A Review on Mastitis Control through Dry Cow Therapy

Transcription

1 Available online at Neelam et al Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (5): (2017) ISSN: DOI: ISSN: Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5 (5): (2017) Review Article A Review on Mastitis Control through Dry Cow Therapy Neelam*, V. K. Jain, Jai Bhagwan and Praveen Kumar 1 Department of Veterinary Medicine 2 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry LLR University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar , Haryana *Corresponding Author neelamaps2011@gmail.com Received: Revised: Accepted: ABSTRACT Mastitis is a multifactorial disease which is characterized by the inflammation of the parenchyma of mammary glands. The maximum new intramammary infections are acquired during the dry period. Therefore dry cow therapy is cornerstone for mastitis control in bovines. Dry cow therapy is use of intra-mammary antimicrobial therapy immediately after the last milking of lactation. It is implementation of the five-point plan for the mastitis control. It mainly aims on removing the prevailing intra-mammary infections and inhibiting new intramammary infections during the dry period. Recently, there is growing concern of indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Therefore, the non antibiotic therapy, teat seals is gaining popularity and there is need of development for other new approaches for control of mastitis. This review focus on new bacterial infections during dry period and the various approaches involving control of mastitis. Key words: Mastitis; Dry cow therapy; Intramammary; Teat seals INTRODUCTION Mastitis is the inflammation of the parenchyma of mammary glands, which is a multifactorial disease and is characterised by physical, chemical and usually bacteriological changes in milk along with pathological changes in glandular tissue of the udder 1. Mastitis is a disease of global importance and it adversely affects the animal health, milk quality and causes huge economic losses to dairy sector. The economic losses are in terms of reduction in milk yield, discarding of milk, treatment cost and premature culling of animals 2. Approximately 140 microbial species, subspecies and serovars have been isolated from bovine mammary gland. Among microbial species various types of bacteria, viruses, fungi and algae have been identified as mastitis causing pathogens. Among bacteria contagious pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma bovis, Corynebacterium bovis); teat skin opportunistic pathogens (coagulase negative staphylococci) and environmental pathogens (Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, E. coli, Klebsiella spp.) have been found to be frequently associated with the cases of mastitis 1. Various approaches have been implicated to combat the infectious pathogens causing the mastitis. Cite this article: Neelam, Jain, V.K., Bhagwan, J. and Kumar, P., A Review on Mastitis Control through Dry Cow Therapy, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(5): (2017). doi: Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1427

2 The lactation therapy and dry cow therapy are new infections during the first phase and the the major ways to treat the cases of mastitis. third phase 5,6,7. There are a number of factors However in lactation therapy the use of which contribute to increased susceptibility of antibiotics is criticized due to the concern of udder to new infection during the first and last antibiotic residues in milk. Moreover, the phase of dry period. As there is termination of chances of getting new intramammary milking (milking has flushing effect on infections (IMI s) are very high during the dry bacteria) and milking practices (such as period. Therefore during dry period the forestripping and predipping) which prevent institution of therapy for control of mastitis is new bacterial infections during the lactation very advantageous 3. With the advent of period so there is increased exposure and antibiotics in the 1940 s, the quickly and easily growth of bacteria on teat skin and in the eradication of the mastitis was expected. But streak canal after drying-off. The development up to two decades after this, it was not of a physical barrier (the keratin plug in the achieved 4. Thereafter introduction of a five- streak canal) is an important intramammary Point plan was developed. This plan was defense mechanism. Reports from both New heavily depended on the motivation, education Zealand and North America have and commitment of the milkers and the herd demonstrated that by second, fourth and six owners to achieve the consistent results. The weeks after dry off; respectively 40 per cent, five point mastitis control programme is as 30 per cent and 24 per cent keratin plug was follows- not formed in dry cows 8,9. The development of 1. Udder hygiene and proper method of the keratin plug has been significantly related milking to production level at drying-off. Dingwell et 2. Proper maintenance of milking al. 9,10 reported that teats canals were still open machines up to 6 weeks after drying-off in half of the 3. Dry cow management and therapy cows that produced more than 21 kg of milk 4. Appropriate therapy of the mastitis on the day before they were dried. The clinical cases during lactation cases of new IMI s during the first 100 days 5. Culling of chronically infected cows lactation are due to acquired IMI s during the This five point plan is highly successful for the dry period. Two weeks prior to parturition control of contagious mastitis but it is not there is breakdown of keratin plug and sufficient for control of the environmental decrease in leucocyte protection 11, therefore mastitis. After that five additional the mammary glands becomes managemental practices were recommended immunosuppressed and chances of getting new for giving emphasis on the appropriate IMI s increases. These new IMI s have more environment practices and ten-point mastitis chances to develop as clinical cases of mastitis control programme was developed 1. Now-adays during the subsequent lactation 12 and the there is increase in consumer fear over environmental bacteria are the major the antibiotic resistance due to indiscriminate pathogens which are responsible for these use of antibiotics. Therefore, the emphasis is post- partum cases of clinical mastitis 11. given non-antibiotic approaches for control of DRY COW THERAPY (DCT) mastitis. Dry cow therapy is the use of intramammary DRY PERIOD AND NEW BACTERIAL antimicrobial therapy at the end of lactation. It INFECTIONS is one of the key points in mastitis control Dry period is the period between two programme and has become a very effective successive lactation phases. Dry period is and widely used method for control of divided in three phases: First phase period of mastitis. It has two aims. First aim is to cure active involution; second phase steady state the existing infections and second is to prevent period; third phase period of transition. The the establishment of new IMI s during the dry mammary glands are most susceptible to the period 13. During the dry period the elimination Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1428

3 and control of infection is more effective as cent elimination of existing infections. there is sustained and uniform concentration of Although, dry cow antibiotic therapy is very antibiotic in udder. In addition, the economic effective yet, it suffers some disadvantages losses due to discarding of milk are alleviated. like appearance of antibiotic residues in milk. In various experimental studies, it is reported As a consequence of it, milk is withheld for a that therapy dry period is the best and effective period of time after calving, which results in way of controlling intramammary infection economic losses. The antibiotics used in dry due to Streptococcus agalactiae and up to cow therapy should be such that, it is readily some extend in Staphylococcus aureus 14,15,16. milked out after calving 21. Because of the APPROACH TO DCT intracellular location of Staph. aureus, Before start of DCT cessation of lactation in elimination of it is less successful 22. Along animals is necessary. The standard method for with it there is growing concern of cessation of lactation (drying-off) for industry indiscriminate use of antibiotics, which may is abrupt cessation of milking, through which contribute to the increase in the antibiotic milking is stopped on the day scheduled for resistant microorganisms 23. It is important that dry-off (all cows are usually scheduled to be the instructions mentioned on the label should dry off on the same day each week) and this be followed carefully for the recommended helps in facilitation for administration of dry dosage level, required withdrawal period, cow intramammary preparations. Abrupt storage guidelines and expiry dates. drying-off leads to higher new IMI rate in the TEAT SEALS dry period as compared to intermittent dryingoff, The major defence mechanism in the teat canal although the increase in prevalence is most is the formation of keratin plug. But the rate of evident in cases that are not treated during dry closure of teat canals after drying-off varies period. The best approach to dry off cows greatly from cow to cow with fifty per cent of therefore, is intermittent milking. After teats still open up to 10 days after drying-off. involution, the udder is resistant to the This delay in keratin plug formation may lead infections due to the high lactoferrin to an increase in new IMI s, as 97 per cent of concentration, and the low citrate/lactoferrin dry period IMIs occur in open teat canal ends 8. molar ratio inhibits the establishment of gram But recently there is global widespread negative organisms 17. As the cow is concern on indiscriminate use of antibiotics susceptible for the new IMI s in initial weeks and there is growing interest on application of of dry period by environmental pathogens and organic farming. Therefore, sealing the teat in last weeks by environmental and coliforms canals of uninfected quarters at the end of pathogens. Therefore, the dry cow therapy lactation may provide an acceptable alternative should be extended over the whole dry to blanket treatment with antibiotics. Due to period 18, 19. the biologically inert property of teat seals, DRY COW ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY these have no concern of antibiotic resistance The dry cow antibiotic therapy requires good and the residual problems in milk. Therefore activity against Staph. aureus including β- the idea of using teat seals as a prophylactic lactamase producing strains, Staph. uberis, treatment for mastitis has gained popularity. Strep. dysgalactiae, Strep. agalactiae, and if There are of two types of teat seals, external prophylaxis against the summer mastitis is teat seals and internal teat seals. External teat required, therapy should also be effective seals are non-irritant and made up of latex, against Arcanobacterium pyogenes 20. acrylic or polymer based films and these are Therefore, the widely used intramammary applied like a teat dip to produce a layer over injections contain narrow spectrum penicillins the teat end, thus they prevent the entry of (penicillin, cloxacillin, oxacillin and nafcillin), bacteria into the teat canal. Quarters with cephalosporins and spiramycins. The use of external seals have been shown to have a effective dry cow products results in per lower level of new IMI s during the dry period Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1429

4 than do unsealed quarters, but the existing a prophylactic measure to reduce the number external teat seals are ineffective as a longterm of new IMI s (34). But due to the biologically treatment 24. External teat seals failed to inert property of the internal teat seal achieve satisfied control after 48 hours of formulation, they have no antimicrobial effect administration 25. Much greater success has and therefore the internal teat seal relies on been achieved with internal teat seals as good udder hygiene practices for effective compared to external teat seals. A teat seal control of the disease. To prevent new containing bismuth subnitrate was developed infections antibiotics such as cloxacillin have in the 1970s and was shown to be effective at been added to the teat seals. However, preventing new dry period infections in an prolonged exposure to antibiotics at low levels artificial challenge study 13,26. Tiwari et al., 27 may lead to increase in the risk of antibiotic reported a higher decrease in new infection resistance by pathogenic bacteria. The rate with the intramammary infusion of bacteriocins such as lacticin 3147 may act as bismuth subnitrate as compare to good alternative for antibiotics in DCT 35,36. intramammary antibiotic combination of colistin sulphate and cloxacillin sodium. As in CONCLUSION late dry period the concentration of antibiotic For the effective and economic control of falls below the therapeutic level, therefore the mastitis there is need of dry cow therapy combination of intramammary antibiotic and because the chances of getting new internal teat seals has been used 28. Bradley et. intramammary infections are highest during al., 29 found the better decrease in newer IMI the dry period. Antibiotic dry cow therapy is rates in cases of mastitis when the combination effective for control and treatment of of both antibiotic and internal teat seal were intramammary infections, but due the growing used in combination as compared to the alone concern of antibiotic residues in milk and use of antibiotic. evolving antibiotic resistant pathogens, BACTERIOCINS attention has been focussed on evolving other Bacteriocins are polypeptides which are approaches for treatment and control of synthesized by ribosomes and they usually mastitis. Teat seals due to their inert biological possess antibacterial activity against bacteria property are gaining popularity for dry cow of the same or closely related species 30. therapy. Internal teat seals are very potent in Bacteriocins are identified as potential preventing new intramammary infections. antimicrobials. Lactococcal bacteriocin, nisin Bacteriocins (Nisin and Lacticin 3147) which has a wide spectrum of activity against gram are the ribosomally synthesised polypeptides, positive bacteria, including species of because of their antimicrobial property and no Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, residue problem in milk, these may play Leuconostoc and Pediococcus 31. The use of important role in control of mastitis and may nisin-containing germicidal formulation in act as good alternative for antibiotics. preventing mastitis in cattle has been investigated and Pieterse and Todorov 32 REFERENCES reported a significant reduction in pathogens, 1. Radostits, O.M., Gay, C., Hinchcliff, K.W. in experimentally challenged teat surfaces and Constable, P.D., A textbook of the after one minute exposure to the germicidal diseases of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and formulation. Another bacteriocin, Lacticin horses, Veterinary Medicine 10th edition 3147 was investigated for use as an Bailliere, Tindall, London, UK, antimicrobial agent as it inhibits common (2007). mastitis causing pathogens, including Staph. 2. Sharma, N., Maiti, S.K. and Sharma, K. aureus, S. dysgalactiae, S. uberis and S. K., Prevalence, etiology and antibiogram agalactiae 33. As the internal teat seal of microorganisms associated with formulations are gaining popularity in DCT as subclinical mastitis in buffaloes in Durg, Copyright Sept.-Oct., 2017; IJPAB 1430

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