10/29/14. Things to Consider. Common Care for Dogs & Cats. Direct Transfer. Zoonotic Disease. Transfer via waste. Vector borne

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1 Things to Consider Common Care for Dogs & Cats Zoonotic Disease Vaccines Surgery Prophylactics Intestinal Parasites Basic Maintenance Zoonotic Disease Pathogen can be transmitted from animal to human and vice versa Direct Transfer Rabies Cat scratch disease Ringworm Vector borne Tape worm = Dipylidium caninum Vector = flea Transfer via waste Leptospirosis Hookworm Toxoplasma Giardia Roundworm Campylobacter 1

2 What is a vaccine? Contains antigen of the disease Stimulates the immune system Prevents the disease Reduces the virulence Types of vaccines Live Modified life Killed There are many forms of vaccines Injection Subcutaneous (SQ) Intramuscular (IM) Intranasal Powdered feed/water additives What to consider? Age of animal Health of animal Species of animal Route of administration Dose Storage conditions Not effective immediately Puppy vs. Adult Unsure when passive immunity via maternal antibodies ceases to protect neonates Boosters required Adverse reactions Usually mild Usually localized Fever Lethargy Soreness 2

3 Severe reaction to vaccine Vomiting Salivating Incoordination Dyspnea Anaphylaxis Dog Vaccines Coronavirus Distemper Herpes Infectious hepatitis Lyme Disease Infectious tracheobronchitis (parainfluenza) Parvovirus Rabies Leptospirosis Kennel cough Cat Vaccines Intestinal Parasites Calcivirus/rhinotracheitis Infectious peritonitis FIV Leukemia Panleukopenia Rabies Silent until.... Imbalance! Oh danger!!!! Puppies Symptoms Poor growth (stunting) Dull hair coat Thin Lethargic Diarrhea Pot belly Anemic Adult Symptoms Brittle and dull coat Thin Lethargic Diarrhea Appetite is odd Mucoid stools 3

4 Diagnostic Tool Direct smear Only when there large numbers Floatation Concentrates so can detect a low number Giardia Direct smear 3 species: Giardia duodenalis, G. intestinalis, G. lamblia Protozoa Giardia continued Very common Rare problem in adults (age-associated immunity) Problem in puppy or in high numbers Transient diarrhea Mostly self-limiting Hookworms Hookworm: Life Cycle Ancyclostoma caninum Ingest larva that have hatched on the ground Can also penetrate paw pads Transmission through mom s milk Ingested or penetrate skin Eggs hatch and burrow into circulatory system Carried to lungs Coughed up and re-swallowed Land in small intestine 4

5 Hookworm: Symptoms Roundworms Cause tissue destruction and ulceration Can be fatal to puppies Anemia Dysentery Vomiting Ascaridiasis, Toxocara canis, Toxascaris leonina Very common Ingest roundworm eggs (not larva) Passed through placenta and mom s milk Roundworm: Life cycle Roundworm: Symptoms Follows the same path as hookworms Overt disease confined to puppies Colic, diarrhea, constipation and vomiting Potbelly Adults build up immunity Whipworms Trichuris vulpis Harder to diagnose Eggs are resistant Several treatments may be required Whipworm: Life Cycle Takes 2-4 weeks for larva to develop in egg Animal ingests egg Emerge in small intestine Migrate to cecum and colon Common treatment not effective 5

6 Whipworm: Symptoms Inhabit lower intestine so diarrhea not common Mostly asymptomatic Urge to defecate Mucoid stool flecked with bright blood Tapeworm Dipylidium caninum Vector = Ctenocephaldies canis More on tapeworms Coccidia Assymptomatic Feeds through their skin Proglottids are egg cases and released in stool Isospora canis Protozoa Age related immunity Typically found in shelters (10%) Can be lethal to immunocompromised Strongyloides Strongyloides Strongyloides stercoralis Seen if dog is kept on dirt In hot, wet climates Can live as a parasite or free living organism Often missed on fecal flotation (dense) Larva drill through dogs skin Migrate to lungs and up trachea and then swallowed Can cause pneumonia during migration 6

7 Cryptosporidium Protozoa C. parvum, C. felis Hard to ID because the cysts are very small Zoonotic Causes intestinal inflammation, dehydration, fever, weight loss Common Small Animal Surgery Spay Spay Neuter Ear Crop Tail Dock ACL Repair Blocked Cats Biopsy Dentistry Ovariohysterectomy Recommended about six months of age Decreases chance of breast cancer Eliminate developing pyometra Eliminates estrous Neuter Ear Crop and Tail Dock Castration Population control Behavior modification Eliminate cryptorchidism Eliminate cancer Mitigate UTI Cosmetic surgery Performed 6-12 weeks of age 7

8 CrCL (ACL) repair Stabilizes knee join Most common culprit of lameness, pain, knee arthritis Newfie and Labs are genetically predisposed Poor physical body condition can result in a ruptured CrCL Requires orthopedic surgeon Blocked Cats Cystotomy Perineal Urethrostomy ("PU"), Biopsy Dentistry Sample of tissue taken from body for the purpose of a closer examination Fine Needle Aspirate Punch Biopsy True cut biopsy Requires general anesthesia Ultrasonic machine Tooth extraction may be necessary Prophylactics Heartworm Heartworm preventative Flea preventative Foot long worms that live in heart, lungs and associated blood vessels Causes lung disease and heart failure 8

9 Life Cycle Stopped here..finish up HW and the rest Adults heartworms living in host produce baby worms called microfilaria Microfilaria circulate in bloodstream of pet Mosquito takes blood meal and ingests microfilaria Develop into infective stage in mosquito (takes days) Mosquito bites a dog and injects infective stage into the animal Life Cycle Continued Important distinction In 6 months, this worm will develop into an adult capable of making microfilaria Adults can live 5-7 years Heartguard SNAP Tests HW Borelleia Ehrlichia FeLeuk FIV 9

10 ELISA Ag-Ab relationship O Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay O Powerful diagnostic tool used to detect the presence of antibody or antigen in biological samples O Ag is anything non-self O Ab will bind to non-self items Methodology Capture ELISA O Ab-Ag relationship essential O Ag or Ab must be immobilized to a solid surface O Primary antibody O specific to the antigen in question O Secondary antibody O Treats primary antibody as antigen O Linked to an enzyme which will produce color when supplied with substrate O Used to detect Ag O Also called Sandwich ELISA O Very sensitive Step 1 Step 2 O A capturing antibody is adsorbed onto the solid phase O A sample containing the antigen to be measured is added 10

11 Step 3 & 4 O Enzyme-linked 2ºAb is added O Substrate is added to measure color Basic Maintenance Grooming Nail clip Anal gland expression Ear Clean Basic Maintenance 11