List of Figures. Fig-1. Study Area. Fig-2. Vegetation types. Fig-3. Major Tribes of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Fig-4. General features of Tribes
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1 List of Figures Fig-1. Study Area a. India b. Andhra Pradesh c. Forests of Eastern Ghats Fig-2. Vegetation types a. Tropical moist deciduous forest at Minumuluru (VSKP) b. Tropical moist deciduous forest at Tirumala (CTR) c. Mixed dry deciduous forest at Galikonda (VSKP) d. Tropical dry deciduous forest at Bairluty (KNL) e. Tropical dry deciduous forest at Tirumala (CTR) f. Scrub forest at Kalasamudram (ATP) g. Scrub forest at Owk (KNL) h. Waterfalls at upper Ahobilam (KNL) Fig-3. Major Tribes of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh a. Chenchus b. Sugalis c. Yerukalas d. Yanadis e. Khonds f. Gadabas g. Savaras h. Porjas Fig-4. General features of Tribes a. Tribe collecting honey b. Chenchu tribes, ancestral god c. Herbal healer d. Chenchu tribal hamlet at Atmakur e. Yanadi tribal hamlet at Varadayapalem f. Chenchu tribal hamlet at Peccheruvu g. Herbal vendor at Tirupathi
2 h. Herbal vendor at Atmakur Fig-5. Methodology a. Processing of crude samples b. Herbarium c. Powdered plant materials d. Extraction method (Soxhlet apparatus) e. Distillation process f. Crude extracts g. Preliminary phytochemical analysis h. Nikon phase contrast microscope i. UV spectrophotometer j. Inoculation Chamber (Laminar air flow) Fig-6. Terminalia species 1a. Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth 1b. Flowering 1c. Young fruits 2a. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. 2b. Flowering 2c. Fruiting 3a. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. 3b. Flowering 3c. Fruiting Fig-7. Terminalia species 4a. Terminalia catappa L. 4b. Flowering 4c. Fruiting 5a. Terminalia chebula Retz. 5b. Branches of tree 5c. Fruiting
3 6a. Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. 6b. Flowering 6c. Fruiting Fig-8. Terminalia species 7a. Terminalia gella Dalz. 7b. Flowering 7c. Fruiting 8a. Terminalia pallida Brandis 8b. Young fruits 8c. Ripened fruits 9a. Terminalia paniculata Roth 9b. Young fruits 9c. Fruiting Fig-9. Diversity in bark among Terminalia spp. Fig-10. Diversity in foliar glands of Terminalia spp. Fig-11. Diversity in fruit morphology among Terminalia spp. Fig-12. Leaf anatomy of Terminalia alata Fig-13. Leaf anatomy of Terminalia arjuna Fig-14. Leaf anatomy of Terminalia bellirica Fig-15. Leaf anatomy of Terminalia catappa Fig-16. Leaf anatomy of Terminalia chebula Fig-17. Leaf anatomy of Terminalia coriacea Fig-18. Leaf anatomy of Terminalia gella Fig-19. Leaf anatomy of Terminalia pallida Fig-20. Leaf anatomy of Terminalia paniculata Fig-21. Bark anatomy of Terminalia alata Fig-22. Bark anatomy of Terminalia arjuna
4 Fig-23. Bark anatomy of Terminalia bellirica Fig-24. Bark anatomy of Terminalia catappa Fig-25. Bark anatomy of Terminalia chebula Fig-26. Bark anatomy of Terminalia coriacea Fig-27. Bark anatomy of Terminalia gella Fig-28. Bark anatomy of Terminalia pallida Fig-29. Bark anatomy of Terminalia paniculata Fig-30. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth a. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1:10 b. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Bacillus cereus. 1:10 mg/ml; 2: 25 c. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of stem bark on Candida albicans. 1:10 mg/ml; 2:25 mg/ml; 3:50 mg/ml; C: Control. d. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem bark on Bacillus subtilis. 1:10 mg/ml; 2:25 mg/ml; 3:50 mg/ml; C: Control. e. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of fruit on Staphylococcus aureus. 1:10 mg/ml; 2:25 mg/ml; 3:50 mg/ml; C: Control. f. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of fruit on Escherichia coli. 1:10 mg/ml; 2:25 mg/ml; 3: 50 mg/ml; C: Control Fig-31. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. a. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf on Staphylococcus aureus. 1: 10 b. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Bacillus subtilis.1:10 mg/ml; 2: 25 c. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of stem bark on Candida albicans. 1: 10
5 d. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem bark on Klebsiella pneumoniae. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2:25 e. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of fruit on Bacillus subtilis. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 f. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of fruit on Klebsiella pneumoniae. 1: 10 Fig-32. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. a. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf on Salmonella typhimurium. 1: 10 b. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Bacillus cereus. 1:10 mg/ml; 2: 25 c. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of stem bark on Micrococcus luteus. 1:10 mg/ml; 2:25 mg/ml; 3:50 mg/ml; C: Control. d. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem bark on Candida albicans. 1: 10 e. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of fruit on Micrococcus luteus.1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 f. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of fruit on Staphylococcus aureus.1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 Fig-33. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia chebula Retz. a. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of leaf on Micrococcus luteus. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 b. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf on Bacillus cereus. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 c. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1: 10 d. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Salmonella typhimurium. 1: 10
6 e. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem on Staphylococcus aureus. 1: 10 f. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem on Klebsiella pneumoniae. 1: 10 Fig-34. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia coriacea (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. a. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf on Staphylococcus aureus. 1: 10 b. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Bacillus subtilis.1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 c. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of stem bark on Escherichia coli. 1: 10 d. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem bark on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1: 10 e. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of fruit on Candida albicans. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 f. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of fruit on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 Fig-35. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia gella Dalz. a. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of leaf on Candida albicans. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 b. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf on Candida albicans. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 c. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Candida albicans. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 d. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1: 10 e. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem on Salmonella typhimurium. 1: 10
7 f. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem on Staphylococcus aureus. 1: 10 Fig-36. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia pallida Brandis a. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of leaf on Staphylococcus aureus. 1: 10 b. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf on Micrococcus luteus. 1: 10 c. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Staphylococcus aureus. 1: 10 d. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Staphylococcus aureus. 1: 10 e. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem on Staphylococcus aureus. 1: 10 f. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem on Candida albicans. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 Fig-37. Antimicrobial activity of Terminalia paniculata Roth a. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extract of leaf on Bacillus subtilis. 1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 b. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of leaf on Salmonella typhimurium. 1: 10 c. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Candida albicans.1: 10 mg/ml; 2: 25 d. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of leaf on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. 1: 10 e. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem on Staphylococcus aureus. 1: 10 f. Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts of stem on Salmonella typhimurium. 1: 10
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