Therapeutic Efficacy of Tulathromycin, a Novel Triamilide Antimicrobial, against Bovine Respiratory Disease in Feeder Calves*
|
|
- Frederica Wilson
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Therapeutic Efficacy of Tulathromycin, a Novel Triamilide Antimicrobial, against Bovine Respiratory Disease in Feeder Calves* W. Randal Kilgore, DVM Michael S. Spensley, DVM Fangshi Sun, PhD Robert G. Nutsch, DVM, MS, MBA Kathleen A. Rooney, MS, DVM Terry L. Skogerboe, DVM, MBA Pfizer Animal Health Veterinary Medicine Research and Development 7000 Portage Road Kalamazoo, MI CLINICAL RELEVANCE Efficacy and field safety of tulathromycin administered as a single-dose treatment to crossbreed beef calves with undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were evaluated in a multicenter field study conducted at four US feedlots. Two hundred castrated male calves were enrolled at each study site. The treatment groups were physiologic saline (n = 160) at 0.02 ml/kg SC, tulathromycin (n = 320) at 2.5 mg/kg SC, and tilmicosin (n = 320) at 10 mg/kg SC. Nasopharyngeal swabs for bacterial culture were obtained before treatment. The cure rate for calves treated with tulathromycin (78%) and tilmicosin (65%) was significantly (P.0001) higher than that of calves treated with saline (23.8%). The cure rate of calves treated with tulathromycin (78.4%) was significantly (P =.0007) higher than that of calves treated with tilmicosin (64.9%). No adverse events related to tulathromycin were reported. Under the conditions of this study, tulathromycin administered as a single-dose treatment was efficacious in the treatment of undifferentiated BRD. INTRODUCTION Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered the most costly disease in the beef cattle industry. A review of economic data by Griffin 1 demonstrated that the cost of BRD *This work was sponsored by Pfizer. Dr. Sun now resides in Waterford, CT. from weaning to harvest was approximately 7% of the total production cost of feeder calves. Global economic losses related to BRD are measured in billions of dollars a year, 2 4 with an estimated $3 billion spent annually on all beef animals for prevention and treatment of BRD
2 Veterinary Therapeutics Vol. 6, No. 2, Summer 2005 Respiratory disease is generally regarded as the most frequent and serious cause of mortality associated with the feedlot industry. 5,6 In one retrospective cohort study of 21.8 million cattle entering 121 US feedlots from 1994 to 1999, respiratory tract disorders were the most common cause of death, accounting for 57.1% of all deaths and representing a mortality ratio of 12.6 deaths/1,000 cattle. 7 Depending on source and management history of cattle with BRD, morbidity rates may range from 5% to 50% with fatality rates (number of animals that died total number of animals treated) typically 5% to 10%. 8 Environmental, viral, and bacterial factors are all involved in BRD, and clinical presentations range from subclinical to severe effective when directed toward calves at or before their arrival in the feedlot. 11 Treatment of calves during the preclinical stage of BRD (metaphylaxis) can reduce morbidity and mortality in the feedlot. 13 The incidence of M. haemolytica colonization is reduced by administration of florfenicol 14 or tilmicosin 15 at time of arrival in a feedlot. The incidence of BRD can be reduced by the use of both preconditioning programs and on-arrival administration of antimicrobials. However, even with these management practices, the manner in which feeder cattle are often assembled and transported over long distances to feedlots makes the necessity of BRD treatment inevitable. Tulathromycin (Draxxin Injectable Solution, Pfizer Animal Health) is the first in a novel se- Respiratory disease is generally regarded as the most frequent and serious cause of mortality associated with the feedlot industry. acute bronchopneumonia or fibrinous pneumonia. 8 The major bacterial pathogens include Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus), and Mycoplasma spp, with M. haemolytica regarded as the most common primary pathogen recovered from cattle with clinical signs of BRD. 6,8,9 These bacteria are often found in the nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract of clinically healthy cattle, with M. haemolytica proliferating rapidly in the nasopharynx of calves during transport and those with virus-induced illness. 10 Although preconditioning programs (combinations of vaccination and/or weaning management) of feedlot calves may represent the most comprehensive tool for prevention of BRD morbidity after arrival in feedlots, 11 the cattle industry has not accepted preconditioning programs as a standard. 11,12 Preventive efforts may be most ries of semisynthetic, tribasic, macrolide antimicrobials designated as triamilides, 16 developed to improve the potency and spectrum of activity of macrolides currently used as therapies for BRD. 17 Tulathromycin has demonstrated a broad spectrum of activity against the bacterial pathogens of BRD. 18 Structural modifications of this subclass of compounds were designed to improve tissue distribution and to extend the drug elimination half-life in the lungs. 16 Pharmacokinetic studies of tulathromycin administered at 2.5 mg/kg have demonstrated excellent bioavailability and rapid absorption followed by extensive distribution into lung tissue. 19 Tulathromycin has also been shown to accumulate in bovine phagocytes. 20 Because of its single-dose treatment regimen, tilmicosin (Micotil 300 Injection, Elanco Animal Health), a semisynthetic macrolide given at the label dose of 10 mg/kg, is one of 144
3 TABLE 1. Calves from which Selected BRD Pathogens Were Isolated before Treatment No. (%) of Calves with Positive Pretreatment Nasopharyngeal Culture Treatment Group M. haemolytica P. multocida H. somni Mycoplasma spp Saline (n = 160) 98 (61.3) 30 (18.8) 12 (7.5) 88 (55.0) Tulathromycin (n = 319) 202 (63.3) 69 (21.6) 12 (3.8) 188 (58.9) Tilmicosin phosphate (n = 317) 211 (66.6) 82 (25.9) 12 (3.8) 205 (64.7) All groups combined (n = 796) 511 (64.2) 181 (22.7) 36 (4.5) 481 (60.4) TABLE 2. MICs (µg/ml) of Tulathromycin and Tilmicosin against BRD Pathogens a M. haemolytica P. multocida H. somni Mycoplasma bovis (n = 642) (n = 221) (n = 36) (n = 35) Agent Min Max MIC 90 Min Max MIC 90 Min Max MIC 90 Min Max MIC 90 Tulathromycin Tilmicosin 2 > > >64 >64 a Of the total number of isolates, 141 M. haemolytica, 54 P. multocida, 18 H. somnus, and 13 M. bovis were obtained from saline-treated nonresponders in a four-location multicenter metaphylactic study. Max = maximum; MIC 90 = concentration that inhibited at least 90% of the isolates tested; min = minimum. the most common therapeutic agents currently being used in feedlots for BRD. 2 4,21 Historical acceptance of this single-dose, long-acting therapy by the cattle industry demonstrates the advantage of single-dose, extended efficacy antimicrobials that result in higher cure rates with fewer BRD relapses. Improved clinical efficacy minimizes the economic impact of clinical respiratory disease, which at a minimum includes the increased costs of treatment and handling, reduced weight gain, diminished carcass quality, and death loss. The purpose of this four-location multicenter study was to evaluate the efficacy and field safety of a single dose of tulathromycin when administered to newly arrived feedlot calves as a treatment for naturally occurring BRD compared with saline and tilmicosin. All studies followed the same study design. Each study was conducted according to the FDA Center of Veterinary Medicine guideline, Good Target Animal Study Practices. 22 Husbandry and care of cattle in these studies were in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching. 23 MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals Feeder steers were selected from calves assembled at order buyers and transported to four US research feedlots: Calves purchased in Mississippi (n = 350; body weight, lb) were transported to Agri Research Center, Canyon, TX. Calves purchased in Washington and Idaho (n = 453; body weight, lb) were transported to Johnson Research, Parma, ID. 145
4 Veterinary Therapeutics Vol. 6, No. 2, Summer 2005 TABLE 3. Frequencies of Mortalities, Nonresponders, Day-14 Treatment Failures, and Cures No. (%) of Treatment Failures Day-14 No. (%) Treatment Group No. Mortalities a Nonresponders Nonresponders of Cures b Saline All sites (5.6) 107 (66.9) 6 (3.8) 38 (23.8) TX site 40 4 (10.0) 30 (75.0) 0 (0.0) 6 (15.0) ID site 40 0 (0.0) 25 (62.5) 3 (7.5) 12 (30.0) NE site 40 3 (7.5) 25 (62.5) 0 (0.0) 12 (30.0) CA site 40 2 (5.0) 27 (67.5) 3 (7.5) 8 (20.0) Tulathromycin All sites (0.6) 57 (17.9) 10 (3.1) 250 (78.4) TX site 80 0 (0.0) 18 (22.5) 1 (1.25) 61 (76.3) ID site 79 0 (0.0) 14 (17.7) 4 (5.1) 61 (77.2) NE site 80 2 (2.5) 6 (7.5) 1 (1.3) 71 (88.8) CA site 80 0 (0.0) 19 (23.8) 4 (5.0) 57 (71.3) Tilmicosin All sites (1.0) 88 (27.8) 20 (6.3) 206 (65.0) TX site 80 1 (1.25) 31 (38.8) 6 (7.5) 42 (52.5) ID site 77 0 (0.0) 15 (19.5) 5 (6.5) 57 (74.0) NE site 80 2 (2.5) 12 (15.0) 3 (3.75) 63 (78.8) CA site 80 0 (0.0) 30 (37.5) 6 (7.5) 44 (55.0) a For all studies: saline vs tulathromycin, P =.0011; saline vs tilmicosin, P =.0035; tulathromycin vs tilmicosin, P = b For all studies: saline vs tulathromycin, P.0001; saline vs tilmicosin, P.0001; tulathromycin vs tilmicosin, P = Calves purchased in South Carolina, Kentucky, and Missouri (n = 561; body weight, lb) were transported to Midwest Veterinary Services, Oakland, NE. Calves purchased in Visalia, CA (n = 400; body weight, lb) were transported to HMS Veterinary Development, Reedley, CA. Within 24 hours of arrival, calves were processed, held in arrival yards (comparable to commercial feedlots), and observed daily until enrollment. Processing included standard industry practices of vaccination for bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, parainfluenza, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Bovi-Shield 4, Pfizer Animal Health), administration of clos- tridial bacterins (Ultrabac 7, Ultrabac 8, or Fortress 7, Pfizer Animal Health), and treatment of internal and external parasites (Dectomax, Pfizer Animal Health). Hormonal implants were also injected in the animals at the Texas (Ralgro Magnum, Schering-Plough Animal Health) and Idaho (Synovex S, Fort Dodge Animal Health) sites. No antimicrobials were administered during processing. Ear tags were used to identify individual animals. Calves were enrolled in the study if they demonstrated abnormal respiration (notable increase in rate and/or abnormal character of respiration); mild, moderate, or severe depression; and a rectal temperature of 104 F or greater. Calves were not enrolled in the study if 146
5 they had concurrent disease, received antimicrobial therapy after arrival, or demonstrated clinical signs of BRD on arrival or between the time of arrival and processing. Intact males were also excluded from the study. Enrollment and Treatments Selection, enrollment, and initiation of treatment occurred on day 0. At each of the four sites, 200 calves were randomly assigned to pens, blocks, and one of three treatments: physiologic saline at 0.02 ml/kg, tulathromycin (Draxxin) at 2.5 mg/kg (1.1 ml/100 lb), or tilmicosin (Micotil, Elanco Animal Health) at 10 mg/kg (1.5 ml/100 lb). Treatments were administered SC once on the lateral side of the neck based on day 0 (day of treatment) body weights. At each injection site, the injection volume of each test material did not exceed 10 ml. Calves were blocked on order of enrollment with five calves in each block: one calf treated with saline, two with tulathromycin, and two with tilmicosin. Each pen contained two blocks of five calves each. Only complete pens of calves were enrolled on any enrollment day. Personnel not responsible for any other clinical assessments administered treatments to maintain masking. Data Collection Nasopharyngeal swabs for culture, isolation, and identification of BRD pathogens were obtained from all calves before treatment. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of bacterial pathogens were determined by Colorado Animal Research Enterprise at Fort Collins, CO. Mycoplasmal identification and MIC determination were performed at the Animal Disease and Diagnostic Laboratory at Purdue University following methods previously described Microdilution plates with broth containing doubling dilutions of both tulathromycin and tilmicosin ranging from to 64 µg/ml were used to determine MIC values according to applicable National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS; now called Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI]). 27 Respiratory scores were defined as: 0 = Normal; rate and character of respiration within normal limits for recently transported cattle 1 = Abnormal; notable increase in rate and/or abnormal character of respiration Attitude scores were defined as: 0 = Normal; bright, alert, responsive 1 = Mild depression 2 = Moderate to marked depression; may be reluctant to stand 3 = Severe depression; may be moribund or unable to stand without assistance At each study site, a veterinarian who was masked to treatment group assignment assessed respiration and attitude and measured rectal temperature. Calves were allowed 3 days after treatment with saline, tulathromycin, or tilmicosin to respond before a determination of nonresponse was allowed, unless death or euthanasia occurred. On days 1 and 2, at approximately the same time each morning, respiratory and attitude scores were assessed and recorded before rectal temperatures were measured and recorded. Morning assessments continued on days 3 through 14, except rectal temperatures were measured only if the respiratory and attitude scores were abnormal. Calves with rectal temperatures of less than 104 F were returned to study pens for continued daily observation, while those meeting nonresponse criteria of respiratory and attitude scores of 1 or higher and with rectal temperatures of 104 F or greater were removed from the study and sub- 147
6 Veterinary Therapeutics Vol. 6, No. 2, Summer 2005 TABLE 4. Number of Animals Classified as Treatment Failures (Nonresponders and Mortalities) Day of Study Treatment Group 1 a 2 a Total Saline (n = 160) Tulathromycin (n = 319) Tilmicosin (n = 317) a Treatment failures on days 1 and 2 were BRD mortalities. sequently managed according to the standard feedlot BRD antimicrobial therapy procedures at each study site. On day 14, the final day of the study, rectal temperature was measured in all remaining calves regardless of respiratory or attitude score. Any calf with a rectal temperature of 104 F or greater on day 14 was considered a nonresponder. A calf was therefore considered a treatment cure only if it remained in the study through day 14 without being classified as a nonresponder or a day-14 nonresponder and it did not die of causes related to BRD. Necropsies were performed on calves that died during the study, and tissue samples and swabs of pneumonic lung for bacterial isolation and identification were obtained from calves treated with saline. Housing, Feed, and Water Calves were housed in outdoor group pens with two blocks of study animals per pen. The approximate square footage of pen space and linear feet of bunk space, respectively, were 93.6 and 1.8 at the Texas site, and 2.3 at the Idaho site, 60.0 and 1.25 at the Nebraska site, and and 1.6 at the California site. Calves at all four sites were fed ad libitum with a ration typical of regional feedlots formulated to meet or exceed National Research Council nutritional requirements for maintenance and expected growth. All calves had ad libitum access to water tanks shared with adjacent pens except for the calves at the Idaho research site, where a pen line water delivery system was used. Statistical Analysis Each animal was considered an experimental unit. The primary assessment of efficacy was cure rate. For a calf to be considered a cure, it must not have died or been classified as a nonresponder. According to the criteria described in the study methods, a nonresponder was defined on days 3 through 14 as a calf with respiratory and attitude scores of 1 or above and a rectal temperature of 104 F or higher. Additionally, calves with a rectal temperature of 104 F or higher on day 14 were considered nonresponders. Cure rate was defined as the number of calves classified as cures in a treatment group divided by calves enrolled in a treatment group minus calves removed for reasons other than BRD. Cure and mortality rates were analyzed using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test stratified on study followed by Fisher s exact test for specific treatment contrasts. Rectal temperature data 148
7 were analyzed using the repeated measures (mixed linear) model with the addition of terms for study and for treatment by block within interactions. A priori contrasts for rectal temperature were constructed to test treatment effect within days. The 5% level of significance (P.05) was used to assess statistical differences for all tests. RESULTS Of the 800 feeder calves (160 treated with vs tilmicosin, P = saline, 320 treated with tulathromycin, and 320 treated with tilmicosin) enrolled in this study, only four calves (one treated with tulathromycin and three with tilmicosin; all at the Idaho site) were removed from the study for reasons other than BRD. Clinical signs observed using the criteria defined within the attitude and respiratory scores and pyrexia were typical of acute BRD associated with bacterial respiratory disease. Frequencies of isolation of M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, and Mycoplasma spp from pretreatment nasopharyngeal swabs supported bacterial and mycoplasmal etiologies of the clinical respiratory disease observed across all treatment groups (Table 1). MICs of tulathromycin and tilmicosin for all four major BRD pathogens are provided in Table 2. The frequencies of treatment failures (mortalities, nonresponders, and day-14 nonresponders) and cures for each study location and for the multistudy analyses are listed in Table 3. The overall cure rate of the calves treated with tulathromycin (78.4%) was significantly (P TABLE 5. Rectal Temperatures on Study Days 0 (before treatment), 1, and 2 Least Squares Means Rectal Temperature ( F ± standard error) Treatment Group Day 0 a Day 1 b Day 2 c Saline (0.25) (0.26) (0.26) (n = 160) Tulathromycin (0.25) (0.25) (0.25) (n = 319) Tilmicosin (0.24) (0.24) (0.24) (n = 317) a Saline vs tulathromycin, P =.9594; saline vs tilmicosin, P =.9267; tulathromycin vs tilmicosin, P = b Saline vs tulathromycin, P.0001; saline vs tilmicosin, P.0001; tulathromycin vs tilmicosin, P = c Saline vs tulathromycin, P.0001; saline vs tilmicosin, P.0001; tulathromycin.0001) higher than that of the calves treated with saline (23.8%) (Table 3). Calves treated with tilmicosin also had a higher cure rate than those treated with saline (64.9% vs 23.8%; P ). The cure rate of calves treated with tulathromycin (78.4%) was also significantly (P =.0007) higher than that of calves treated with tilmicosin (64.9%). Subcategories of treatment failures (mortalities, nonresponders, and day-14 nonresponders) are also provided in Table 3. Mortalities were summarized only for cattle over the 14- day study duration. When a calf became a treatment failure (nonresponder) and was removed from the study, data from additional antimicrobial treatment regimens and outcome (i.e., BRD-associated mortality) were not collected. The frequency of treatment failures (mortalities and nonresponders) by day of study showed that the majority of saline treatment group failures occurred within 7 days of treatment (Table 4). The number of tulathromycin and tilmicosin treatment failures was similar on days 2 149
8 Veterinary Therapeutics Vol. 6, No. 2, Summer 2005 and 3. From day 4 through day 8, there were fewer treatment failures in the tulathromycin group than in the tilmicosin group. The number of treatment failures was again similar on days 9 through 13. On the final day of the studies (day 14), when all calves had rectal temperatures measured regardless of visual observations, the number of tilmicosin treatment failures was twice that of the tulathromycin group. Mean rectal temperature of calves in the three treatment groups at the time of treatment on day 0 was F (Table 5). Mean rectal temperature confirmation that the respiratory disease was responsive to antimicrobial therapy, and the use of the active control group treated with tilmicosin provided a well-known baseline to evaluate the efficacy of tulathromycin against BRD. The finding that the cure rate of the tulathromycin-treated cattle was significantly higher than that of a widely accepted antimicrobial agent such as tilmicosin is noteworthy. These results are similar to those previously reported in a study that used fewer cattle, wherein the cure rate of cattle similarly treated The cure rate of calves treated with tulathromycin was higher than that of calves treated with tilmicosin. of calves treated with tulathromycin or tilmicosin was significantly (P.0001) lower than that of the calves treated with saline on day 1 (102.9 F, F, and F, respectively) and day 2 (102.6 F F, and F, respectively). On days 1 and 2, there were no significant differences in mean rectal temperatures of calves treated with tulathromycin compared with calves treated with tilmicosin. Average daily weight gains (lb ± SD) were calculated only for animals remaining in the study through day 14. Results for the saline, tulathromycin, and tilmicosin groups were 0.1 (±4.5), 3.4 (±2.7), and 2.5 (±3.0) lb, respectively. No adverse drug experiences were reported in the 319 tulathromycin-treated calves. DISCUSSION In this large, multicenter, 14-day study, a single injection of tulathromycin was effective in the treatment of BRD associated with M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, and Mycoplasma spp, pathogens commonly found in the respiratory tract of cattle. The contrasts with the saline-treated control group provided with tulathromycin was significantly higher than the cure rate of cattle treated with tilmicosin. 28 Tilmicosin has been extensively used as a first-line antimicrobial for the treatment of BRD, in part because of its single-dose regimen and duration of activity. 2 4,29 The duration of tilmicosin has been illustrated by drug lung concentrations higher than the reported MIC 90 (concentration inhibiting 90% of the isolates) of 4.0 µg/ml for M. haemolytica for approximately 3 days after treatment. 29 Additionally, the accumulation of tilmicosin in phagocytic cells is another factor that may explain its efficacy in BRD. 29 The greater magnitude of antimicrobial response of tulathromycin compared with tilmicosin may be related to its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile. Pharmacokinetic studies in cattle administered tulathromycin at 2.5 mg/kg SC demonstrated excellent bioavailability, with rapid absorption followed by extensive distribution into lung tissue. 19 In fact, mean time of maximum plasma concentration (T max ) following SC injection was only 15 minutes, with a mean plasma maximum concentration 150
9 (C max ) of 0.4 µg/ml and a mean area under the time-concentration curve (AUC 0 360h ) of 16,000 (ng hr/ml). 19 Conversely, lung homogenate had much higher concentrations at the first sampling time of 12 hours (3.2 µg/g), and the highest mean concentration of 4.1 µg/g was seen at 24 hours after dosing. 19 With a long elimination half-life in the lungs (7.7 days), mean lung concentrations were still 1.9 µg/g 10 days after injection, with a mean AUC 0 360h of 903,600 (ng hr/ml). 19 This extended period of tulathromycin lung concentrations results in a prolonged period of antimicrobial exposure to bacterial pathogens, which is favorable for antimicrobials that are characterized by time- Tulathromycin has excellent bioavailability, rapid absorption, and extensive distribution into lung tissue. dependent activity. Pharmacodynamic studies with most macrolides have suggested that the length of time that the plasma concentration of a drug is above MIC (time dependence) is considered the pharmacodynamic parameter most highly correlated with clinical efficacy of this antimicrobial group. 30,31 The pharmacodynamic model that captures both time above MIC and magnitude of drug concentration, plasma AUC/MIC, has been suggested for azithromycin, a similar human antimicrobial agent, based on animal models. 32 Given the pharmacokinetic profile of tulathromycin with plasma concentrations remaining below the MIC 90 of the BRD pathogens and the efficacy reported in this study, lung concentrations of tulathromycin may be more informative, and it may well be that the best pharmacodynamic model correlating with clinical success is the lung AUC/MIC ratio rather than plasma time above MIC. 26 Further efficacy studies will be useful in confirming this theory. In light of tulathromycin pharmacokinetics, lung homogenate concentrations may provide the best means to explain clinical success seen in this study, but they do not clarify the concentrations of drug available at the extracellular site of the common bacterial respiratory pathogens. Like some other macrolides, the in vitro accumulation of tulathromycin by bovine phagocytes 20 provides a potential mechanism of increasing drug concentration at sites of infection by localized recruitment of phagocytes. Concentrations of tulathromycin in phagocytic cells lavaged from the lungs of cattle treated 24 hours previously were found to have intracellular tulathromycin concentrations of approximately 18 µg/ml. 33 Therefore, drug efflux from phagocytes could allow for tulathromycin concentrations to remain higher at the site of infection than in lung homogenate. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of antimicrobials can provide a basis for predicting a successful clinical outcome; however, the best evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy is provided by well-controlled clinical studies. In this multicenter study, tulathromycin proved to have superior clinical efficacy compared with tilmicosin. Even though calves showing early acute signs of BRD and treated with one injection of tulathromycin had increased cure rates compared with that of saline- and tilmicosin-treated cattle, this treatment regimen and the 14-day study duration do not address the BRD status over a longer duration (i.e., the number of times cattle were treated for respiratory disease, chronics, and mortality, or the effects of BRD treatment on cattle performance). 151
10 Veterinary Therapeutics Vol. 6, No. 2, Summer 2005 CONCLUSION Under conditions of this four-location multicenter study, efficacy and field safety of tulathromycin were demonstrated when it was administered as a single-dose treatment for BRD associated with M. haemolytica, P. multocida, H. somni, and Mycoplasma spp. Moreover, tulathromycin showed superior therapeutic efficacy compared with tilmicosin, a macrolide antimicrobial widely used for the treatment of BRD. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank the following investigators and their staffs for assistance in conducting these studies: Kelly F. Lechtenberg, DVM, PhD, Midwest Veterinary Services, Oakland, NE; Terry N. Terhune, DVM, PhD, HMS Veterinary Development, Tulare, CA; David T. Bechtol, Agri Research Center, Canyon, TX; and E. G. Johnson, DVM, Johnson Research, Parma, ID. They also thank Donald J. Bade, BS, Colorado Animal Research Enterprises, Fort Collins, CO, and Ching Ching Wu, DVM, PhD, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, for the microdilution susceptibility testing and Susan Aiello for assistance in preparing portions of the manuscript. REFERENCES 1. Griffin D: Economic impact associated with respiratory disease in beef cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13(3): , USDA Part I: Baseline Reference of Feedlot Management Practices, USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System. Fort Collins, CO. #N USDA Part II: Baseline Reference of Feedlot Health and Health Management, USDA: APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System. Fort Collins, CO. #N USDA Part III: Health Management and Biosecurity in U.S. Feedlots, USDA:APHIS: VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System. Fort Collins, CO. #N Kelly AP, Janzen ED: A review of morbidity and mortality rates and disease occurrence in North American feedlot cattle. Can Vet J 27: , Mosier DA: Bacterial pneumonia, bovine respiratory disease update. Vet Clin North Am 13(3): , Loneragan GH, Dargatz DA, Morley PS, Smith MA: Trends in mortality ratios among cattle in US feedlots. JAVMA 219(8): , Perino LJ, Apley M: Bovine respiratory disease, in Howard JL, Smith RA (eds): Current Veterinary Therapy: Food Animal Practice. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1999, pp Vogel GJ, Laudert SB, Zimmerman A, et al: Effects of tilmicosin on acute undifferentiated respiratory tract disease in newly arrived feedlot cattle. JAVMA 212(12): , Frank GH, Briggs RE, Loan RW, et al: Respiratory tract disease and mucosal colonization by Pasteurella haemolytica in transported cattle. Am J Vet Res 57(9): , Speer NC, Young C, Roeber D: The importance of preventing bovine respiratory disease: A beef industry review. Bov Pract 35(2): , Thornsbury RM: Preconditioning for cow-calf producers: A marketing advantage or disadvantage? Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13: , Guthrie CA, Laudert SB, Zimmerman AG: Metaphylaxis for undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 22(3):S62 S67, Frank GH, Briggs RE, Duff GC, et al: Effects of vaccination prior to transit and administration of florfenicol at time of arrival in a feedlot on the health of transported calves and detection of Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions. Am J Vet Res 63(2): , Frank GH, Duff GC: Effects of tilmicosin phosphate, administered prior to transport or at time of arrival, and feeding of chlortetracycline, after arrival in a feedlot, on Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions of transported steers. Am J Vet Res 61(12): , Letavic MA, Bronk BS, Bertsche CD, et al: Synthesis and activity of a novel class of tribasic macrocyclic antibiotics: The triamilides. Bioorgan Medic Chem Lett 12: , Bronk BS, Letavic MA, Bertsche CD, et al: Synthesis, stereochemical assignment and biological activity of a novel series of C-4" modified aza-macrolides. Bioorgan Medic Chem Lett 13: , Norcia LJL, Silvia AM, Santoro SL, et al: In vitro microbiological characterization of a novel azalide, two triamilides and an azalide ketal against bovine and porcine respiratory pathogens. J Antibiot 57(4): , Nowakowski MA, Inskeep PB, Risk JE, et al: Pharmacokinetics and lung tissue concentrations of tulathromycin, a new triamilide antibiotic, in cattle. Vet Ther 5(1):60 74, Siegel TW, Earley DL, Smothers CD, et al: Cellular uptake of the triamilide tulathromycin by bovine and 152
11 porcine phagocytic cells in vitro. J Anim Sci 82:S186, Gorham PE, Carroll LH, McAskill JW, et al: Tilmicosin as a single injection treatment for respiratory disease of feedlot cattle. Can Vet J 31: , Guidance for Industry #58: Good Target Animal Study Practices: Clinical Investigators and Monitors. Rockville, MD, FDA/CVM, May Federation of Animal Science Societies (FASS): Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agriculture Research and Teaching, ed 1 rev. Savoy, IL, FASS, Wu CC, Shryock TR, Lin TL, et al: Antimicrobial susceptibility of Mycoplasma hyorhinis. Vet Micro 76: 25 30, Wu CC, Shryock TR, Lin TL, Veenhuizen MF: Testing antimicrobial susceptibility against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in vitro. J Swine Health Prod 5(6): , Danesi R, Lupetti A, Barbara C, et al: Comparative distribution of azithromycin in lung tissue of patients given oral daily doses of 500 and 1000 mg. J Ant Chem 51: , National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS; now Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI]): Performance standards for antimicrobial disk and dilution susceptibility tests for bacteria isolated from animals [approved standard]. Document M31-A1, Evans NA, Skogerboe TL, Mann DD, et al: Therapeutic efficacy of tulathromycin against naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease [poster abstract 511]. Poster Abstracts Proc 23 rd World Buiatrics Cong: 66 67, Apley MA: Antimicrobial therapy of bovine respiratory disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13(3): , Carbon C: Pharmacokinetics of macrolides, azalides, and streptogramins: Effect on extracellular pathogens. Clin Infect Dis 27:28 32, Nightingale CH: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of newer macrolides. Ped Infect Dis J 16: , Craig WA, Rikardsdottir S, Wantanabe Y: In vivo and in vitro post-antibiotic effects (PAEs) of azithromycin. Program and Abstracts of the 32 nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC, American Society for Microbiology, p 45, Kehrli M, Runnels K, Skogerboe T: Unpublished Data. Groton, CT, Pfizer Animal Health,
Comparative efficacy of DRAXXIN or Nuflor for the treatment of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease in feeder cattle
Treatment Study DRAXXIN vs. Nuflor July 2005 Comparative efficacy of DRAXXIN or Nuflor for the treatment of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease in feeder cattle Pfizer Animal Health, New York,
More informationEfficacy of DRAXXIN or Baytril for treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in calves at 3 feedlots
August 7 Efficacy of or for treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in calves at 3 feedlots Key Points Clinical success was significantly higher (P=.9, P=.31, P=.31) for calves treated
More informationKey Points. 7-, 10-, 14-Day PTI to Close January 2007
7-, 1-, 14-Day PTI to Close January 27 Efficacy of DRAXXIN, followed by 7-, 1-, or 14-day post-treatment intervals, against naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in high-risk calves to close Key
More informationBOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX. Kristen Mierzwiak LCS 630
BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMPLEX Kristen Mierzwiak LCS 630 Ring... You are called out to the farm of one of your regular dairy clients because some of the replacement heifers they bought at a public
More informationBaytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable is FDA-approved for BRD control (metaphylaxis) in high-risk cattle.
Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable is FDA-approved for BRD control (metaphylaxis) in high-risk cattle. Whether controlling or treating BRD, it s important to kill bacteria to let the calf s immune system
More informationEvaluation of Three Antimicrobial Regimens Used as Metaphylaxis in Stocker Calves at High Risk of Developing Bovine Respiratory Disease*
Veterinary Therapeutics Vol. 8, No. 2, Summer 2007 Evaluation of Three Antimicrobial Regimens Used as Metaphylaxis in Stocker Calves at High Risk of Developing Bovine Respiratory Disease* D. L. Step, DVM,
More informationYou can lock the gate for seven days, but you can t stop Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable.
You can lock the gate for seven days, but you can t stop Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable. Baytril 100 (enrofloxacin) Injectable field trial investigates the lock the gate BRD treatment regimen. Often,
More informationEXCEDE Sterile Suspension
VIAL LABEL MAIN PANEL PRESCRIPTION ANIMAL REMEDY KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN READ SAFETY DIRECTIONS FOR ANIMAL TREATMENT ONLY EXCEDE Sterile Suspension 200 mg/ml CEFTIOFUR as Ceftiofur Crystalline Free
More informationComparisons of Metaphylactic Treatments of Zactran (gamithromycin) vs. Excede (ceftiofur crystalline free acid) in High Risk, Stocker Calves
Comparisons of Metaphylactic Treatments of Zactran (gamithromycin) vs. Excede (ceftiofur crystalline free acid) in High Risk, Stocker Calves David Amrine b Brad White b Dan Goehl b Shaun H. Sweiger a Bruce
More informationDraxxin Dairy Detailer. Protection for a lifetime Keeping calves healthy will lead to a lifetime of better performance.
Draxxin Dairy Detailer Protection for a lifetime Keeping calves healthy will lead to a lifetime of better performance. Draxxin Dairy Detailer DRAXXIN makes a difference. Treatments per 50 ml DRAXXIN (180
More informationAnti-microbial usage and Expectations. Gerald Stokka, DVM, MS Livestock Stewardship
Anti-microbial usage and Expectations Gerald Stokka, DVM, MS Livestock Stewardship WHAT DOES A PULL LOOK LIKE? Signs of Disease Everything is respiratory disease Difficult to distinguish from other conditions
More information10 ième Journée Bovine 4 juin Une présentation de: LABORATOIRE G.M.F. inc
10 ième Journée Bovine 4 juin 2004 Une présentation de: LABORATOIRE G.M.F. inc. 1-800-363-1339 450-796-4772 Stocker Calves Challenges, Options,Opportunities An Ontario Veterinarian s Observations By: Dr.
More informationYour Health Management Plan for Feeder Cattle. Why BRD Concern? Number #1 Health Concern. Effects on ADG & Deaths
UWEX Cattle Feeders Clinic Your Health Management Plan for Feeder Cattle UWEX Cattle Feeders Clinic Dr. Larry Baumann, UWEX, UW River Falls Dr. Sarah Mills Lloyd, UWEX, Oconto County Dr. Sandy Stuttgen,
More informationRefusal EPAR for Naxcel
08 November 2012 EMA/CVMP/746112/2012 Veterinary Medicine and Product Data Management Type II variation (EMEA/V/C/000079/II/0013) Scope of variation: Addition of a new indication for the treatment of bovine
More informationBRD in Stocker and Feedlot Cattle
BRD in Stocker and Feedlot Cattle Bob L. Larson, DVM, PhD, ACT, ACVPM-Epi Kansas State University Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) is the primary infectious disease affecting stocker and feedlot
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/CVMP/627/01-FINAL COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS GUIDELINE FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF EFFICACY
More informationSELECT NEWS. Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable Therapy for Cattle
SELECT NEWS Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable Therapy for Cattle Did you know that? Florfenicol is one of the most powerful antibiotics currently available in veterinary medicine with one of the lowest
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. NUFLOR 300 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and sheep
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT NUFLOR 300 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and sheep 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains:
More informationLUNG LESIONS IN LAMBS. South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD Columbus, OH 43210
LUNG LESIONS IN LAMBS J. A. Daniel 1, J. Held 1, C. S. Schauer 2, W. Epperson 3* 1 Department of Animal & Range Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 2 Hettinger Research Extension
More informationUCD VET VIEWS CALIFORNIA CATTLEMEN S MAGAZINE JANUARY 2006 ANTIBIOTIC CHOICES FOR BEEF CATTLE
UCD VET VIEWS CALIFORNIA CATTLEMEN S MAGAZINE JANUARY 2006 ANTIBIOTIC CHOICES FOR BEEF CATTLE During the last 30 plus years of practicing veterinary medicine I cannot remember a time when the beef cattle
More informationZOETIS INC. 333 PORTAGE STREET, KALAMAZOO, MI, Telephone: Customer Service: Website: EXCEDE FOR SWINE
ZOETIS INC. 333 PORTAGE STREET, KALAMAZOO, MI, 49007 Telephone: 269-359-4414 Customer Service: 888-963-8471 Website: www.zoetis.com Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information
More informationDefining Resistance and Susceptibility: What S, I, and R Mean to You
Defining Resistance and Susceptibility: What S, I, and R Mean to You Michael D. Apley, DVM, PhD, DACVCP Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Susceptible
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Selectan 300 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and swine. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains:
More informationField Efficacy Study of Gamithromycin for the Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Cattle at High Risk of Developing the Disease
Field Efficacy Study of Gamithromycin for the Control of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Cattle at High Risk of Developing the Disease Kelly Lechtenberg, DVM, PhD 1 C. Scanlon Daniels, DVM 2 Gregory C. Royer,
More informationFeedlot Receiving Calf Health & Well Being Conference: Ancillary Therapeutics
Feedlot Receiving Calf Health & Well Being Conference: Ancillary Therapeutics BLAKE K. WILSON JANUARY 11, 2017 Outline The problem Why do we see widespread use of ancillary therapy (ANC)? What is ANC?
More informationEFFECTS OF USING MICOTIL 300, LIQUAMYCIN 200 OR TERRAMYCIN AS MASS MEDICATION ON RECEIVING STOCKER CATTLE
EFFECTS OF USING MICOTIL 300, LIQUAMYCIN 200 OR TERRAMYCIN AS MASS MEDICATION ON RECEIVING STOCKER CATTLE M.R. Montague 1, S.C. Smith 2 and D.R. Gill 3 Story in Brief Two field trials were conducted at
More informationShelby Lynn Miller. B.S., Kansas State University, 2013 A REPORT. submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Current and Future Strategies of Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnostics and Treatments by Shelby Lynn Miller B.S., Kansas State University, 2013 A REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
More informationAuthor - Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz
Author - Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz is a professor of equine medicine at Colorado State University (CSU) College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. She began her veterinary
More informationThe world s first and only pour-on anti-inflammatory for cattle FAST PAIN RELIEF
The world s first and only pour-on anti-inflammatory for cattle FAST PAIN RELIEF NOTHING IS SIMPLER THAN POUR-ON RELIEF FOR PAIN, FEVER AND ACUTE INFLAMMATION easy to dose easy to apply easy on animals
More informationcrippling production of the bacterial cell wall that protects the cell from the external environment PS
Antibiotic Selection and Use in Cattle Dee Griffin DVM MS, Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Center, Canyon, TX 79016 Antibiotic use in food animals is increasingly scrutinized Much of the world s antibiotic
More informationBovine respiratory disease: management and treatment
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Bovine respiratory disease: management and treatment Author : Julie Elkins, Paul Burr Categories : Farm animal, Vets Date
More informationIndex. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.
Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal viscera, examination of, in investigation of emerging infectious diseases of food animals, 6 American Veterinary Medical Association,
More informationB. PACKAGE LEAFLET 1
B. PACKAGE LEAFLET 1 PACKAGE LEAFLET FOR: Cadorex 300 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle, sheep and pigs 1. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER AND OF THE MANUFACTURING AUTHORISATION
More informationField Efficacy Evaluation of Gamithromycin for Treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Cattle at Feedlots
Field Efficacy Evaluation of Gamithromycin for Treatment of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Cattle at Feedlots Roger L. Sifferman, DVM 1 William A. Wolff, DVM 2 John E. Holste, DVM 3 Larry L. Smith, DVM,
More information1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT
Summary of Prodcuct Characteristics 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Enrox Max 100 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Cattle and Pigs Enroxal Max 100 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Cattle and
More informationSELECT NEWS. Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable & Oral Therapy for Swine
SELECT NEWS Florfenicol Monograph: Injectable & Oral Therapy for Swine Did you know that? Florfenicol is one of the most powerful antibiotics currently available in veterinary medicine with one of the
More informationChanges in Antibiotic Labeling Veterinary Feed Directive. Changes in Antibiotic Regulations. Concerns with Antibiotic Use 2/29/2016
Changes in Antibiotic Labeling Veterinary Feed Directive Craig A. Payne, DVM, MS Extension Veterinarian Commercial Agriculture Program University of Missouri Changes in Antibiotic Regulations How did we
More informationANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
ANNEX I SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT ZACTRAN 150 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle, sheep and pigs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
More informationIncidence and antibiotic susceptibility of bovine respiratory disease pathogens isolated from the lungs of veal calves with pneumonia in Switzerland
Federal Departement of Economic Affairs DEA Agroscope Liebefeld-Posieux Research Station ALP Incidence and antibiotic susceptibility of bovine respiratory disease pathogens isolated from the lungs of veal
More informationDale A. Blasi Kansas State University 2016 New York Beef Producers Association Annual Meeting, Winter Conference
Thinking outside the shots: Managing newly weaned calves Dale A. Blasi Kansas State University 2016 New York Beef Producers Association Annual Meeting, Winter Conference Animal Sciences used to be Animal
More informationComparison of tilmicosin and gamithromycin for treatment of undifferentiated fever in backgrounded winter-placed feedlot calves
PEER REVIEWED Comparison of tilmicosin and gamithromycin for treatment of undifferentiated fever in backgrounded winter-placed feedlot calves Joyce Van Donkersgoed, 1 DVM, MVSc; John K. Merrill, 2 BSc,
More informationTECHNICAL BULLETIN. Comparative Impact of Draxxin Arrival Metaphylaxis on BRD First-Treatment Success DRX December 2014.
DRX-00025 TECHNICAL BULLETIN December 2014 Comparative Impact of Draxxin Arrival Metaphylaxis on BRD First-Treatment Success Zoetis Florham Park, NJ 07932 In 12 studies, 1-10 feedlot cattle that received
More informationLUNG AUSCULTATION AS A PREDICTOR OF LUNG LESIONS AND BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE OUTCOME IN FEEDYARD CATTLE KEITH DAVID DEDONDER
LUNG AUSCULTATION AS A PREDICTOR OF LUNG LESIONS AND BOVINE RESPIRATORY DISEASE OUTCOME IN FEEDYARD CATTLE by KEITH DAVID DEDONDER B.S., Kansas State University, 2002 B.A., Emporia State University, 2004
More informationR. Mark Enns Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University
R. Mark Enns Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University! Prevention and treatment of disease in the feedlot >$3 billion (Griffin, 1997)! ~1.1 million cattle were lost to respiratory causes
More informationWhere did Dr. Whittier go? Oh well I guess I had better call Dr. Currin again.
Managing the Health of Stocker Calves Tri State Stocker Conference John F. Currin DVM Dipl ABVP Clinical Professor and Extension Veterinarian Va-Md Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Calved 45 heifers
More informationEffects of Late-Summer Protein Supplementation and Deworming on Performance of Beef Calves Grazing Native Range
Effects of Late-Summer Protein Supplementation and Deworming on Performance of Beef Calves Grazing Native Range D.L. Lalman, J.G. Kirkpatrick, D.E. Williams, and J.D. Steele Story in Brief The objective
More informationThomas R. Shryock, Donald W. White, J. Mitchell Staples, Carolyn S. Werner
J Vet Diagn Invest 8:337-344 (1 996) Minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoints and disk diffusion inhibitory zone interpretive criteria for tilmicosin susceptibility testing against Pasteurella spp.
More informationSome Thoughts about Antibiotic Stewardship and Choices of Antibiotic Use in Beef Cattle. Syracuse, NY January 22-23, 2016
Some Thoughts about Antibiotic Stewardship and Choices of Antibiotic Use in Beef Cattle Syracuse, NY January 22-23, 2016 R. L. Rick Sibbel DVM Director, US Cattle Technical Services Merck Animal Health
More informationPharmacokinetics of the Bovine Formulation of Enrofloxacin (Baytril 100) in Horses
C. Boeckh, C. Buchanan, A. Boeckh, S. Wilkie, C. Davis, T. Buchanan, and D. Boothe Pharmacokinetics of the Bovine Formulation of Enrofloxacin (Baytril 100) in Horses Christine Boeckh, DVM, MS a Charles
More informationNew Animal Drugs; Change of Sponsor s Address; Monensin; Spinosad; Tilmicosin
This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 10/04/2012 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2012-24475, and on FDsys.gov 4160-01-P DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN
More informationThe pharmacological and microbiological basis of PK/PD : why did we need to invent PK/PD in the first place? Paul M. Tulkens
The pharmacological and microbiological basis of PK/PD : why did we need to invent PK/PD in the first place? Paul M. Tulkens Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Unit Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels,
More informationSHANE PATRICK TERRELL. B.S., Chadron State College, 2006 DVM, Kansas State University, 2011 A THESIS
A SURVEY TO DESCRIBE CURRENT FEEDER CALF HEALTH AND WELL-BEING PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY FEEDLOT VETERINARY CONSULTANTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA by SHANE PATRICK TERRELL B.S., Chadron State
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Marbocare 20 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and pigs (UK, IE, FR) Odimar 20 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle
More informationsupplied with its solvent for more practical use
TISSUE Friendly l From 1-14 days following injection, no clinical signs like pain, swelling, erythema and induration have been reported l No macroscopic lesions were observed l Moreover, Cevaxel did not
More informationBRDC: A review of pathology and antibiotic susceptibility trends. Jeremy Schefers DVM PhD Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
BRDC: A review of pathology and antibiotic susceptibility trends Jeremy Schefers DVM PhD Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Acute, fibrinous pleuropneumonia, Mannheimia hemolytica Fluid and fibrin
More informationTOC INDEX. Hemophilosis. Joyce Van Donkersgoed. Take Home Message. Introduction
TOC INDEX Hemophilosis Joyce Van Donkersgoed Take Home Message Hemophilosis is a common infectious disease seen in feeder calves in large feedlots in western Canada during the fall and winter. This disease
More informationTHIS ARTICLE IS SPONSORED BY THE MINNESOTA DAIRY HEALTH CONFERENCE.
THIS ARTICLE IS SPONSORED BY THE MINNESOTA DAIRY HEALTH CONFERENCE. ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA UNITED STATES OF MINNESOTA Clinical Pharmacology - Reasonable and Not-So-Reasonable Applications in Dairy Cattle
More informationSZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY. Doctoral School of Veterinary Science
SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY Doctoral School of Veterinary Science Comparative pharmacokinetics of the amoxicillinclavulanic acid combination in broiler chickens and turkeys, susceptibility and stability tests
More informationComparative studies on pulse and continuous oral norfloxacin treatment in broilers and turkeys. Géza Sárközy
Comparative studies on pulse and continuous oral norfloxacin treatment in broilers and turkeys Géza Sárközy Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Science Szent István University
More informationMARBOCYL 10% SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
MARBOCYL 10% SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT MARBOCYL 10%, solution for injection for cattle and swine 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Marbofloxacin...100.0
More informationPierre-Louis Toutain, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire National veterinary School of Toulouse, France Wuhan 12/10/2015
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for amoxicillin in pigs: the setting of the PK/PD cutoff value using population kinetic and Monte Carlo Simulation Pierre-Louis Toutain, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire
More informationANNEX III LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET
ANNEX III LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET 1 A. LABELLING 2 PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGE AND THE IMMEDIATE PACKAGE Card box and package leaflet for brown glass bottle (Type 1) 1. NAME OF THE
More informationAntibiotics use and Considerations: Calves and Heifers CLASSIFICATION OF CALVES. Danielle A. Mzyk TITLE 24 PT. ARIAL BOLD ALL CAPS
CALF AND HEIFER CONGRESS - 2016 Antibiotics use and Considerations: Calves and Heifers Danielle A. Mzyk TITLE 24 PT. ARIAL BOLD ALL CAPS Today s Presentation Classification of Calves Define Preruminant
More informationTimely Tips Dr. Roy Burris, Beef Extension Professor, University of Kentucky. This month s newsletter includes:
Off the Hoof Kentucky Beef Newsletter November 2017 Published Monthly by Dr. Les Anderson, Beef Extension Specialist, Department of Animal & Food Science, University of Kentucky Contents This month s newsletter
More informationUSA Product Label CLINTABS TABLETS. Virbac. brand of clindamycin hydrochloride tablets. ANADA # , Approved by FDA DESCRIPTION
VIRBAC CORPORATION USA Product Label http://www.vetdepot.com P.O. BOX 162059, FORT WORTH, TX, 76161 Telephone: 817-831-5030 Order Desk: 800-338-3659 Fax: 817-831-8327 Website: www.virbacvet.com CLINTABS
More informationResponsible use of antimicrobials in veterinary practice
Responsible use of antimicrobials in veterinary practice Correct antimicrobial: as little as possible, as much as necessary This document provides more information to accompany our responsible use of antimicrobials
More informationBrian V. Lubbers, 1 Gregg A. Hanzlicek
485227VDIXXX10.1177/1040638713485227Prevalence of multidrug resistant Mannheimia haemolyticalubbers, Hanzlicek research-article2013 Antimicrobial multidrug resistance and coresistance patterns of Mannheimia
More informationBeef Cattle Herd Health Workshop # 10
Beef Cattle Herd Health Workshop # 10 Barry Whitworth, DVM Area Food/Animal Quality and Health Specialist for Eastern Oklahoma Herd health management and preventive medicine programs are designed to minimize
More informationETX0282, a Novel Oral Agent Against Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae
ETX0282, a Novel Oral Agent Against Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Thomas Durand-Réville 02 June 2017 - ASM Microbe 2017 (Session #113) Disclosures Thomas Durand-Réville: Full-time Employee; Self;
More informationFEEDLOT PERFORMANCE, HEALTH, AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF HEIFERS TREATED WITH CYDECTIN OR DECTOMAX AT PROCESSING
Beef Cattle Research 2005 FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE, HEALTH, AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF HEIFERS TREATED WITH CYDECTIN OR DECTOMAX AT PROCESSING R. L. Hale, D. Gray 1, and R. Armendariz 2 Summary Two
More informationCHAPTER:1 THE RATIONAL USE OF ANTIBIOTICS. BY Mrs. K.SHAILAJA., M. PHARM., LECTURER DEPT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
CHAPTER:1 THE RATIONAL USE OF ANTIBIOTICS BY Mrs. K.SHAILAJA., M. PHARM., LECTURER DEPT OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, SRM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Antibiotics One of the most commonly used group of drugs In USA 23
More informationAbx II: Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis. Aminoglycosides/Aminocyclitols Gentamicin/Streptomycin, Spectinomycin. VPM 201: Lewis-11: Abx II
Abx II: Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis www.drugs.com/vet/ Lincosamides Abx II: Macrolides As a class of Abx Broad Spectrum, good tissue dist. Achieve high intracellular levels G+ves (R. equi), Campy.
More informationENVIRACOR J-5 aids in the control of clinical signs associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis
GDR11136 ENVIRACOR J-5 aids in the control of clinical signs associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis February 2012 Summary The challenge data presented in this technical bulletin was completed
More informationSt. Croix Valley Bull Test
2016-2017 St. Croix Valley Bull Test August 2016 SCVBT Invitation to Consign Thank you for considering testing your high quality beef bulls at the 2016-17 St. Croix Valley Bull Test Station. The test will
More informationDETERMINING CORRECT DOSING REGIMENS OF ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON THE THEIR BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY*
44 DETERMINING CORRECT DOSING REGIMENS OF ANTIBIOTICS BASED ON THE THEIR BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY* AUTHOR: Cecilia C. Maramba-Lazarte, MD, MScID University of the Philippines College of Medicine-Philippine
More informationAntimicrobial Resistance and One Health: Research Needs
Antimicrobial Resistance and One Health: Research Needs Amelia Woolums, DVM PhD DACVIM DACVM College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University amelia.woolums@msstate.edu Why do we use antimicrobials?
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Kelacyl 100 mg/ml, solution for injection for cattle and pigs (BG, CY, CZ, DE, EL, FR, HU, IE, IT, LT, PL, PT, RO, SK, UK)
More informationGuideline on the conduct of efficacy studies for intramammary products for use in cattle
1 2 3 18 October 2013 EMEA/CVMP/EWP/141272/2011 Committee for Medicinal products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) 4 5 6 Guideline on the conduct of efficacy studies for intramammary products for use in cattle
More informationBovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)
Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) Why should you test your herd, or additions to your herd? Answer: BVD has been shown to cause lower pregnancy rates, increased abortions, higher calf morbidity and mortality;
More informationIntroduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Introduction to Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Diane M. Cappelletty, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor of Pharmacy Practice Wayne State University August, 2001 Vocabulary Clearance Renal elimination:
More informationChanges in Antibiotic Labeling Veterinary Feed Directive
Changes in Antibiotic Labeling Veterinary Feed Directive Craig A. Payne, DVM, MS Extension Veterinarian Commercial Agriculture Program University of Missouri Changes in Antibiotic Regulations How did we
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Tilmovet 250 mg/ml Concentrate for Oral Solution (BE, BG, CZ, EL, HU, IE, NL, PL, RO, UK) for pigs, chickens, turkeys and
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. Florgane 300 mg/ml Suspension for Injection for Cattle and Pigs
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Revised November 2015 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT: Florgane 300 mg/ml Suspension for Injection for Cattle and Pigs 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION:
More informationYOU CAN ALWAYS HAVE CONFIDENCE IN QUALITY. The Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health range of Injectable Antibiotics.
YOU CAN ALWAYS HAVE CONFIDENCE IN QUALITY The Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health range of Injectable Antibiotics. Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health committed to success With a heritage that includes
More informationPeriod of study: 12 Nov 2002 to 08 Apr 2004 (first subject s first visit to last subject s last visit)
Study Synopsis This file is posted on the Bayer HealthCare Clinical Trials Registry and Results website and is provided for patients and healthcare professionals to increase the transparency of Bayer's
More informationCAUTION: Federal (USA) law restricts this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.
ZOETIS INC. 333 PORTAGE STREET, KALAMAZOO, MI, 49007 Telephone: 269-359-4414 Customer Service: 888-963-8471 Website: www.zoetis.com Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information
More informationAbstract... i. Committee Membership... iii. Foreword... vii. 1 Scope Definitions... 1
Vol. 28 No. 7 Replaces M37-A2 Vol. 22 No. 7 Development of In Vitro Susceptibility Testing Criteria and Quality Control Parameters for Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline Third Edition
More informationInnovative BRD risk assessment in intensive beef cattle system
Palais du Pharo, Marseille - 27-29 November, 2013 Innovative BRD risk assessment in intensive beef cattle system Dr. Riccardo Compiani, DVM, PhD student Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety
More informationEstimating the Cost of Disease in The Vital 90 TM Days
Estimating the Cost of Disease in The Vital 90 TM Days KDDC Young Dairy Producers Meeting Bowling Green, KY February 21, 2017 Michael Overton, DVM, MPVM Elanco Knowledge Solutions Dairy moverton@elanco.com
More informationSt. Croix Valley Bull Test
2017-2018 St. Croix Valley Bull Test August 2017 SCVBT Invitation to Consign Thank you for considering testing your high quality beef bulls at the 2017-18 St. Croix Valley Bull Test Station. The test will
More informationRecommended for Implementation at Step 7 of the VICH Process on 15 December 2004 by the VICH Steering Committee
VICH GL27 (ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: PRE-APPROVAL) December 2003 For implementation at Step 7 - Final GUIDANCE ON PRE-APPROVAL INFORMATION FOR REGISTRATION OF NEW VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR FOOD
More informationAntimicrobial Pharmacodynamics
Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics November 28, 2007 George P. Allen, Pharm.D. Assistant Professor, Pharmacy Practice OSU College of Pharmacy at OHSU Objectives Become familiar with PD parameters what they
More informationEmerging Bovine Health Issues. February 2019 MREC-Minneapolis Brandon Treichler, DVM
Emerging Bovine Health Issues February 2019 MREC-Minneapolis Brandon Treichler, DVM Bovine Tuberculosis Bovine Leukemia Virus- BLV Annual economic losses to the US dairy industry are estimated to be $285
More informationTylvax TIMES MORE POWERFUL. One step ahead. Tylvalosin (as tartrate) Poultry and Swine Division Agrovet Market Animal Health
Tylvax One step ahead Tylvalosin (as tartrate) The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tylvalosin is 10 times lower than tylosin against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. In reference values tylvalosin MIC
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALGARY. Advances in Detection and Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Cattle. Afra-Verena Freya Mang A THESIS
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Advances in Detection and Diagnosis of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Feedlot Cattle by Afra-Verena Freya Mang A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT
More informationBacterial Pneumonia in Sheep, The Domestic Bighorn Sheep Interface, and Research at ADRU
Bacterial Pneumonia in Sheep, The Domestic Bighorn Sheep Interface, and Research at ADRU USAHA Committee on Sheep and Goats Providence, RI October 27, 2015 PLC M. A. Highland, DVM, DACVP, PhD candidate
More informationInnovation in Action. Passion to innovate. Global Conference on Sustainable Beef. Power to change. Science for a better life ///////////
Global Conference on Sustainable Beef Innovation in Action Passion to innovate Power to change /////////// Dr Zsolt Szeidemann, Beef Species Team 11 Oct 2018 Science for a better life 150 years of innovation
More informationAntibacterial Resistance: Research Efforts. Henry F. Chambers, MD Professor of Medicine University of California San Francisco
Antibacterial Resistance: Research Efforts Henry F. Chambers, MD Professor of Medicine University of California San Francisco Resistance Resistance Dose-Response Curve Antibiotic Exposure Anti-Resistance
More informationPublished August 6, 2015
Published August 6, 2015 Determination of value of bovine respiratory disease control using a remote early disease identification system compared with conventional methods of metaphylaxis and visual observations
More informationScottish Medicines Consortium
Scottish Medicines Consortium tigecycline 50mg vial of powder for intravenous infusion (Tygacil ) (277/06) Wyeth 9 June 2006 The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) has completed its assessment of the
More information