Inflammatory condition in the lungs Cause by: Bacteria Viruses Parasite Fungus Toxic gases

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2 Inflammatory condition in the lungs Cause by: Bacteria Viruses Parasite Fungus Toxic gases

3 Mannheima haemolytica* Pasteurella multocida* Haemophilus somnus* Arcanobacter pyogenes Pseudomona aeruginosa Echerichia coli Streptococcus spp. Sthapylococcus spp. Moraxella Salmonella spp. Bacteroides spp. Peptococcus indolicus Fusobacterium spp. Mycoplasma bovis*, M. dispar, M. mycoides Chlamydia spp. Ureplasma spp.

4 Mannheimia ( Pasteurella) haemolytica Fibrinous pleuropneumonia Pasteurella multocida Purulent bronchopneumonia Histophilus somnus Purulent bronchopneumonia Fibrinous pleuritis Mycoplasma bovis Purulent bronchopneumonia

5 Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (IBR) * Bovine herpesvirus type 4 Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3* Bovine viral diarrhea virus* Bovine respiratory syncytial virus* Bovine adenovirus Bovine reovirus Bovine enterovirus Bovine coronavirus* Calicivirus Influenza virus Alcelaphine herpersvirus 1&2/ovine herpesvirus 2 Bovine rhinovirus

6 Parasites- Lung worms Toxicity 3-methylindole 4-Ipomeanol Toxicity- Mold sweet potato Perilla Ketone Toxicity- Purple mint Toxicity Plants Zieria aborescens Gases: Nitrogen Oxide Zinc Oxide Chlorine

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8 BRSV IBR BVDV Mycoplasma spp Bovine coronavirus Salmonella spp ( S. dublin)

9 Immaturity or poor immune systemfailure passive transfer Environmental stress- extreme temperature, poor ventilation, dust, ammonia, overcrowding Exposure to pathogens- utero, birthing process, contaminated milk, environment, other affected animals

10 Early in life it can be manifested as weakness and depression Increased respiratory effort Nasal discharge Coughing Fever Septecemia

11 In utero acquired infections: culture and cytology of tracheal secretions, gastric aspirate, pharynx (if newborn), urine. Additional blood sample can be used- be negative and poor value Acquired postnatally: Blood cultures Culture & cytology Viral infection PCR, Fluorescent antibody conversion, sero conversion

12 Culture and sensitivity Empirical treatment antibiotics Ceftiofur Ampicillin and amikacin,cefotaximehospital setting Third generation of cephalosporins > aminoglycosides Plasma- failure passive transfer

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14 Young replacement dairy calves Calves 2-6 mo age It has been found that veterinarians will detect disease earlier than caretaker Etiology Virus and Bacteria Housing - (indoor housing) & weather - (Fall to Winter distribution) Passive immunity waning - (age distribution) Population density; nutritional deficiencies

15 Inadequate passive transfer of immunoglobulin s Nutritional deficiencies Energy, protein, vitamins (A,E), minerals ( selenium, zinc, magnesium, iron) Adverse environmental conditions Cold weather, increased humidity or precipitation, warm weather Others overcrowding, poor ventilation, bacteria in aerosol

16 Enzootic Calf Pneumonia Dystocia Transportation Nasal Bacterial Buildup Nutritional Deficiencies Weaning Dehydration Nasal Bacterial Shedding Weather Significant Handling Crowding Lung Bacterial Challenge Poor Ventilation Diet Changes Endogenous Corticosteroids Dust Surgical Procedures Mixing of Calves Exposure To Virus Carriers Low Antibody Titers Viral Infection Impaired Pulmonary Bacterial Clearance Moisture Crowding Noxious Gases Failure of Passive Transfer Bacterial Bronchopneumonia Adapted From Smith, Large Animal Internal

17 High risk beef and dairy calves Etiology Virus, bacteria, environment, stress Pasteurella haemolytica Associated with shipping calves Occurs 7-14 days after arrival Already incubating organism upon arrival

18 1. Farm of origin Weaning, creep feeding, performance of routine surgery ~3 wks prior shipping, vaccination 2. During transport Sale through auctions, feeding low energy diets prior to shipping, prolog time in market channels, excessive dehydration as result shipping 3. Feedlot or final destination Processing procedures, # calves & the # of different origins of calve /pen, diet, on-arrival sx, environmental conditions

19 Prolonged Time in Market Channels Transportation Nasal Bacterial Buildup Nutritional Deficiencies New Water Sources Weaning Significant Handling High Energy Diets Dehydration Acidosis and Other Metabolic Disruptions Nasal Bacterial Shedding Lung Bacterial Challenge Weather Poor Ventilation Diet Changes Endogenous Corticosteroids Dust Surgical Procedures Mixing of Cattle Viral Infection Moisture Exposure To Virus Carriers Low Antibody Titers Impaired Pulmonary Bacterial Clearance Shipping Fever Applies to Beef or Dairy Bacterial Bronchopneumonia Adapted From Smith, Large Animal Internal

20 Antimicrobial Based culture/sensitivity ( or based on herd experience on suspected agent) Treat long enough: ECP- tx more than 3 d Ceftiofur, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, and danofloxacin Evaluated and fix environment risk factors PREVENTION!!!!!!!!!

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22 Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria, normal flora RT Most common bacteria isolated in pneumonic lungs of shipping fever Type A1

23 LPS endotoxin: Initiate complement and coagulation cascade, recruit and activate neutrophils and alveolar cascade Leukotoxin!!!!!!!! Cytolysis of platelets, macrophages and neutrophils Necrotizing Fibrinous pneumonia

24 Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillus Most common isolated in claves with enzootic pneumonia, less likely in shipping fever It requires prolong impairment of the respiratory defense mechanism Virulence factor LPS NO LEUKOTOXIN!!! Purulent bronchopneumonia

25 Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillary organism Concurrent viral infections and environmental insult favor the infection Produce different disease the H. somni complex reproductive and urinary tract form (abortion, infertility), the respiratory form (laryngitis tracheitis, pneumonia), the septecemic form (thrombotic meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, arthritis lameness) catch-all miscellaneous form (otitis, conjunctivitis,mastitis

26 Pneumonic form likely occurs thru inhalation Severe bronchopneumonia and pleuritis anorexia, coughing, nasal discharge, dyspnea, diarrhea, distension of the neck, lethargy, recumbency, lameness preceding collapse, and death (paper Africa)

27 Mycoplasma Bovis is the most common pathogen Is associated with a variety of bovine diseases, including pneumonia, polyarthritis, tenosynovitis and mastitis, and otitis By itself it cause a subclinical pneumonia, but in the presence of others organism it can produce severe problems

28 Required special medium to grow and isolate it Produce immunosupression and inhibition of the mucocilliary transport. Purulent Bronchopneumonia Clinical signs depression; lack of rumen fill, fever and absence of signs referable to body systems other URT infection M. bovis by its chronicity and lameness Chronic mycoplasmosis = Chronic Pneumonia and Polyarthritis Syndrome (CPPS)

29 Infectious Bovine Rinotracheitis (IBR) Clinical syndromes IBR, conjuctivitis, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis,balanoposthitis, abortion, encephalomyelitis, mastitis BHV 1.1 ( respiratory infection*),bhv 1.2 ( respiratory and genital infections), BHV 1.3 ( respiratory infections)

30 Vary from moderate to severe depending on the presence of other dz Pyrexia,anorexia, dramatic drop in milk production, increased respiratory rate, slight degree of hyperexitability, ptylism, coughing, nasal discharge ( serous to mucopurolent) IRV- RHINITIS, TRACHEITIS, PYREXIA Red muzzle- hyperemia, pustules may form

31 Uncomplicated infection- mild signs and subclinical infection Clincal Signs: Fever, cough, nasal discharge, increased respiratory rate, and increased breath sounds Main role predispose the RT to secondary bacteria infections with other viruses and/or bacteria

32 Named for its characteristic cytopathology syncytial cell formation Capable of causing primary pneumonia Primary interstitial pneumonia Frequently complicated with secondary bacterial pneumonia

33 Clinical Signs Feeder age calves (early stage)- fever, depression, decreased intake, increase RR, ptylism, cough, nasal & lacrimal discharge, increased in bronchial sound, crackles Later stage- dyspnea, mouth breathing Others- sub cutaneous emphysema, mandibular edema, decreased in milk production

34 Can cause primary pneumonia Main role is immunosupression Mostly associated with other viral infection Several studies have found that if cattle had preexisting immunity to BVDV on arrival at a feedlot, they were significantly less likely to develop BRD

35 Recently recognized as a potential respiratory tract pathogen in cattle Also involved in calf diarrhea and winter dysentery Importance is unknown

36 Naxcel, Excenel, Exede (ceftiofur) Micotil (tilmicosin) Nuflor (fluorfenicol) Baytril (enrofloxicin) A180 (danofloxicin) Draxxin (tulathromycin) Amoxicillin Ampicillin Oxytetracyclines Procaine penicillin G Sufonimides Tylosin Erythromycin Supportive care!!! & NSAID if necessary

37 Divided in four groups Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Hypersensitivity disease Allergic respiratory disease Mold spores, sawdust Chronic conditions that may be sequela of two above Parasitic disease Dictyocaulus viviparous

38 Clinically sudden onset dyspnea +/- congestion & edema, hyaline membranes, alveolar epithelial hyperplasia, interstitial emphysema Unknown Etiology

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40 A spontaneous respiratory syndrome in cattle characterized by acute pulmonary edema and emphysema, Acute and chronic forms Usually develop after a change of diet Change pasture- dry to lush green

41 1. Open mouth breathing 2. Extended head and neck 3. Abducted leg 4. Shallow and rapid respiration, usually accompanied by a loud grunt 5. Temp normal to elevated

42 SubQ crepitattion- dorsal neck, shoulders and lumbar areas They die 2-3 d after initial onset c/s- really sever animals Less severely affected may improved w/o further consequences

43 No treatment that will reverse the damage already present in the lungs Remove from pasture

44 Control, Management,and Prevention of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Dairy Calves and Cows.Patrick J. Gorden, DVMa, Paul Plummer, DVM, PhDb Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. In Press The first report of Histophilus somni pneumonia in Nigerian dairy cattle.the Veterinary Journal 181 (2009) , Science Direct Elsevier Antimicrobial Resistance in Bovine Respiratory Disease Pathogens: Measures, Trends, and Impact on Efficacy Jeffrey L. Watts, PhD, RM (NRCM), M(ASCP)*, Michael T. Sweeney, MS Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, Volume 26, Issue 1, March 2010, Pages 79-88Jeffrey L. Watts, Michael T. Sweeney Bovine respiratory disease presentations, VM 547

45 Mycoplasma Bovis in Respiratory Disease of Feedlot Cattle Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice,, L. Caswell, Ken G. Bateman, Hugh Y. Cai, Fernanda Castillo-Alcala, In Press Bovine coronaviruses associated with enteric and respiratory diseases in Canadian dairy cattle display different reactivities to anti-he monoclonal antibodies and distinct amino acid changes in their HE, S and ns4.9 protein Virus Research, Volume 76, Issue 1, 1 July 2001, Pages Anne-Marie Gélinas, Martine Boutin, A. Marie-Josée Sasseville, Serge Dea Bovine Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, Alan R. Doster, In press Large animal Internal Medicine, Braford and Smith, 3 rd edition

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