OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION

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1 Washington County 4-H Quality Assurance Study Guide Testing Categories (Primary Project Area): Large Animals: Beef, Sheep, Swine, Dairy, DFS and Goats Small Animals: Rabbits, Turkeys, Ducks, Chickens, Geese The following information is provided as an aid designed to assist the youth market livestock exhibitor in focusing their studying efforts on the basic areas of Quality Assurance that are addressed on the test. In no way does this guide imply or offer the only information that will be included on the Quality Assurance test. The majority of the testing material was taken directly from the project record book and supplemental resource handbooks. Additional study materials can be found on the Washington County Extension website. General Testing Topics Include: Husbandry Housing Animal Identification Biosecurity Feeding Medications Injections and Routes of Administration The Ten Good Production Practices Animal Diseases Animal Welfare Handling and Transportation of Animals Record Keeping Making ethical decisions Regulatory Agencies and laws Environment Consumer and Food Safety Proper storage and disposal of medications, feeds, supplies, etc Drug Labels washington.osu.edu CFAES provides research and related educational programs to clientele on a nondiscriminatory basis. For more information: go.osu.edu/cfaesdiversity.

2 Assuring Quality Care for Animals 2018 Food Safety and Government Relations Youth Food Animal Quality Assurance Curriculum Guide go.osu.edu/aqca Who is Responsible for Food Safety? All segments of the production chain At the live animal level: Food animal producers including: Youth food animal project members Parents/guardians/family members of youth Quality Assurance Assurance is a pledge or promise Quality defined 2 ways - A food product preferred by consumers A safe, wholesome food product How Can Youth Exhibitors Ensure Food Safety? Supply the packer/processor with animals and/or food products free from drug and chemical residues and physical hazards Youth exhibitors must also be aware of withdrawal times 1

3 Ethics and Animal Welfare Youth Food Animal Quality Assurance Curriculum Guide go.osu.edu/aqca Youth Livestock Exhibitors Most public arena of the food animal industry Actions of 4-H & FFA members impact: Public perception of food animal industry Food quality and safety Remember: You are representing your organization, club, county, the industry, your family, and yourself! Ethical Decisions ASK YOURSELF Does the practice break FDA, state, or federal laws? Does the practice harm the animal? Does the practice falsely represent the animal? Do you have to lie to cover up the practice? Would the public be upset if they knew about the practice? Are the food products from this animal marketable? Would you eat the food produced from this animal? Animal Well-Being Daily Observation Keep track of observations looking for patterns Ensures prompt reaction to needs Animal production gives us direction! Average Daily Gain (ADG) Feed Efficiency (FE) Physical Evaluation Disease Behavior Abnormalities Animal Well-Being Body Condition Scoring (BCS) 2

4 Space Animal Well-Being Stand up Lie down Turn around When lying, a full lateral recumbency should be achieved Head should be free from resting on feeder Tail should not be in contact with fencing at the same time Animal Well-Being Euthanasia Work with your veterinarian and the VCPR you have established Sometimes this is necessary Timely If animal shows no improvement as a result of severe condition or illness for more than 2 consecutive days this might be viable option. CONSULT with your VETERINARIAN Moving Animals Be aware of and use the flight zone Make sure pathways are clear of obstructions Can cause bruising and injury No yelling, poking, hitting, shocking Avoid use of electric prods! Animal Well-Being Willful acts of abuse Unacceptable on any farm or in any show barn! Right versus Wrong! Just because another person is doing it? Just because we know the person doing it? Just because you respect that person? THINK! Then ASK! If you observe willful acts of abuse you should stop the situation If you feel threatened then tell someone confidentially and let them handle the situation Use a Valid Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship as the Basis for Medication Decision-making Good Production Practice #1 go.osu.edu/aqca Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR) Important to establish Manage the health of project animal(s) Prevention of drug residues Required for prescription drugs, extra label drug use and Veterinary Feed Directives (VFD) GPP #1 3

5 VCPR What is needed for this relationship? Required that the veterinarian: has seen and has knowledge of the animal has discussed a healthy plan or any treatments with the owner Basic Classes of Drugs 1. Over the Counter Drugs (OTC) Can be purchased without a prescription Should consult veterinarian before use MUST follow label instructions EXACTLY. GPP #1 GPP #1 2. Prescription Drugs (R x ) Basic Classes of Drugs Drugs that require a veterinarian s written permission for use (prescription). Label of a R x drug will state CAUTION Federal law restricts use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. 1. Label Use Using the drug EXACTLY as stated on the label. 2. Off Label Use of a drug in a manner other than what is stated on the label AND without guidance from a veterinarian under the extra-label policy. ILLEGAL Types of Drug Use GPP #1 GPP #1 Types of Drug Use Extra-Label 3. Extra Label Using an animal drug in a manner not in accordance with the approved drug labeling, but with the guidance of a veterinarian Examples of Extra Label drug use: Increased dosage Changing route of administration Changing length of treatment Treating a disease or condition not listed on the label Treating a species not listed on the label NOTE: must obtain withdrawal time from vet! GPP #1 GPP #1 4

6 Category for new antimicrobial drugs used in the feed to treat disease Veterinary Feed Directive Must have a VFD to feed the product Extra-label use NOT permitted Establish and Implement an Efficient and Effective Health Management Plan Good Production Practice #2 GPP #1 Health Management Plan Herd/Flock health is a key to food safety! Controls disease Reduces risk of drug residue Improves health and welfare Increases production and efficiency Costs less money to prevent than to treat Establishes vaccination plans, biosecurity protocols & emergency preparedness Health Management Plan Components Should include these key components Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR) Development of a herd/flock health plan Development of a biosecurity plan Foreign animal disease and emergency preparedness procedures Herd/Flock Health Plan Work with your veterinarian to develop Vaccination protocols Parasite control protocols A schedule of regular health checks review vaccination & treatment records, discuss health concerns A calendar to execute the health plan Development Biosecurity Plan 5

7 Biosecurity Plan Part of an effective health plan Uses management practices to reduce risk of infectious diseases Maximize animal health and performance Minimize food borne contamination Disease Transmission from Farm to Farm Rodents, wildlife, birds, pets Between animals Same species Different species Vehicles, Equipment New animals Humans Clothes, shoes Air Biosecurity can be either: External Keeping diseases out of a herd/flock Internal Keeping diseases already in one or more segments of the herd/flock from spreading to other segments Internal Biosecurity Work with your veterinarian when you have a sick animal Have separate facilities for sick animals Have clothing/shoes/boots that are only worn to the barn Keep feed and feed bunks free of manure Clean waterers on a regular basis Use Antibiotics Responsibly Good Production Practice #3 go.osu.edu/aqca Antibiotic Use in Food Animal Production Treatment of illness Control and prevention of disease Improve nutritional efficiency 6

8 Antibiotic Use in Food Animal Production Principles for responsible antibiotic use: Take appropriate steps to decrease the need for antibiotics Assess advantages and disadvantages Use antibiotics only when they provide measurable benefits Fully implement the management practices described for responsible use of animal health products into daily operation Have a working veterinarian/client/patient relationship (VCPR) and follow the responsible antibiotic use guidelines Antibiotic Use in Food Animal Production Guidelines for use: Use a veterinarian to help you make decisions Treat only when there is a clinical diagnosis Treat only ill or at-risk animals - the fewest number Carefully review and justify treatment when dealing with potential antibiotic resistant infections It is illegal to mix together medications by a producer Handle and dispose of animal health products properly to minimize environmental exposure Properly Store and Administer Animal Health Products Good Production Practice #4 Who is responsible for proper drug administration? Exhibitors AND Parents/Guardians AND Producers Responsible Drug Use Make sound decisions Read, understand and follow label directions Keep and know medication records and animal ID treatment status of ALL animals Identify all treated animals (refer to GPP 6) Keeping records Removes doubt when marketing previously treated animals Helps to assure proper withdrawal times for an animal Animal Health Products Best Practices Keep box, medication, and all labels together during storage Keep medication labels for your records Attach in the back of record books or keep with treatment records Keep records for at least one year 7

9 ALWAYS READ THE LABEL! Administering Medications Types of Injections Intramuscular (IM) in the muscle Subcutaneous (SQ) under the skin Implants are a subcutaneous injection given in the ear of cattle Work with your veterinarian No withdrawal time Improves growth and feed efficiency Administering Medications Intraperitoneal (IP) in the abdominal cavity Seek veterinary assistance Serious injury including death may occur Intravenous (IV) in the vein Seek veterinary assistance Serious injury including death may occur Administering Medications Other types Intranasal (IN) in the nasal passages Intramammary Infusion in the udder through the teat canal These injections do not use a needle! Needle-Use Guidelines Change needles frequently Preferably after each animal Retrieve dropped needles and dispose immediately Change bent needles Never straighten Ensure proper disposal of sharps Needles, surgical knife blades, and syringes Follow Proper Feed Product Protocols Good Production Practice #5 8

10 Medicated Feeds and Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cgmps) Medicated cgmps require that feed Complies with federal residue levels for feed Assesses feed additives and veterinary drugs used in feed are safe Identification of animals fed medicated feed is required Meets the required withdrawal time Medicated Feeds Can only feed at level approved by FDA No extra-label use of medicated feeds This is ILLEGAL! Feed at level as indicated on the feed label instructions Consult veterinarian or nutritionist with questions Storage of Medicated Feeds Store at proper moisture and temperature Keep medicated feeds separate from nonmedicated feeds Cross-Contamination To pollute or taint by contact What can you do to reduce the risk of crosscontamination? Use different feed scoops Red for medicated Green or another color for non-medicated Properly clean feed mixing equipment Store medicated feed and other feeds separately Guidelines for Good Feeding Practices Good housekeeping Feed storage Handling Clean and safe environment Labels Follow feed tag directions & processor recommendations Recordkeeping READ THE LABEL Age and type of animal feeding Nutrient needs Active drug ingredient and withdrawal time Know how to calculate proper amounts!! Consult nutritionist, veterinarian, or Extension professional 9

11 Medicated Feed Label Recordkeeping Record use of medicated feeds Keep complete records of feed formulation Swine, sheep, goats, poultry Keep records 1 year Beef and dairy Keep records 2 years Veterinary Feed Directive A VFD is a written statement issued by a licensed veterinarian that authorizes the use of an approved VFD drug or combination VFD drug in or on an animal feed. This written statement authorizes the client (owner of the animal) to obtain and use animal feed bearing or containing a VFD drug or combination VFD drug to treat the client s animals only in accordance with the conditions for use approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Establish Effective Animal Identification, Medication Records, and Withdrawal Time Good Production Practice #6 go.osu.edu/aqca Why is ID important? Important management tool for producers Performance measurements Identify treated animals Track ownership and movement From birth to harvest Track disease outbreaks in food animal industry Ensure consumer confidence through traceability of food animal products Identification Methods Freeze Branding Preferred method No damage to hide and less stress to animal Hot Branding Typically used as a farm or group ID Damage to hide and decreases value 10

12 Tattoo Identification Methods Permanent Not easy to read for daily management DNA Blood or hair Unique to each animal Identification Methods Nose Print Like a finger print Unique to each animal Identification Methods Ear Tags Most common form of ID Common ear tag is the least expensive Identification Methods Ear notching Used commonly in swine Permanent Electronic ID (EID) Ear tag, implant or rumen bolus Identification Methods Neck Chain Wing Band Leg Band Scrapie ID Program What animals must have a scrapie ID tag? ALL intact sheep and goats ALL sheep and goats over 18 months (including wethers) Purchased outside of Ohio Enter Ohio and used for exhibition or breeding purposes Records must be kept for 5 years including: Name and address of breeder, and Buyer 11

13 Maintain Medication Treatment Records All food producers are required to keep medication and treatment records. Ohio Drug Use Notification Form (DUNF) must be filled out by ALL exhibitors of market and lactating animal projects. Treatment Records Should include: Individual animal ID Date treated Name of product administered Amount of drug administered (dosage) Treatment Records Should include: Route and location of administration Withdrawal period Earliest date animal(s) will have cleared the withdrawal period Identity of the person who administered Treatment Records Can include other important information: Condition being treated Weight of animal Product lot/serial number Results, comments Look at species record books and quality assurance programs for treatment record options Animal ID #100 Minimum Treatment Record Date & Time Product Dosage 7/4/18 9 AM Person Administering Omnibiotic Route of Admin 10 cc IM Withdrawal Period 28 days Date & Time Withdrawal Complete 8/1/18 9 AM Joe Johnson, Vet From Project Record Book Treatment Record Forms Drug Use Notification Form (DUNF) Must be filled out by every animal exhibitor Keep accurate records to correctly fill out form before exhibiting animal 12

14 Treatment Record Forms Individual or Pen Treatment Records Project record books Resource handbooks PQA Level III Manual Ohio Beef Quality Assurance Manual How long should you keep your records? Species Years Poultry, Rabbit 1 Beef, Dairy Beef 2 Swine 3 Sheep, Goats (Required by federal law) 5 Dairy Cows & Heifers 5 * Ohio Law REQUIRES 1 year. These are recommendations by species. Animal Tracing An animal tracing movement record includes: Animal s or group s identification number PIN of sending and receiving premises Date of movement Number of animals moved and reason for movement Maintain records for recommended time depending on species and make available to animal health officials for inspection Avoid Drug Residue: Know and Observe Withdrawal Times Period of time that must pass between the last treatment and the time the animal Will be harvested Milk taken Eggs harvested Avoid Drug Residue Violations Do NOT market animals for food until the withdrawal time is complete Only use medication approved for the species being treated Do exactly as the label directs or as prescribed by the veterinarian Consult veterinarian with questions and concerns If in doubt, conduct a drug residue test Practice Good Environmental Stewardship Good Production Practice #7 go.osu.edu/aqca 13

15 Practice Good Environmental Stewardship The goal of environmental stewardship is to protect our natural resources. Water Air Land Includes being a good neighbor in our community. Environmental Management Practices There are five main environmental management practices that help producers protect our water, air and land. General Site Conditions Buildings Manure Management Emergency Action Plan (EAP) Inspection Manure Management Each state has different nutrient management requirements that producers should follow on their farm. Manure storage systems should be sized to contain the anticipated manure generation from the maximum number of animals that could be housed at the operation for the time periods between manure removal set forth in the operation s Nutrient Management Plan (NMP). Emergency Action Plan Emergency contact phone numbers should be posted near telephones, the entrance gate and/or outside the buildings. The EAP can include: Operation Information Site Contacts Plan Hazard Plan Maintenance/Training Center information Daily, Weekly and Monthly Inspections Manure storage and disposal method Insect and rodent population control method Drinking water and cooling devices Pens, alley and facilities free of excessive manure Fencing Building ventilation system Disposal of animal health products Cooling and heating systems Proper shelter and shade Dead animal disposal methods Emergency contact list Maintain Proper Workplace Safety Good Production Practice #8 go.osu.edu/aqca 14

16 Maintain Proper Workplace Safety Safety is everyone s responsibility including exhibitors, family members, friends, and so on. If any one person does not take a personal responsibility for working in and maintaining a safe work area, that person puts himself/herself and others at risk. Emergency Action Plan All caretakers must be familiar with emergency procedures for the operation. Farm Emergency Information Sheet listing who to call, what to say and what steps to follow in case of an emergency. Address of facility. People at the farm trained in first aid. Location of first aid kits, fire extinguishers and alarms. Evacuation plan for each building. Emergency farm map. Emergency contact information outside building for caretakers and neighbors to use if they notice something is wrong. Owner number, veterinarian number, power and electric company, emergency 911, etc. Personal Protective Equipment Designed to protect you from loud noises, dust, chemicals and other substances that can harm your health. Wear equipment the entire time you re working on a task. Keep PPE clean and in good shape and check for damage each time you wear it. Personal Hygiene Wash hands before and after working in barn and with animals. Wear waterproof and puncture resistant gloves when caring for sick animals or assisting with procedures. Wear facial protection whenever exposed to splashes or sprays. Clean all injured areas with soap and water immediately. Establish designated areas for eating and drinking. Other Ways to Promote Health and Safety Needle Sticks and Cuts Dispose of all sharps in designated puncture-proof sharps containers. Report all accidental injections and cuts to an adult immediately. Safe Animal Handling Understand typical animal behavior by reviewing GPP 9. Provide Proper Animal Handling and Care Good Production Practice #9 Good Production Practice #8 go.osu.edu/aqca Adapted from National Pork Board, Youth Pork Quality Assurance Plus Handbook Lucinda B. Miller, Ph.D., Extension Specialist, 4-H Youth Development 15

17 Proper Animal Care and Well-Being Every caretaker (youth exhibitor, parent, guardian, producer, etc.) has ethical responsibility to protect and promote well-being of animals in his/her care by Providing feed, water, and shelter (environment) Good Production Practice #8 Providing proper care, handling and transportation Protecting animal health and providing appropriate treatment, including veterinary care Using approved practices to euthanize in timely manner and properly dispose of carcass Water Food Shelter Three Basic Needs Environment Good Production Practice #8 Water Provide clean, fresh, cool water DAILY Sufficient water for all animals Clean waterers on regular basis Know water requirements for your animals Water requirements change based on Weather/environment Good Production Practice #8 Maturity of animal Feed consumption Species Stage of production Feed Know nutrient needs of the animals Feed proper amount of feed Avoid restricting feed to maintain a weight or lose weight for show GPP #5 covers Good Production proper feed Practice processing #8 protocols Shelter Animal s Environment Needed to provide animals escape from harsh environments Animals at different ages require different amounts of space Animals at Good different Production stages Practice of production #8 require different amounts of space Provide sufficient space for animal based on animal s weight at end of project or to a mature weight Sanitation Provide clean bedding Remove waste in timely manner Prevents spread of disease Reduces fly problems and odors Clean and Good disinfect Production facilities Practice before #8new animals arrive 16

18 Pens, Floors, Alleyways Sharp or protruding objects may cause skin lesions Broken slats or uneven flooring may cause lameness or leg injuries Floors should Good be Production rough enough Practice to #8 minimize slips and falls, but not so much as to injure pad or sole of hoof Need non-slip flooring where animals are handled Body Space Animals must have enough space to Spread wings comfortably within coop or pen Move around and get away from each other if needed Refer to species Resource Handbooks for space Good Production Practice #8 requirements Refer to Ohio Livestock Care Standards Animal Evaluation Helps verify that other aspects of well-being program have positive effects on animals Production Performance Indicator of animal s well-being May be compromised if animal s well-being is Good Production Practice #8 compromised Production performance measures to track include Average Daily Gain Feed Efficiency Mortality Rates Safe Animal Handling Use best animal handling and movement practices for the good well-being of animal and safety of handler Improperly handled animals become distressed which can lead to Physical injury to animal Physical injury Good to Production handler Practice #8 Increase in incidence of non-ambulatory animals Increase in time to load and unload animals Reduced growth rates and performance Significantly contributing to carcass shrink, trim loss and poor meat quality Following/Herding Instinct Not using or incorrect use of following/herding concepts can cause injury to animal if trying to escape Visual gaps between pens, alleys, ramps, gates, chutes, etc. can be seen as escape route for Good Production Practice #8 animal and can result in injuries Not using or incorrect use puts handler and other people at risk for injury Utilize Tools for Continuous Improvement Good Production Practice #10 go.osu.edu/aqca 17

19 Utilize Tools for Continuous Improvement Foundation of Youth Quality Assurance program All new animal caretakers must be trained in their duties, whether caring for one or 100+ animals Utilize Tools for Continuous Improvement Conduct site assessments on a regular basis to benchmark animal care practices and measure well-being Three core areas to evaluate when measuring and benchmarking: Records Facilities Animal observations Training Animal Caretakers All caretakers, regardless of age, should be engaged in training and education Training programs vital to understand and implement the Good Production Practices (GPPs) for promoting food safety while improving animal production efficiency Essential for caretakers safety and assuring humane care of animals that will not jeopardize the safety of the food product 18