12 286 C. G. S. DB VILLIEES notch filled with connective tissue (Text-fig. 5). The exoccipitals are comparatively small; ventrally between them a portion of the planum basale persists as cartilage, which, however, shows no traces of a notochord. The p a r a s p h e n o i d stretches from themid-a^entral division of the os en ceinture to the ventral occipital region, is a daggershaped bone as in Eana and, as in that genus, possesses two posterior notches separating the longitudinal portion from the TEXT-FIG. 5. t sn en t ot Transverse section through the posterior limits of the tectum synoticum of C. capense. br., brain; oi.c, otic capsule; t.sn., tectum synoticuni. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. lateral ones, which attain their greatest size at the level of the posterior region of the otic capsule. The cartilaginous cranial roof lacks a taenia transversalis in C. bdttgeri also. The exoccipitals are comparatively large and the tectum synoticum has no bay dorsal to the foramen magnum. The parasphenoid is dagger-shaped, but posteriorly the longitudinal portion is not marked off from the lateral ones by deep notches. The morphology of the quadratomaxillary and paraquadrate was reinvestigated by the author in Arthroleptella (1929) and Phrynomerus (Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 73. Cacosternum is most remarkable in possessing a totally unossified quadrate cartilage, whereas in other Anuran genera, including Eana, as described by Gaupp, the quadrate ossifies perichondrally and enchondrally and fuses with the
13 CRANIUM OF CACOSTERNUM 287 quadratomaxillary. The relations of the above-mentioned bones in Cacosternum are sketched in Text-fig. 6, a and b; a represents a transverse section of the suspensorial region of the head and passes through the Eustachian tube. The quadratomaxillary occupies a position external to the chewing muscles, but TEXT-FIG. 6 a AND 6. an ty Me Transverse sections through the articular region of the skull of C. capense to show the relations of the quadratomaxillary to the rest of the skeleton (muscles are ruled), an.ty., annulus tympanicus; dmar., dermarticular; EX., Eustachian tube; hy., hyale; p.pt., processus pterygoideus; p.qd., pars quadrata processus pterygoidei; prq., paraquadrate; ptg., pterygoid; qmx., quadratomaxillary. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. more posteriorly it gradually shifts in between these latter, and appears as an investing bone of the quadrate cartilage. It is, however, easily distinguishable from dermal bones by the fact that it is not separated from the quadrate cartilage by a connective-tissue lamella (Text-fig. 6, b). The bone shoots a few diminutive rootlets into the invested cartilage, but the characteristic cartilaginous structure of the latter is in no way affected. Exactly the same conditions prevail in C. bottgeri. The paraquadrate is a comparatively small bone in
14 288 C. G. S. DE VILLIERS Cacosternum and is first encountered in sections at the level of the closure of the optic foramen; it then lies external to the temporal muscle and does not articulate anteriorly with any bone as it does in Pyxicephalus adspersus. Upon reaching the transitional region between the processus oticus and the crista parotica, the paraquadrate forms a bony sheath TEXT-FIG. 7 a, b, c, d..prq vat Consecutive transverse sections through the tympanic region of C- capense. (It is impossible to locate definitely the common boundary of the crista parotica and the processus oticus. This region is therefore labelled trn., transitional cartilage.) d.at., dorsal portion of annulus; epl., extraplectral enlargement of the pars externa plectri; m.e., middle ear; p.ot., procesaua oticus; t.m., tympanic membrane; v.at., ventral portion of annulus. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. for the latter. For a considerable stretch no connective tissue is present to separate the bone from the cartilage, which therefore simulates perichondral cristal ossification. Enchondral ossification of the cartilage is absent. The paraquadrate is typically triradiate as in all Anura known to me; the two transverse posterior rays are normal investing bones of the quadrate cartilage and crista parotica. The relations of the paraquadrate, crista parotica, processus oticus and annulus tympanicus are sketched in Text-fig. 7, a, b, c, d. C. b 611 g e r i
15 CRANIUM OF CACOSTERNUM 289 does not differ very much from 0. capense, but a stage corresponding to Text-fig. 7, b, is missed out, so that the paraquadrate forms a groove, and not a sheath for the transitional cartilage. The pterygoid invests the dorsal and inner surfaces of the processus pterygoideus and possesses in its dorsal portion a welldeveloped marrow cavity. On the whole it may justly be maintained that the pterygoid is much more strongly developed dorsal to the processus pterygoideus than in Ban a. The anterior portion of the processus basalis is entirely ensheathed by the pterygoid, which is not in this region separated from the cartilage by connective tissue (Text-fig. 8, a). The two anteriorly directed horns of the processus basalis are sectioned in Textfig. 8, b; the tip of the lower touches the pterygoid bone, but its upper division and the dorsal anterior horn of the processus basalis are again separated from the investing pterygoid by connective tissue. Text-fig. 8, b, shows the junction of the processus oticus and crista parotica, and Text-fig. 8, c, marks the fusion of this cartilage mass with the processus basalis. Posteriorly the pterygoid persists as a diminished bone on the inner surface of the pars quadrata. As far as comparative data are available, these conditions agree topographically quite well with those in Kana. C. bottgeri agrees with C. capense even in the minutest details, the only point of difference being the circumstance that the lower anterior hom of the processus basalis is not entirely ensheathed by the pterygoid. THE AUDITORY APPARATUS Typical transverse sections through the anterior region of the annulus tympanicus and middle ear are shown in Text-fig. 7, a and b; since the annulus has the form of a disk with a central perforation, it will appear in transverse section as two cartilages, the ventral of which is the larger on account of the eccentricity of the perforation referred to above. The pars externa plectri begins to appear in Text-fig. 7, c as a longish cartilage imbedded in the mesodermal portion of the tympanic membrane. Such an extraplectral enlargement of the pars externa was also encountered in Phrynomerus. Text-fig. 8, a, b, and c,
16 Consecutive transverse sections through the tympanic region of C. capense to show its relations with the processes of the pars quadrata. cr.p., crista parotica; l.a.h.pr.b., lower anterior horn of processus basalis; u.a.h.pr.b., upper anterior horn of processus basalis. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. h prb
17 CRANIUM OP CACOSTERNUM 291 represent further sections of the auditory apparatus, not differing essentially from Text-fig. 7, c, so far as the plectral and annular arrangements are concerned. It will, however, be noticed that the pars externa plectri shifts gradually to a more dorsal position, and in Text-fig. 9, a, its dorsal portion shows TEXT-FIG. 9 a AND b. pmp P r 1 prtj P P b Consecutive transverse sections through the annular region of C. capense. j-v., jugular vein; p.e.p., pars externa plectri; p.m.p., pars media plectri; vd.at., ventral and dorsal portions of annulus passing over into each other at the posterior limits of the annulus; VII, seventh cranial nerve. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. perichondral and enchondral ossification, although a marrow cavity is not developed. The section is in fact cut through the transition from pars externa to pars media plectri, which is the only part of the plectral apparatus to ossify in A n u r a. It will be noticed further that the dorsal portion of the annulus has now disappeared from section, although it subsequently reappears. The annulus is in fact not a complete ring as in R an a, but is discontinuous dorsally as in P h r y n o m e r u s. The open, crescentic form of the annulus seems to be quite common in Anura and particularly in Brevicipitid-Engyostomatidae. Since the region of the pars media plectri is now reached, atten-
18 292 C. G. S. DE VILLIERS tion should be called to the absence of a pars ascendens plectri effecting a communication between the pars externa plectri and the crista parotica. This cartilage was described by Gaupp for Bana fusca, but I have never come across it in South African frogs and toads, so that its universal occurrence in Anura should not be assumed. Text-fig. 9, b, represents a section through the body of the pars media, which is seen to consist of a perichondral osseous sheath and a central, permanently cartilaginous core. As the pars media approaches the otic capsule, the ossification ceases to be exclusively peripheral and osseous substance may also be seen traversing the cartilage as in Text-fig. 10, a. The pars media is overlain by the jugular vein and the hyomandibular branch of the seventh nerve. Textfig. 10, b, represents the point of maximal fusion of the pars media with the otic capsule; it will be noticed that the perichondral ossification is no longer sheath-like, but disappears towards the inner aspect of the pars media, where it is in cartilaginous continuity with the otic capsule. For a short distance the sheath-like pattern is represented again, Text-fig. 10, c, and all traces of ossification disappear at the level of the anterior boundary of the operculum (Text-fig. 10, d), where the plectrum is represented by the pars interna. The plectral apparatus is therefore a continuous cartilaginous structure, but in the region of the pars media it is perichondrally ossified. The operculum has the bowl-like shape typical of Anura and is fused to the dorsal margin of the fenestra ovalis upon the disappearance of the pars interna plectri. The fossa fenestrae ovalis is large as in Phrynomerus. The operculum possesses a well-developed musculus opercularis, which is not, however, attached to a special cartilaginous tuberosity of the operculum. C. bottgeri has an auditory apparatus which differs quite considerably from that of C. capense. The annulus tympanicus is very widely open dorsally, but the plectrum has much the same histological and anatomical structure as in the larger species. The operculum is, however, relatively much larger in the smaller species and in its anterior division it is straightened out, and more Avatch-glass shaped than bowl shaped. The consequence is that the fossa fenestrae ovalis and the ductus
19 CRANIUM OF CACOSTERNUM 293 fenestrae vestibuli both appear to be smaller than in the larger species, although the increase in height compensates for the TEXT-FIG. 10 a, b, c, d. Consecutive transverse sections through the sound conducting apparatus of C. capense. opm., operculum; pb.p.m.p., posterior boundary of the pars media; p.i.p., pars interna plectri; IX, ninth cranial nerve. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. decrease in breadth. Posteriorly the operculum acquires the usual bowl-like shape again (Text-fig. 11). The musculus opercularis is comparatively enormous and joined by means of an NO. 294 u
20 294 C. G. S. DE VILLIERS aponeurosis to the musculus levator scapulae. The opercular muscle is attached to the operculum, which develops a special tubercle or tuberosity for this purpose: the tubercle is absent in C* capense although the muscle is present. According to TEXT-FIG. 11. spsc m L tb- Transverse section through the opercular region of the ear of C. bottgeri. f.f.o., fossa fenestrae ovalis; f.o., f enestra ovalis; m.l.s., musoulus levator scapulae; m.op., musculus opercularis; spsc, suprascapula; tb., tubercle for opercular muscle. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. Versluys (1924) an operculum was evolved as a response to terrestrial life; C. bottgeri should therefore be more terrestrial than C. capense. Of the latter species I may definitely accentuate the aquatic habits and the same is probably true of C. bottgeri. The hyoid apparatus was imbedded and sectioned with
21 CRANIUM OF CACOSTBRNUM 295 the skull, but was also dissected out to make sure of the gross anatomy. It was found to be so similar to that of E a n a, that it was not considered necessary to give a drawing of it. The bay between the manubria is a little shallower than in E a n a, the processes alares taper slightly more towards their posterior tips, and the processes thyroidei are comparatively longer, so that they are still encountered in section towards the posterior limits of the coracosternum. This arrangement is, however, quite secondary and is due to the forward position of the shoulder girdle in the genus. The hyale is fused to the base of the otic capsule behind the processus basalis. The processes anteriores are absent. The hyoid apparatus in C. bottgeri is very similar to that of C. capense, but the thyroids are not prolonged posteriorly to such an extent; possibly the pectoral girdle is not so considerably shifted forwards as in the larger species. The hyale, moreover, is not fused with the otic capsule, but merely articulates with it, in a fossa below the lower lip of the fenestra ovalis (Text-fig. 12). It should be further noted that the thyroid processes in both species possess well-developed marrow cavities but end posteriorly in long cartilaginous tips. The loaver jaw lacks all traces of the peculiar modifications encountered in Phrynomerus, and agrees in all essential details with that of E a n a. The mento-mandibular is, however, ossified perichondrally only in the form of a sheath to Meckel's cartilage, Avhereas in Eana enchondral ossification is also initiated. The same conditions prevail in C. bottgeri as in C. capense. COMPARISON OF THE SKULL OF CACOSTBRNUM WITH THAT OF PHRYNOMERUS. The reasons for investigating the skulls of Phrynomerus and Cacosternum were (1) to give some new histological details of the A n u r a n skull in general, (2) to ascertain whether the two Brevicipitid (Engyostomatid) genera are allied, as the absence of a procoracoid might lead one to expect, and (3) to attempt to enumerate some cranial characters by which these two genera are both distinguishable from Eanids; in other words, to attempt to discover some specific Brevicipitid-Engyo- U2
22 296 C. G. S. DE VILLIEBS stomatid cranial characters. It will probably be most convenient to tabulate the evidence under the headings of the various cranial unities. A. The vestibule of the olfactory organ. The vestibular ' Wiilste' described by Gaupp for Eana are developed in both TEXT-FIG. 12. Transverse section through the otic region of the skull of C. b geri to show the method of articulation of the hyale. f-hy., fossa in otic capsule for the hyale; j?.&., processus basalis. Other abbreviations as for previous figures. species of Cacosternum, and in Phrynomerus. The plica obliqua is suspended in Eana from the tectum nasi; in the Brevicipitids the plica is short and blunt and suspended from the cartilago obliqua. B. The prenasal cartilages are present in the Brevicipitids as in Sana, C. The premaxilla is toothed in C. bottgeri and C. cap ens e but edentulous in C. namaquense (Werner, 1910)
23 CRANIUM OF CACOSTERNUM 297 and Phrynomerus. [Noble has repeatedly maintained that no great systematic value can be attached to the absence or presence of teeth. The South African Heleophryne would, according to Noble, have to be considered as a 'toothed Bufonid']. D. The maxilla is separated from the outer palatal squame of the premaxilla in Phrynomerus only. E. The eminentia olf actoria is very high in Phrynomerus, normal in Cacosternum and Eana. ~F. The vomer in Phrynomerus is considerably prolonged into the choana; in Eana and Cacosternum such dorsoventral enlargement of the bone does not occur. G. The palatine in Phrynomerus fuses with the vomer to form a vomero-palatine, but in Eana and Cacosternum the two bones are wide apart. H. The recessus sacciformis is large in Eana, diminished in Cacosternum, and purely vestigial in Phrynomerus. I. The nasals in Phrynomerus and Eana leave little of the anterior portion of the os en ceinture exposed, whereas in the Cacosternum-Anhydrophryne group the os en ceinture is prolonged anteriorly between the nasals, which are small and laterally placed. J. Phrynomerus has two prechoanal sacs, Cacosternum an unpaired one, whereas in Eana the structure is absent. The organ in the Brevicipitids is to be derived from a prechoanal fusion of the ' Gaumenleisten', and not improbably represents buccal vestiges of Jacobson's organ, which is supposed to be reduced to the recessus medialis in Anura. K. The os en ceinture is paired in Phrynomerus, and notched posteriorly in Cacosternum, whereas in Eana it is girdle-like as its name implies. The lateral trabecular derivates bounding the fenestra parieto-frontalis are cartilaginous in Phrynomerus and C. bottgeri but ossified in C. capense and Eana. L. The parieto-frontal bones are mere lateral tracts in Phrynomerus and Cacosternurn, whereas in Eana they are broad and closely approximated mid-dorsally. Whereas the dorsal cranial roof in the latter genus is therefore bony, it
24 298 C. G. S. DE VILLIERS is formed by thick, denselyfibrousconnective tissue joining the two parieto-frontals in the two Brevicipitid genera. M. The optic and pro-otic foramina are bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by bone in Phrynomerus. In Cacosternum the Eanid type prevails, in which the anterior margin of the optic foramen is not reached by the os en ceinture. N. The otic capsule in Phrynomerus lacks the supra- and sub-cristal ossifications. Weak ossification of the otic capsule is also a feature of Cacosternum, particularly of C. capense. 0. The transverse taenia of the Eanid cranial roof is absent in both Brevicipitid genera and also in Arthroleptella. P. The occipital region of the adult Anuran skull is remarkably constant in structure. The exoccipitals are joined ventrally by the persistent planum basale. All traces of an intracranial notochord disappear. In C. capense the foramen magnum possesses a deep dorsal notch. Q. The parasphenoid shows no appreciable variation. E. The paraquadrate is comparatively short in Phrynomerus and inclined to fuse with or invade the crista, which is ossified. In Cacosternum the crista is cartilaginous, encapsuled, but not invaded by the paraquadrate although the separating connective-tissue lamella disappears. S. The pterygoid invades and fuses with the ossified periphery of the processus basalis in Phrynomerus. This does not take place in Cacosternum, in which the separating connective tissue merely disappears. No histological details are available for Ran a. T. The quadratomaxillary invades the articular division of the quadrate process in Ran a (Gaupp), Arthroleptella, and Phrynomerus. In Cacosternum the quadrate cartilage is not ossified, but merely overlain directly by the quadratomaxillary. U. The two Brevicipitid genera differ from Rana in the absence of a processus ascendens plectri and in the incompleteness of the annulus tympanicus. They share these features with Arthroleptella. The middle ear and Eustachian tube are present in all the three non-eanid genera mentioned as well as in Rana. The plectrum and operculum are Eanid, except for
25 CRANIUM OF CACOSTERNUM 299 the following differences. The operculum is particularly large and shallow in G. bottgeri, and develops a relatively large musculus opercularis attached to a special tuberosity. I have not seen an opercular muscle in Phrynomerus. The pars externa plectri is enlarged to form an extraplectral imbedded in the mesodermal layer of the tympanic membrane in the two Brevicipitid genera, but not in Ran a. The pars media plectri lies ventral to the crista in Phrynomerus, but in Cacostern u m is closely applied to the ventral lip of the fenestra ovalis as in Ran a. V. The hyalia are fused with the otic region of the skull except in C. bottgeri. The Brevicipitid genera lack the anterior processes of the hyoid apparatus, present in Rana. The alar processes of Cacosternum are like those of Rana, but they are enlarged and blade-like in Phrynomerus; in the latter genus, as well as in Cacosternum, the thyroid processes are met with in the pectoral region, a condition which may be due to the pectoral girdle being shifted forwards. The overlapping is most pronounced in C. capense. W. In the lower jaw the mento-mandibular is exclusively perichondrally ossified in Cacosternum. In Rana and Phrynomerus enchondral ossification also takes place. The latter genus has a remarkably specialized mental region, with backwardly directed diverticula of Meckel's cartilage and a modified gular musculature. These features are absent in Cacosternum and Rana. It is always dangerous to base affinities on the study of one particular system of organs only; it is therefore necessary to state explicitly that no final conclusion regarding the mutual relationships of Phrynomerus and Cacosternum can be arrived at by a comparison of their cephalic skeletons, but that the results embodied in this paper and the previous one on Phrynomerus may aid the solution of the problem. The whole question of the validity of the Brevicipitidae as an autonomous family of the Firmisternia, and of the monophyletic origin of the South African Brevicipitid genera, will be fully discussed in a dissertation by one of my students. I shall therefore restrict myself to the cephalic skeleton.
26 300 C. G. S. DE VILLTERS The most important feature which Phrynomerus and Cacosternum have in common is the extreme reduction of the parieto-frontal bones, and the connective-tissue-like nature of the pretectal cranial roof. Whether the feature is met with in any other Brevicipitids, I cannot say. The otic region of both genera is characterized by the incompleteness of the annulus tympanicus and the enlargement of the pars externa plectri to form an extraplectral cartilage embedded in the tympanic membrane. Moreover, the pars ascendens, effecting a junction of the pars externa plectri and the crista parotica, is not developed. But these features, as well as the absence of a taenia tecti transversalis, are not exclusively Brevicipitid, as they have been proved (de Villiers, 1929) also to occur in the Eanid Arthroleptella. The hyoid apparatus lacks the anterior processes in Phrynomerus and Cacosternum, but again comparative data for other genera are not available, and the processes are also absent in an arciferous toad, Bufo angusticeps. The relations of membrane bones like the paraquadrate, quadrato-maxillary and pterygoid, to the cartilages they invest are of great osteogenic interest but are probably not of systematic importance. Many features of the skull of Phrynomerus are indicative of extreme specialization and cannot be used for comparison with Cacosternum; such are, e.g., the presence of a vomeropalatine, the absence of a recessus sacciformis, the enlarged eminentia olfactoria and the intrachoanal elongation of the vomer. But these features probably represent individual characteristics of Phrynomerus and probably do not represent specifically Brevicipitid modifications. As far as comparative data are available, the skull of Anura, with the exception of Aglossa, which have become secondarily aquatic, is remarkably constant in structure, and great deviation from the Eanid type should not be expected and has not been recorded in the extant literature on the subject. But it is hoped that the account of the anatomy of the microtomized skulls of Phrynomerus and Cacosternum may help to revive interest in the osteology of one of the most primitive groups of terrestrial vertebrates; their phylogeny may be obscure, but as
27 CRANIUM OF CACOSTBENUM 301 a group they are at any rate end-products of evolution and their genealogy is not obscured by phylogenetic neoteny, as is the case with the Urodeles. Stellenbosoh, April, LITERATURE CITED. For a more comprehensive list, the reader is referred to the Author's paper on. Phrynomerus ; the following are additional references: Andersson, L. G. (1911). "Reptiles, Batrachians, and Fishes collected by the Swedish Expedition to British East Africa. 2. Batrachians", 'Svenska Vetensk. Akad. Handl,', vol. xlvii. Boulenger, G. A. (1882). 'Catalogue of the Batrachia salientia sive ecaudata in the collection of the British Museum', 2nd ed. (1887). "Description of new Reptiles and Batrachians in the British Museum", Part III, 'An. and Mag. Nat. Hist.', vol. xx. (1906-9). "A revised list of the South African Reptiles and Batrachians", 'An. S. Afr. Mus.', vol. v. Gaupp, E. (1904). 'Die Anatomie des Frosches', Bd. 3. Hewitt, J. (1911). "A Key to the species of the South African Batrachia together with some notes on the specific characters and a synopsis of the known facts of their distribution", 'Rec. Albany Mus.', vol. ii. (1919). "Anhydrophryne rattrayi, a remarkable new frog from Cape Colony", 'Rec. Albany Mus.', vol. iii. (1925). "On some new species of Reptiles and Amphibians from South Africa", ibid. (1926). "Descriptions of some new species of Batrachians and Lizards from South Africa", 'An. Natal Mus.', vol. v. Krause, R. (1923). "Mikroskopische Anatomie der Wirbeltiere in Einzeldarstellungen", Teil III, 'Amphibien'. Berlin, de Gruyter. Methuen, P. (1913). "The Percy Sladen Memorial Expedition to Great Namaqualand, : Zoology", 'An. Trvl. Mus.', vol. iv. Nieden, F. (1926). "Anura II: Engyostomatidae" : 49ste Lieferung des 'Tierreichs'. Berlin, de Gruyter. Noble, G. K. (1922). "The Phylogeny of the Salientia: I. The osteology and the thigh musculature; their bearing on classification and phylogeny", 'Bui. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.', vol. xlvi. (1924). "Contributions to the herpetology of the Belgian Congo, based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition, ", 'Bui. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.', vol. xlix. and Parker, H. W. (1926). "A synopsis of the Brevicipitid toads of Madagascar", 'Am. Mus. Novitas', No (1926 a). "The Importance of larval characters in the classification of South African Salientia", ibid., No. 237.
28 802 C. G. S. DB VILLIBRS Noble, G. K. (1927). "The value of life-history data in the study of the evolution of Amphibia", 'An. N. Yk. Ac. So.', vol. xxx. Power, J. H. (1927). "Some tadpoles from Griqualand West", 'Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Afr.', vol. xiv. Versluys, J. en anderen (1924). 'Leerboek der vergelijkende Ontleedkunde van de Vertebraten', Deel II. Utrecht, Oosthoek. Villiers, C. G. S. de (1929). "The Development of a Species of Arthroleptella from Jonkershoek, Stellenbosch", 'S. Afr. Journ. Sc.', vol. xxvi. (1929 a). "Some observations on the breeding habits of the Anura of the Stellenbosch Flats, in particular of Cacosternum capense and Bufo angusticeps", 'An. Trvl. Mus.', vol. xiii. (1930). " On the Cranial Characters of the South African Brevicipitid, Phrynomerus bifasciatus", 'Quar. Journ. Micr. Sci.', vol. 73. Werner, F. (1910). 'Eeptilia et Amphibia aus den zoologischen und anthropologischen Ergebnissen einer Forschungsreise im westlichen und zentralen Siidafrika', Bd. IV.
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 782 THE AmzRICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Feb. 20, 1935 New York City 56.81, 7 G (68) A NOTE ON THE CYNODONT, GLOCHINODONTOIDES GRACILIS HAUGHTON BY LIEUWE
More informationHONR219D Due 3/29/16 Homework VI
Part 1: Yet More Vertebrate Anatomy!!! HONR219D Due 3/29/16 Homework VI Part 1 builds on homework V by examining the skull in even greater detail. We start with the some of the important bones (thankfully
More informationCONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE. CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF SOME RANID GENERA OF FROGS. Part I. By L. S. RAMASWAMI, M.SC.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE. CRANIAL MORPHOLOGY OF SOME RANID GENERA OF FROGS. Part I. By L. S. RAMASWAMI, M.SC. Department of Zoology, Zi niversity of Mysore, Bangalore. Received June 30, 1934.
More informationAnatomy. Name Section. The Vertebrate Skeleton
Name Section Anatomy The Vertebrate Skeleton Vertebrate paleontologists get most of their knowledge about past organisms from skeletal remains. Skeletons are useful for gleaning information about an organism
More informationMammalogy Laboratory 1 - Mammalian Anatomy
Mammalogy Laboratory 1 - Mammalian Anatomy I. The Goal. The goal of the lab is to teach you skeletal anatomy of mammals. We will emphasize the skull because many of the taxonomically important characters
More informationSOME LITTLE-KNOWN FOSSIL LIZARDS FROM THE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM issued SWsK \ {^^m ^V ^^ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 91 Washington : 1941 No. 3124 SOME LITTLE-KNOWN FOSSIL LIZARDS FROM THE OLIGOCENE
More informationBiology 3315 Comparative Vertebrate Morphology Skulls and Visceral Skeletons
Biology 3315 Comparative Vertebrate Morphology Skulls and Visceral Skeletons 1. Head skeleton of lamprey Cyclostomes are highly specialized in both the construction of the chondrocranium and visceral skeleton.
More informationExceptional fossil preservation demonstrates a new mode of axial skeleton elongation in early ray-finned fishes
Supplementary Information Exceptional fossil preservation demonstrates a new mode of axial skeleton elongation in early ray-finned fishes Erin E. Maxwell, Heinz Furrer, Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra Supplementary
More informationWilliston, and as there are many fairly good specimens in the American
56.81.7D :14.71.5 Article VII.- SOME POINTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE DIADECTID SKULL. BY R. BROOM. The skull of Diadectes has been described by Cope, Case, v. Huene, and Williston, and as there are many
More informationA NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN THEROMORPHA
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF AMERICAN THEROMORPHA MYCTEROSAURUS LONGICEPS S. W. WILLISTON University of Chicago The past summer, Mr. Herman Douthitt, of the University of Chicago paleontological expedition,
More informationA NEW GENUS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN LEPTODACTYLID
A NEW GENUS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN LEPTODACTYLID FROG CRINIA DARLINGTONI by MICHAEL J. TYLER South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia With five text-figures INTRODUCTION Crinia darlingtoni Loveridge,
More informationA new species of torrent toad (Genus Silent Valley, S. India
Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anirn. ScL), Vol. 90, Number 2, March 1981, pp. 203-208. Printed in India. A new species of torrent toad (Genus Silent Valley, S. India Allsollia) from R S PILLAI and R PATTABIRAMAN
More informationTHE SKULLS OF ARAEOSCELIS AND CASEA, PERMIAN REPTILES
THE SKULLS OF REOSCELIS ND CSE, PERMIN REPTILES University of Chicago There are few Permian reptiles of greater interest at the present time than the peculiar one I briefly described in this journal' three
More informationCENE RUMINANTS OF THE GENERA OVIBOS AND
DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES OF PLEISTO- CENE RUMINANTS OF THE GENERA OVIBOS AND BOOTHERIUM, WITH NOTES ON THE LATTER GENUS. By James Williams Gidley, Of the United States National Museum. Two interesting
More information2. Skull, total length versus length of the presacral vertebral column: (0); extremely elongated neck (e.g. Tanystropheus longobardicus).
Character list of the taxon-character data set 1. Skull and lower jaws, interdental plates: absent (0); present, but restricted to the anterior end of the dentary (1); present along the entire alveolar
More informationOCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
OCCASIONAL PAPERS OF THE MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY ~- UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN A NEW FROG FROM BRITISH GUIANA A collection received by the IIuseum of Zoology froin British Gniana some time ago includes a single
More informationcomplex in cusp pattern. (3) The bones of the coyote skull are thinner, crests sharper and the
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN THE SKULLS OF S AND DOGS Grover S. Krantz Archaeological sites in the United States frequently yield the bones of coyotes and domestic dogs. These two canines are very similar both
More informationPostilla PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY YALE UNIVERSITY NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A.
Postilla PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY YALE UNIVERSITY NEW HAVEN, CONNECTICUT, U.S.A. Number 117 18 March 1968 A 7DIAPSID (REPTILIA) PARIETAL FROM THE LOWER PERMIAN OF OKLAHOMA ROBERT L. CARROLL REDPATH
More informationA skull without mandihle, from the Hunterian Collection (no.
4 MR. G. A. BOULENGER ON CHELONIAN REMAINS. [Jan. 6, 2. On some Chelonian Remains preserved in the Museum of the Eojal College of Surgeons. By G. A. Boulenger. [Eeceived December 8, 1890.] In the course
More informationMammalogy Lecture 8 - Evolution of Ear Ossicles
Mammalogy Lecture 8 - Evolution of Ear Ossicles I. To begin, let s examine briefly the end point, that is, modern mammalian ears. Inner Ear The cochlea contains sensory cells for hearing and balance. -
More informationList of characters used in the phylogenetic analysis. Capital letters T, R, and L, refer to
1 Supplementary data CHARACTER LIST List of characters used in the phylogenetic analysis. Capital letters T, R, and L, refer to characters used by Tchernov et al. (2000), Rieppel, et al. (2002), and Lee
More informationFrog Dissection Information Manuel
Frog Dissection Information Manuel Anatomical Terms: Used to explain directions and orientation of a organism Directions or Positions: Anterior (cranial)- toward the head Posterior (caudal)- towards the
More informationv:ii-ixi, 'i':;iisimvi'\>!i-:: "^ A%'''''-'^-''S.''v.--..V^'E^'-'-^"-t''gi L I E) R.ARY OF THE VERSITY U N I or ILLINOIS REMO
"^ A%'''''-'^-''S.''v.--..V^'E^'-'-^"-t''gi v:ii-ixi, 'i':;iisimvi'\>!i-:: L I E) R.ARY OF THE U N I VERSITY or ILLINOIS REMO Natural History Survey Librarv GEOLOGICAL SERIES OF FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL
More informationReprinted from: CRUSTACEANA, Vol. 32, Part 2, 1977 LEIDEN E. J. BRILL
Reprinted from: CRUSTACEANA, Vol. 32, Part 2, 1977 LEIDEN E. J. BRILL NOTES AND NEWS 207 ALPHE0PS1S SHEARMII (ALCOCK & ANDERSON): A NEW COMBINATION WITH A REDESCRIPTION OF THE HOLOTYPE (DECAPODA, ALPHEIDAE)
More informationFURTHER STUDIES ON TWO SKELETONS OF THE BLACK RIGHT WHALE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC
FURTHER STUDIES ON TWO SKELETONS OF THE BLACK RIGHT WHALE IN THE NORTH PACIFIC HIDEO OMURA, MASAHARU NISHIWAKI* AND TOSHIO KASUYA* ABSTRACT Two skeletons of the black right whale were studied, supplementing
More informationComparative Osteology of the Genus Pachytriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Southeastern China
Asian Herpetological Research 2012, 3(2): 83 102 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1245.2012.00083 Comparative Osteology of the Genus Pachytriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Southeastern China Yunke WU 1, Yuezhao WANG
More informationONLINE APPENDIX 1. Morphological phylogenetic characters scored in this paper. See Poe (2004) for
ONLINE APPENDIX Morphological phylogenetic characters scored in this paper. See Poe () for detailed character descriptions, citations, and justifications for states. Note that codes are changed from a
More informationTHE UNIVERSITY ILL OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. V. 6 cop
THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 5705 ILL V. 6 cop A- Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. A charge is made on all overdue books. JUL 1 3 mu. of I. Library
More informationVol. XIV, No. 1, March, The Larva and Pupa of Brontispa namorikia Maulik (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) By S.
Vol. XIV, No. 1, March, 1950 167 The Larva and Pupa of Brontispa namorikia Maulik (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) By S. MAULIK BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) (Presented by Mr. Van Zwaluwenburg
More informationTHE GORGONOPSIAN GENUS, HIPPOSAURUS, AND THE FAMILY ICTIDORHINIDAE * Dr. L.D. Boonstra. Paleontologist, South African Museum, Cape Town
THE GORGONOPSIAN GENUS, HIPPOSAURUS, AND THE FAMILY ICTIDORHINIDAE * by Dr. L.D. Boonstra Paleontologist, South African Museum, Cape Town In 1928 I dug up the complete skeleton of a smallish gorgonopsian
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Character 155, interdental ridges. Absence of interdental ridge (0) shown in Parasaniwa wyomingensis (Platynota). Interdental ridges (1) shown in Coniophis precedens. WWW.NATURE.COM/NATURE 1 Character
More informationNew Carnivorous Dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia
1955 Doklady, Academy of Sciences USSR 104 (5):779-783 New Carnivorous Dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia E. A. Maleev (translated by F. J. Alcock) The present article is a summary containing
More informationA new species of Hsisosuchus (Mesoeucrocodylia) from Dashanpu, Zigong Municipality, Sichuan Province
A new species of Hsisosuchus (Mesoeucrocodylia) from Dashanpu, Zigong Municipality, Sichuan Province Yuhui Gao (Zigong Dinosaur Museum) Vertebrata PalAsiatica Volume 39, No. 3 July, 2001 pp. 177-184 Translated
More informationOF THE TRIAS THE PHYTOSAURIA
THE PHYTOSAURIA OF THE TRIAS MAURICE G. MEHL University of Wisconsin Some time ago the writer gave a brief notice of a new genus of phytosaurs of which Angistorhinus grandis Mehl was the type.' It is the
More information.56 m. (22 in.). COMPSOGNATHOID DINOSAUR FROM THE. Medicine Bow, Wyoming, by the American Museum Expedition
Article XII.-ORNITHOLESTES HERMANNI, A NEW COMPSOGNATHOID DINOSAUR FROM THE UPPER JURASSIC. By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN. The type skeleton (Amer. Mus. Coll. No. 6I9) of this remarkable animal was discovered
More informationThe family Gnaphosidae is a large family
Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 36(4), pp. 307-312, 2004. New Species of Zelotus Spider (Araneae: Gnaphosidae) from Pakistan ABIDA BUTT AND M.A. BEG Department of Zoology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
More informationFig. 5. (A) Scaling of brain vault size (width measured at the level of anterior squamosal/parietal suture) relative to skull size (measured at the
Fig. 5. (A) Scaling of brain vault size (width measured at the level of anterior squamosal/parietal suture) relative to skull size (measured at the distance between the left versus right temporomandibular
More informationThe Egyptian German Society for Zoology. The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology.
The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology (2012) 65, 214 219 The Egyptian German Society for Zoology The Journal of Basic & Applied Zoology www.egsz.org www.sciencedirect.com Studies on the ontogeny of Streptopelia
More informationBiology 340 Comparative Embryology Lecture 12 Dr. Stuart Sumida. Evo-Devo Revisited. Development of the Tetrapod Limb
Biology 340 Comparative Embryology Lecture 12 Dr. Stuart Sumida Evo-Devo Revisited Development of the Tetrapod Limb Limbs whether fins or arms/legs for only in particular regions or LIMB FIELDS. Primitively
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAD AND NECK PLACODES
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEAD AND NECK Placodes and the development of organs of special sense L. Moss-Salentijn PLACODES Localized thickened areas of specialized ectoderm, lateral to the neural crest, at the
More informationLab 2 Skeletons and Locomotion
Lab 2 Skeletons and Locomotion Objectives The objectives of this and next week's labs are to introduce you to the comparative skeletal anatomy of vertebrates. As you examine the skeleton of each lineage,
More informationCRANIAL OSTEOLOGY OF SCHIZOTHORAICHTHYS NIGER (MECKEL) MISRA (CYPRINIDAE: SCHIZOTHORACINAE). L NEUROCRANIUM
CRANIAL OSTEOLOGY OF SCHIZOTHORAICHTHYS NIGER (MECKEL) MISRA (CYPRINIDAE: SCHIZOTHORACINAE). L NEUROCRANIUM A. R. YousuF, A. K. PANDIT AND A. R. KHAN Postgraduate Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir,
More informationVERTEBRATE READING. Fishes
VERTEBRATE READING Fishes The first vertebrates to become a widespread, predominant life form on earth were fishes. Prior to this, only invertebrates, such as mollusks, worms and squid-like animals, would
More informationAN INTERPRETATION OF THE SKULL OF BUETTNERIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CARTILAGES AND SOFT PARTS
CONTBIBUTIONS FFt6~ THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN VOL VI, No. 6, pp. 71-111. (14 figs.) OCLY)BEB 1, 1941 AN INTERPRETATION OF THE SKULL OF BUETTNERIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE
More informationNow the description of the morphology and ecology are recorded as follows: Megophrys glandulosa Fei, Ye et Huang, new species
12 Description of two new species of the Genus Megophiys, Pelobatidae ( Amphibia: Anura ) from China Liang Fei, Chang-yiian Ye (Chengdu Institute of Biology, Academia Sinica 610015) Yong-zhao Huang (Chongqing
More informationDevelopment of the Skull of the Hawksbill Seaturtle, Eretmochelys imbricata
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 274:1124 1142 (2013) Development of the Skull of the Hawksbill Seaturtle, Eretmochelys imbricata Christopher A. Sheil* Department of Biology, John Carroll University, 20700 North
More informationON THE FPERYLOSIS OF THE BLACK-THROATED DIVER.
ON THE FPERYLOSIS OF THE BLACK-THROATED DIVER. BY W. P. PYCRAFT. IT is surely a matter for regret that so little interest has been taken in that side of ornithology which concerns structural characters,
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE MATERIAL FOR. Nirina O. Ratsimbaholison, Ryan N. Felice, and Patrick M. O connor
http://app.pan.pl/som/app61-ratsimbaholison_etal_som.pdf SUPPLEMENTARY ONLINE MATERIAL FOR Nirina O. Ratsimbaholison, Ryan N. Felice, and Patrick M. O connor Ontogenetic changes in the craniomandibular
More informationLesson 16. References: Chapter 9: Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 9:
Lesson 16 Lesson Outline: Phylogeny of Skulls, and Feeding Mechanisms in Fish o Agnatha o Chondrichthyes o Osteichthyes (Teleosts) Phylogeny of Skulls and Feeding Mechanisms in Tetrapods o Temporal Fenestrations
More informationAnat. Labor. of Prof. H. SETO, Tohoku University, On the Sensory Terminations Formed along the Ductus
Anat. Labor. of Prof. H. SETO, Tohoku University, Sendai. On the Sensory Terminations Formed along the Ductus Pancreaticus in Cat. The existence of PACINIan bodies in the pancreas of mammals, especially
More informationA NEW SPECIES OF EXTINCT TURTLE FROM THE UPPER PLIOCENE OF IDAHO
A NEW SPECIES OF EXTINCT TURTLE FROM THE UPPER PLIOCENE OF IDAHO By Charles W. Gilmore Curator, Division of Vertebrate Paleontology United States National Museum Among the fossils obtained bj^ the Smithsonian
More informationPhylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms The Acoelomates The acoelomates are animals that lack a coelom. Acoelomates lack a body cavity, and instead the space between the body wall and the digestive tract is filled
More informationNotes on Ceratopsians and Ankylosaurs at the Royal Ontario Museum
Notes on Ceratopsians and Ankylosaurs at the Royal Ontario Museum Andrew A. Farke, Ph.D. Raymond M. Alf Museum of Paleontology 1175 West Baseline Road Claremont, CA 91711 email: afarke@webb.org Introduction
More informationXXI.- ON TWO NEW SPECIES OI"~ EAGLE RAYS (MYLIOBATIDlE), WITH NOTES ON THE SKULL OF THE GENUS CERATOPTERA.
XXI.- ON TWO NEW SPECIES OI~ EAGLE RAYS (MYLIOBATIDlE), WITH NOTES ON THE SKULL OF THE GENUS CERATOPTERA. By R. E. LLOYD, M.B., B.Sc., Capt., I.M.S., formerly Surgeon Naturalist, Marine Survey of India.
More informationCranial osteology of the African gerrhosaurid Angolosaurus skoogi (Squamata; Gerrhosauridae) HOLLY A. NANCE
African Journal of Herpetology, 2007 56(1): 39-75. Herpetological Association of Africa Original article Cranial osteology of the African gerrhosaurid Angolosaurus skoogi (Squamata; Gerrhosauridae) HOLLY
More informationAnimal Form and Function. Amphibians. United by several distinguishing apomorphies within the Vertebrata
Animal Form and Function Kight Amphibians Class Amphibia (amphibia = living a double life) United by several distinguishing apomorphies within the Vertebrata 1. Skin Thought Question: For whom are integumentary
More informationOSTEOLOGICAL NOTE OF AN ANTARCTIC SEI WHALE
OSTEOLOGICAL NOTE OF AN ANTARCTIC SEI WHALE MASAHARU NISHIWAKI* AND TOSHIO KASUYA* ABSTRACT This is a report of measurements on the skeleton of a male se1 whale caught in the Antarctic. The skeleton of
More informationREVISION OF THE GENUS MARTINICHTHYS, MARINE FISH (TELESOSTEI, TSELFATIIFORMES) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF KANSAS (UNITED STATES)
1 REVISION OF THE GENUS MARTINICHTHYS, MARINE FISH (TELESOSTEI, TSELFATIIFORMES) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF KANSAS (UNITED STATES) TAVERNE L., 2000. Revision of the genus Martinichthys, marine fish (Teleostei,
More informationThe Head of Xenopus laevls.
The Head of Xenopus laevls. By Nellie F. Paterson, D.Se., Ph.D., Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. With Plates 9 to 16. CONTENTS. P A G E INTRODUCTION 161 LATERAL LINE
More informationCranial osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Hamadasuchus rebouli (Crocodyliformes: Mesoeucrocodylia) from the Cretaceous of Morocco
Blackwell Publishing LtdOxford, UKZOJZoological Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4082 2007 The Linnean Society of London? 2007 1494 533567 Original Articles HAMADASUCHUS REBOULIH. C. E. LARSSON and H.-D.
More informationSupplementary Information for: 3D morphometric analysis of fossil canid skulls contradicts
Supplementary Information for: 3D morphometric analysis of fossil canid skulls contradicts the suggested domestication of dogs during the late Paleolithic Abby Grace Drake 1, * Michael Coquerelle 2,3 Guillaume
More informationA NEW SPECIES OF TROODONT DINOSAUR FROM THE
A NEW SPECIES OF TROODONT DINOSAUR FROM THE LANCE FORMATION OF WYOMING By Charles W. Gilmore Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology, United States National Museum INTRODUCTION The intensive search to which
More informationA M E G H I N I A N A. Revista de la Asociación Paleontológia Argentina. Volume XV September-December 1978 Nos. 3-4
A M E G H I N I A N A Revista de la Asociación Paleontológia Argentina Volume XV September-December 1978 Nos. 3-4 COLORADIA BREVIS N. G. ET N. SP. (SAURISCHIA, PROSAUROPODA), A PLATEOSAURID DINOSAUR FROM
More informationCHAPTER 6 CRANIAL KINESIS IN PALAEOGNATHOUS BIRDS. 6. Cranial Kinesis in Palaeognathous Birds
6. Cranial Kinesis in Palaeognathous Birds CHAPTER 6 CRANIAL KINESIS IN PALAEOGNATHOUS BIRDS Summary In palaeognathous birds the morphology of the Pterygoid-Palatinum Complex (PPC) is remarkably different
More informationMammalogy Lab 1: Skull, Teeth, and Terms
Mammalogy Lab 1: Skull, Teeth, and Terms Be able to: Goals of today s lab Locate all structures listed on handout Define all terms on handout what they are or what they look like Give examples of mammals
More informationVertebrate Structure and Function
Vertebrate Structure and Function Part 1 - Comparing Structure and Function Classification of Vertebrates a. Phylum: Chordata Common Characteristics: Notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, hollow dorsal nerve
More informationOsteology, Natural History Notes, and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Poorly Known Caribbean Frog Leptodactylus nesiotus (Anura, Leptodactylidae)
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Biology Faculty Publications Biology 10-12-2010 Osteology, Natural History Notes, and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Poorly Known Caribbean Frog Leptodactylus
More informationDescription of Malacomys verschureni, a new Murid-species from Central Africa
(Rev. ZooI. afr., 91, no 3) (A paru Ie 30 septembre 1977). Description of Malacomys verschureni, a new Murid-species from Central Africa (Mammalia - Muridae) By W.N. VERHEYEN ANDE. VAN DER STRAETEN * (Antwerpen)
More informationCretaceous, toothed pterosaurs from Brazil. A reappraisal
5. Preliminary description of a skull and wing of a Brazilian Cretaceous (Santana Formation; Aptian Albian) pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea) in the collection of the AMNH 34 5.1. Introduction The collection
More informationLesson 7. References: Chapter 6: Chapter 12: Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 6:
Lesson 7 Lesson Outline: Embryonic Origins of the Dermis Specializations of the Dermis o Scales in Fish o Dermal Armour in Tetrapods Epidermal/Dermal Interactions o Feathers o Hair o Teeth Objectives:
More informationYANGCHUANOSAURUS HEPINGENSIS - A NEW SPECIES OF CARNOSAUR FROM ZIGONG, SICHUAN
Vol. 30, No. 4 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA pp. 313-324 October 1992 [SICHUAN ZIGONG ROUSHILONG YI XIN ZHONG] figs. 1-5, pl. I-III YANGCHUANOSAURUS HEPINGENSIS - A NEW SPECIES OF CARNOSAUR FROM ZIGONG, SICHUAN
More informationDiurus, Pascoe. sp. 1). declivity of the elytra, but distinguished. Length (the rostrum and tails 26 included) mm. Deep. exception
210 DIURUS ERYTIIROPUS. NOTE XXVI. Three new species of the Brenthid genus Diurus, Pascoe DESCRIBED BY C. Ritsema+Cz. 1. Diurus erythropus, n. sp. 1). Allied to D. furcillatus Gylh. ²) by the short head,
More informationA New Pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan
A New Pterosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan by Xinlu He (Chengdu College of Geology) Daihuan Yang (Chungking Natural History Museum, Sichuan Province) Chunkang Su (Zigong Historical
More information1. Examine the specimens of sponges on the lab table. Which of these are true sponges? Explain your answers.
Station #1 - Porifera 1. Examine the specimens of sponges on the lab table. Which of these are true sponges? Explain your answers. 2. Sponges are said to have an internal special skeleton. Examine the
More informationZOOTAXA ISSN (online edition)
Zootaxa 1403: 37 54 (2007) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Copyright 2007 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) ZOOTAXA ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) Osteological characterization of four putative species
More information( M amenchisaurus youngi Pi, Ouyang et Ye, 1996)
39 4 2001 10 V ERTEBRATA PALASIATICA pp. 266 271 fig. 1,pl. I ( 643013), ( M amenchisaurus hochuanensis),,, Q915. 864 1995 12 31 (ZDM0126) ( M amenchisau rus hochuanensis Young et Chao, 1972),,, ZDM0126
More informationProceeding of the SEVC Southern European Veterinary Conference
www.ivis.org Proceeding of the SEVC Southern European Veterinary Conference Oct. 17-19, 2008 Barcelona, Spain http://www.sevc.info Reprinted in the IVIS website with the permission of the SEVC www.ivis.org
More informationAnimal Diversity III: Mollusca and Deuterostomes
Animal Diversity III: Mollusca and Deuterostomes Objectives: Be able to identify specimens from the main groups of Mollusca and Echinodermata. Be able to distinguish between the bilateral symmetry on a
More informationFIRST RECORD OF MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS FROM FORMOSA
FIRST RECORD OF MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS FROM FORMOSA TOSHIO KASUYA* AND MASAHARU NISHIWAKI* ABSTRACT Two records of female Mesoplodon densirostris are reported. Comments on the external character, skull
More informationOsteology and Relationships of the Eel Diastobranchus capensis (Pisces, Synaphobranchidae) I
Pacific Science (1975), Vol. 29, No.2, p. 159-163 Printed in Great Britain Osteology and Relationships of the Eel Diastobranchus capensis (Pisces, Synaphobranchidae) I P. H. J. CASTLE2 ABSTRACT: An osteological
More informationBREVIORA LEUCOLEPIDOPA SUNDA GEN. NOV., SP. NOV. (DECAPODA: ALBUNEIDAE), A NEW INDO-PACIFIC SAND CRAB. Ian E. Efford 1
ac lc BREVIORA CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 30 APRIL, 1969 NUMBER 318 LEUCOLEPIDOPA SUNDA GEN. NOV., SP. NOV. (DECAPODA: ALBUNEIDAE), A NEW INDO-PACIFIC SAND CRAB Ian E. Efford 1 ABSTRACT. Leucolepidopa gen. nov.
More informationSkulls & Evolution. 14,000 ya cro-magnon. 300,000 ya Homo sapiens. 2 Ma Homo habilis A. boisei A. robustus A. africanus
Skulls & Evolution Purpose To illustrate trends in the evolution of humans. To demonstrate what you can learn from bones & fossils. To show the adaptations of various mammals to different habitats and
More informationmuscles (enhancing biting strength). Possible states: none, one, or two.
Reconstructing Evolutionary Relationships S-1 Practice Exercise: Phylogeny of Terrestrial Vertebrates In this example we will construct a phylogenetic hypothesis of the relationships between seven taxa
More informationAmphibians. Land and Water Dwellers
Amphibians Land and Water Dwellers Amphibians Most amphibians do not live completely in the water or completely on land and most must return to water to reproduce http://potch74.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/amphibians.jpg
More informationModern Amphibian Diversity
Modern Amphibian Diversity 6,604 species (about the same number of mammals) 5,839 of these are frogs; 584 salamanders; 181 caecilians all continents except Antarctica mostly tropical caecilians Anura 88%
More informationNOTE XVII. Dr. A.A.W. Hubrecht. which should he in accordance with. of my predecessors. alive or in excellent. further
further either EUROPEAN NEMERTEANS. 93 NOTE XVII. New Species of European Nemerteans. First Appendix to Note XLIV, Vol. I BY Dr. A.A.W. Hubrecht In the above-mentioned note, published six months ago, several
More informationdevelopbd. It possesses the large humeral spines hitherto considered species discussed in the earlier paper. I have selected one of these
59.78(86) Article IX.-TWO NEW BATRACHIANS FROM COLOMBIA BY G. K. NOBLE In an earlier paper' I have indicated that a number of valuable collections of reptiles and amphibians from South America have been
More informationFish 2/26/13. Chordates 2. Sharks and Rays (about 470 species) Sharks etc Bony fish. Tetrapods. Osteichthans Lobe fins and lungfish
Chordates 2 Sharks etc Bony fish Osteichthans Lobe fins and lungfish Tetrapods ns Reptiles Birds Feb 27, 2013 Chordates ANCESTRAL DEUTEROSTOME Notochord Common ancestor of chordates Head Vertebral column
More informationCRANIAL ANATOMY OF ENNATOSAURUS TECTON (SYNAPSIDA: CASEIDAE) FROM THE MIDDLE PERMIAN OF RUSSIA AND THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS OF CASEIDAE
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28(1):160 180, March 2008 2008 by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology ARTICLE CRANIAL ANATOMY OF ENNATOSAURUS TECTON (SYNAPSIDA: CASEIDAE) FROM THE MIDDLE PERMIAN
More informationMan s Best Friend? Using Animal Bones to Solve an Archaeological Mystery*
Man s Best Friend? Using Animal Bones to Solve an Archaeological Mystery* by Elizabeth A. Scharf Department of Anthropology University of North Dakota Part I Too Good To Be True? May 28, 2018 As a specialist
More informationA DESCRIPTION OF CALLIANASSA MARTENSI MIERS, 1884 (DECAPODA, THALASSINIDEA) AND ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE NORTHERN ARABIAN SEA
Crustaceana 26 (3), 1974- E. J. BiiU, Leide A DESCRIPTION OF CALLIANASSA MARTENSI MIERS, 1884 (DECAPODA, THALASSINIDEA) AND ITS OCCURRENCE IN THE NORTHERN ARABIAN SEA BY NASIMA M. TIRMIZI Invertebrate
More informationDevelopment of the Skull of Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), With Comments on Skull Kinesis and Amphibian Relationships
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 173:203-223 (1982) Development of the Skull of Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona), With Comments on Skull Kinesis and Amphibian Relationships MARVALEE H. WAKE AND JAMES HANKEN
More informationTHE SKULLS OF THE CATHARTID
. 272 Vol. 46 THE SKULLS OF THE CATHARTID VULTURES By HARVEY I. FISHER The New World vultures, family Cathartidae, form a heterogeneous group of large birds which is now limited in its range to the Americas.
More informationTHE EFFECT OF MUTILATION ON THE TAPEWORM TAENIA TAENIAEFORMIS
THE EFFECT OF MUTILATION ON THE TAPEWORM TAENIA TAENIAEFORMIS JOE N. MILLER AND WM. P. BUNNER The reader is undoubtedly aware of work which has been done by Child (1910) and others in mutilating certain
More informationBeaufortia. (Rathke) ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM - AMSTERDAM. July. Three new commensal Ostracods from Limnoria lignorum
Beaufortia SERIES OF MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM - AMSTERDAM No. 34 Volume 4 July 30, 1953 Three new commensal Ostracods from Limnoria lignorum (Rathke) by A.P.C. de Vos (Zoological Museum,
More informationLEIDY, SHOWING THE BONES OF THE FEET 'AND LIMBS
CQNTEUBUTIONS FBOM THE MUSEUM OF PALEONTOLOGY (Confindion of Con&&&m froin UB Muaercm of Gcologg) UNIVERSITY OF ' MICHIGAN VOL V, No. 6, pp. 6W3 (e ph.) DEAXMBER 31,1036 A SPECIMEN OF STYLEMYS NEBRASCENSIS
More informationINVESTIGATIONS ON THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF MOLAR AND ZYGOMATIC SALIVARY GLANDS IN SHORTHAIR DOMESTIC CATS
Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine (2009), 12, No 4, 221 225 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF MOLAR AND ZYGOMATIC SALIVARY GLANDS IN SHORTHAIR DOMESTIC CATS Summary A. A. MOHAMMADPOUR Department
More informationAPPENDIX. 160 Miscellaneous Intelligence.
160 Miscellaneous Intelligence. OBITUARY. GENERAL ANDREW A. HUMPHREYS. Brigadier-General Andrew Atkinson Humphreys died in Washington, on the 28th of November last, in the seventy-fourth year of his age.
More informationBiology Slide 1 of 50
Biology 1 of 50 2 of 50 What Is a Reptile? What are the characteristics of reptiles? 3 of 50 What Is a Reptile? What Is a Reptile? A reptile is a vertebrate that has dry, scaly skin, lungs, and terrestrial
More information8/19/2013. Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes. What are some stem Amniotes? What are some stem Amniotes? The Amniotic Egg. What is an Amniote?
Topic 5: The Origin of Amniotes Where do amniotes fall out on the vertebrate phylogeny? What are some stem Amniotes? What is an Amniote? What changes were involved with the transition to dry habitats?
More information