Antimicrobial resistance and causes of non-prudent use of antibiotics in human medicine in the EU

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1 References 1. WHO, Antimicrobial resistance Global report on surveillance, World Health Organisation, Geneva, Cecchini, M., Langer, J. and Slawomirski, L., Antimicrobial resistance in G7 countries and beyond Economic issues, policies and options for action, OECD, Paris, ECDC, Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2014, ECDC, Stockholm, O Neill, J., Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations, London, ECDC/EMEA, Joint technical report The bacterial challenge: time to react, Stockholm, Grigoryan, L., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M., Burgerhof, J.G. et al., 'Self-medication with antimicrobial drugs in Europe', Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol. 12, No 3, 2006, pp Lopez-Vazquez. P., Vazquez-Lago, J. M. and Figueiras, A., Misprescription of antibiotics in primary care: A critical systematic review of its determinants, Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, Vol. 18, No 2, 2012, pp TNS opinion & social, Special Eurobarometer 445 Antimicrobial resistance, Brussels, WHO, The evolving threat of antimicrobial resistance Options for action, Geneva, Switzerland, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Antimicrobial resistance threats in the United States, 2013 ( 11. González-Zorn, B., Escudero, J.A., Ecology of antimicrobial resistance: humans, animals, food and environment, International Microbiology, Vol. 15, No 3, 2012, pp TNS opinion & social, Special Eurobarometer 338 Antimicrobial resistance, Brussels, Belgium, TNS opinion & social, Special Eurobarometer 407 Antimicrobial resistance, Brussels, Belgium, Muras, M., Krajewski, J., Nocun, M., et al., A survey of patient behaviours and beliefs regarding antibiotic self-medication for respiratory tract infections in Poland, Archives of Medical Science, Vol. 9, No 5, 2013, pp Grigoryan, L., Burgerhof, J. G., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M. et al., Is self-medication with antibiotics in Europe driven by prescribed use?, The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Vol. 59, No 1, 2007, pp Grigoryan, L., Burgerhof, J. G., Degener, J. E. et al., Determinants of self-medication with antibiotics in Europe: the impact of beliefs, country wealth and the healthcare system, The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Vol. 61, No 5, 2008, pp Deschepper, R., Grigoryan, L., Lundborg, C. S. et al., Are cultural dimensions relevant for explaining cross-national differences in antibiotic use in Europe?, BMC Health Services Research, Vol. 8, 2008, p Hoebert, J. M., Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K., van Dijk, L. et al., Quality and completeness of utilisation data on biological agents across European countries: Tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors as a case study, Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Vol. 20, No 3, 2011, pp Hoebert, J. M., Mantel-Teeuwisse, A. K., van Dijk, L. et al., Do rheumatoid arthritis patients have equal access to treatment with new medicines? Tumour necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors use in four European countries, Health Policy, Vol. 104, No 1, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2012, pp Cars, O., Molstad, S. and Melander, A., Variation in antibiotic use in the European Union, The Lancet, Vol. 357, No 9271, 2001, pp European Commission, Special Eurobarometer 407 Antimicrobial resistance, 2013 ( April

2 22. Mitsi, G., Jelastopulu, E., Basiaris, H. et al., Patterns of antibiotic use among adults and parents in the community: a questionnaire-based survey in a Greek urban population, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Vol. 25, No 5, 2005, pp Skliros, E., Merkouris, P., Papazafiropoulou, A. et al., Self-medication with antibiotics in rural population in Greece: a cross-sectional multicenter study, BMC Family Practice, Vol. 11, 2010, p Napolitano, F., Izzo, M. T., Di Giuseppe, G. et al., Public knowledge, attitudes, and experience regarding the use of antibiotics in Italy, PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, No 12, 2013, p. e Berzanskyte, A., Valinteliene, R., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M. et al., Self-medication with antibiotics in Lithuania, International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, Vol. 19, No 4, 2006, pp Gonzales, J., Orero, A. and Prieto, J. Almacenamiento de antibioticos en los hogares Espanoles, Revista Española de Quimioterapia, Vol. 19, No 3, 2006, pp Aljinovic-Vucic, V., Trkulja, V. and Lackovic, Z., Content of home pharmacies and self-medication practices in households of pharmacy and medical students in Zagreb, Croatia: findings in 2001 with a reference to 1977, Croatian Medical Journal, Vol. 46, No 1, 2005, pp Papaioannidou, P., Tsanakalis, F. and Akritopoulos, P., Attitudes in antibiotic use by general population in Greece, Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Vol. 18, No S1, 2009, pp. S145-S Borg, M. A. and Scicluna, E. A., Over-the-counter acquisition of antibiotics in the Maltese general population, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Vol. 20, No 4, 2002, pp Bernabé, M. E., Flores, D. M. and Martínez, M. F., Analysis of the dispensation of outpatient antibiotics in a community pharmacy at Murcia, Spain, Vitae, Vol. 20, No 3, 2013, pp Moranta Ribas, F., Sitjar Gari, A., Maroto Yague, A. I. et al., Characterization of selfmedication with antibiotics in a community pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Care España, Vol. 10, No 2, 2008, pp Barris Blundell, D., Rodriguez Zarzuelo, C., del Mar Salinas Munoz, M. et al., The demand for oral antibiotics without a medical prescription in a community pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Care España, Vol. 3, No 6, 2001, pp Andrajati, R., Vlček, J. and Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M., Prevalence and associated factors of self medication with antibiotics in Czech Republic, Vnitrni Lekarstvi, Vol. 51, No 10, 2005, pp Muscat, M., Monnet, D. L., Klemmensen, T. et al., Patterns of antibiotic use in the community in Denmark, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 38, No 8, 2006, pp Tsiligianni, I. G., Delgatty, C., Alegakis, A. et al., A household survey on the extent of home medication storage. A cross-sectional study from rural Crete, Greece, The European Journal of General Practice, Vol. 18, No 1, 2012, pp Di Matteo, A., Monte, S., Romero, M. et al., Self-medication with antibiotics: A general population survey (SAR study), Giornale Italiano di Farmacia Clinica, Vol. 19, No 2, 2005, pp Cohen, T., Jenkins, H. E., Lu, C. et al., On the spread and control of MDR-TB epidemics: an examination of trends in anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveillance data, Drug Resistance Updates: Reviews and Commentaries in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Chemotherapy, Vol. 17, Nos 4-6, 2014, pp Anghel, I. B. and Crǎciun, C., Self-medication with over-the-counter drugs and antibiotics in romanian consumers: A qualitative study, Cognition, Brain, Behavior, Vol. 17, No 3, 2013, pp Olczak, A., Grzesiowski, P., Hryniewicz, W. et al., [Self-medication with antibiotics in Poland], Polski merkuriusz lekarski: organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, Vol. 20, No 116, 2006, pp April

3 40. Adriaenssens, N., Coenen, S., Versporten, A. et al., European surveillance of antimicrobial consumption (ESAC): Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe ( ), Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Vol. 66, Suppl. 6, 2011, pp. vi3- vi Damian, L., Lupusoru, C. E. and Ghiciuc, C. M., Self-medication with antimicrobial drugs among university students in a northeast region of Romania, Revista Medico-Chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi, Vol. 118, No 1, 2014, pp Vaananen, M. H., Pietila, K. and Airaksinen, M., Self-medication with antibiotics does it really happen in Europe?, Health Policy, Vol. 77, No 2 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2006, pp Carrasco-Garrido, P., Jimenez-Garcia, R., Barrera, V. H. et al., Predictive factors of self-medicated drug use among the Spanish adult population, Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Vol. 17, No 2, 2008, pp Mira, J. J., Navarro, I., Huttner, B. et al., What do Spaniards read about the prudent use of anti-microbial agents and what do they really do?, Psychology, Health & Medicine, Vol. 19, No 2, 2014, pp Svensson, E., Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M. and Lundborg, C. S., Self-medication with antibiotics in a Swedish general population, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 36, Nos 6-7, 2004, pp McNulty, C. A. M., Boyle, P., Nichols, T. et al., Antimicrobial drugs in the home, United Kingdom. Emerging infectious diseases 2006, Vol. 12, No 10, pp McNulty, C. A. M., Boyle, P., Nichols, T. et al., Don t wear me out The public s knowledge of and attitudes to antibiotic use, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Vol. 59, No 4, 2007, pp Bosevska, G., Panovski, N., Kuzmanovska, G. et al., The first survey about the antibiotic usage in the Republic of Macedonia, Medicinski Glasnik, Vol. 9, No 2, 2012, pp Ivanovska, V., Zdravkovska, M., Bosevska, G. et al., Antibiotics for upper respiratory infections: public knowledge, beliefs and self-medication in the Republic of Macedonia, Prilozi/Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, Oddelenie za bioloski i medicinski nauki [Contributions/Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Section of Biological and Medical Sciences], Vol. 34, No 2, 2013, pp Stratchounski, L. S., Andreeva, I. V., Ratchina, S. A. et al., The inventory of antibiotics in Russian home medicine cabinets, Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Vol. 37, No 4, 2003, pp Ceaser S, Wurtz R. Leftover antibiotics in the medicine cabinet, Annals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 133, No 1, 2000, p Richman, P. B., Garra, G., Eskin, B. et al., Oral antibiotic use without consulting a physician: A survey of ED patients, American Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 19, No 1, 2001, pp Edwards, D. J., Richman, P. B., Bradley, K. et al., Parental use and misuse of antibiotics: Are there differences in urban vs. suburban settings?, Academic Emergency Medicine, Vol. 9, No 1, 2002, pp Cespedes, A. and Larson, E., Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use among Latinos in the United States: review and recommendations, American Journal of Infection Control, Vol. 34, No 8, 2006, pp Landers, T. F., Ferng, Y., McLoughlin, J. W. et al., Antibiotic identification, use, and self-medication for respiratory illnesses among urban Latinos, Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, Vol. 22, No 9, 2010, pp Napolitano, F., Izzo, M. T., Di Giuseppe, G. et al., Public knowledge, attitudes, and experience regarding the use of antibiotics in Italy, PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, No 12, April

4 57. Andrajati, R., Vlcek, J. and Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M., Prevalence and associated factors of self medication with antibiotics in Czech Republic, Vnitrni Lekarstvi, Vol. 51, No 10, 2005, pp Tesař, T., Foltán, V., Ilavská, A. et al., Antibiotic policy Issues of self-medication with antibiotics, Farmaceuticky Obzor, Vol. 77, No 3, 2008, pp Pechere, J. C., Patients interviews and misuse of antibiotics, Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Vol. 33, Suppl. 3, 2001, pp. S170-S Papaioannidou, P., Tsanakalis, F. and Akritopoulos, P., Antibiotic use by general population: Attitudes, beliefs and behavior, Epitheorese Klinikes Farmakologias kai Farmakokinetikes, Vol. 27, No 1, 2009, pp Vaananen, M. H., Pietila, K. and Airaksinen, M., Self-medication with antibiotics Does it really happen in Europe?, Health Policy, Vol. 77, No 2, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2006, pp Dameh, M., Norris, P. and Green, J., New Zealand pharmacists experiences, practices and views regarding antibiotic use without prescription, Journal of Primary Health Care, Vol. 4, No 2, 2012, pp Larson, E. and Grullon-Figueroa, L., Availability of antibiotics without prescription in New York City, Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, Vol. 81, No 3, 2004, pp Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D. G., Koliofoti, I.D., Koutroumpa, I. C. et al., Pathways for inappropriate dispensing of antibiotics for rhinosinusitis: a randomized trial, Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Vol. 33, No 1, 2001, pp Plachouras, D., Kavatha, D., Antoniadou, A. et al., Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in Greece, 2008: Another link in the antibiotic resistance chain, Eurosurveillance, Vol. 15, No 7, 2010, pp Caamano Isorna, F., Tome-Otero, M., Takkouche, B. et al., Factors related with prescription requirement to dispense in Spain, Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Vol. 13, No 6, 2004, pp Llor, C. and Cots, J. M., The sale of antibiotics without prescription in pharmacies in Catalonia, Spain, Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, Vol. 48, No 10, 2009, pp Llor, C., Monnet, D. L. and Cots, J. M., Small pharmacies are more likely to dispense antibiotics without a medical prescription than large pharmacies in Catalonia, Spain, Eurosurveillance, Vol. 15, No 32, 2010, pp Simo, S., Fraile, D., Sanchez, A. et al., [Dispensing of over-the-counter drugs in pharmacies], Anales de pediatria, Vol. 79, No 1, Barcelona, Spain, 2013, pp Zapata-Cachafeiro, M., Gonzalez-Gonzalez, C., Vaquez-Lago, J.M. et al., Determinants of antibiotic dispensing without a medical prescription: a crosssectional study in the north of Spain. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy Markovic-Pekovic, V. and Grubisa, N., Self-medication with antibiotics in the Republic of Srpska community pharmacies: Pharmacy staff behavior, Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, Vol. 21, No 10, 2012, pp Mainous 3rd, A. G., Everett, C. J., Post, R. E. et al., Availability of antibiotics for purchase without a prescription on the internet, Annals of Family Medicine, Vol. 7, No 5, 2009, pp Tracey, T. J. G., A note on socially desirable responding, Review Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol. 63, No 2, 2016, pp Piovani, D., Clavenna, A., Cartabia, M. et al., The regional profile of antibiotic prescriptions in Italian outpatient children, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 68, p. 997, Piovani, D., Clavenna, A., Cartabia, M. et al., Antibiotic and anti-asthmatic drug prescriptions in Italy: Geographic patterns and socioeconomic determinants at the April

5 district level, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Vol. 70, No 3, 2014, pp Mira, J. J., Navarro, I., Huttner, B. et al., What do Spaniards read about the prudent use of anti-microbial agents and what do they really do?, Psychology, Health & Medicine, Vol. 19, No 2, 2014, pp Bosevska, G., Panovski, N., Kuzmanovska, G. et al., The first survey about the antibiotic usage in the Republic of Macedonia, Medicinski Glasnik: Official Publication of the Medical Association of Zenica-Doboj Canton, Vol. 9, No 2, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2012, pp Kardas, P., Pechere, J. C., Hughes, D. A. et al., A global survey of antibiotic leftovers in the outpatient setting, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, Vol. 30, No 6, 2007, pp Deschepper, R., Vander Stichele, R. and Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M., Cross-cultural differences in lay attitudes and utilisation of antibiotics in a Belgian and a Dutch city, Patient Education and Counseling, Vol. 48, No 2, 2002, pp Hofstede, G., Culture s consequences Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations, second edition, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California, Vervloet, M. M., Meulepas, M. A.,Cals, J. W. L., Eimers, M., Hoek. L. S. and van Dijk, L., Reducing antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract infections in family practice: results of a multifaceted peer-group based intervention, NPJ Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, Vol. 4, Arnold, S. R., Straus, S. E., Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (online) 2005(4),Cd Aagaard, E. M., Gonzales, R., Camargo Jr, C. A. et al., Physician champions are key to improving antibiotic prescribing quality, Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety, Vol. 36, No 3, 2010, pp Drekonja, D. M., Filice, G. A., Greer, N. et al., Antimicrobial stewardship in outpatient settings: A systematic review, Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Vol. 36, No 2, 2015, pp Holstiege, J., Mathes, T. and Pieper, D., Effects of computer-aided clinical decision support systems in improving antibiotic prescribing by primary care providers: A systematic review, Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Huttner, B., Goossens, H., Verheij, T. et al., Characteristics and outcomes of public campaigns aimed at improving the use of antibiotics in outpatients in high-income countries, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol. 10, No 1, 2010, pp Wang, S., Pulcini, C., Rabaud, C. et al., Inventory of antibiotic stewardship programs in general practice in France and abroad, Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses, Vol. 45, No 4, 2015, pp Wirtz, V. J., Herrera-Patino, J. J., Santa-Ana-Tellez, Y. et al., Analysing policy interventions to prohibit over-the-counter antibiotic sales in four Latin American countries, Tropical Medicine & International Health, Vol. 18, No 6, 2013, pp Arnold, S. R. and Straus, S. E., Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices in ambulatory care, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (online) 2005(4), CD Arroll, B., Kenealy, T. and Kerse, N., Do delayed prescriptions reduce antibiotic use in respiratory tract infections? A systematic review, The British Journal of General Practice: The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, Vol. 53, No 496, 2003, pp Versporten, A., Bolokhovets, G., Ghazaryan, L. et al., Antibiotic use in eastern Europe: a cross-national database study in coordination with the WHO Regional Office for Europe, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol. 14, No 5, 2014, pp April

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