Isolation & antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella from patients with acute gastroenteritis in western Nepal

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Isolation & antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella from patients with acute gastroenteritis in western Nepal"

Transcription

1 Indian J Med Res 123, February 2006, pp Isolation & antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella from patients with acute gastroenteritis in western Nepal Godwin Wilson, Joshy M. Easow, Chiranjoy Mukhopadhyay & P.G. Shivananda Department of Microbiology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Nepal Received January 13, 2005 Background & objectives: Shigellae play an important role as a causative organism of acute gastroenteritis, which is a global health problem with significant morbidity and mortality in especially in developing countries. This study was carried out to determine the isolation and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Shigella in patients with acute gastroenteritis in western Nepal. Methods: The study included all patients with acute gestroenteritis who visited a tertiary care hospital at Pokhara, Nepal during a 2-year period ( ). The isolates was confirmed as Shigella by biochemical reaction and slide agglutination test using specific antisera. Antibiotic sensitivity test was determined by agar diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the drugs was detected. Results: Of the 770 stool samples, 83 (10.8%) yielded Shigella. Shigella flexneri caused 56 (67.4%) of the total cases of shigellosis followed by S. dysenteriae 12 (14.5%), S. sonnei 10 (12%) and S. boydii 5 (6%). Of the 83 isolates, 67 (80.7%) showed resistance to various drugs and 62 (74.7%) were resistant to two or more drugs. Resistance to cotrimoxazole was 80.7 per cent followed by tetracycline 74.7 per cent, ampicillin 53.0 per cent, nalidixic acid 31.3 per cent and ciprofloxacin 2.4 per cent. The MIC 50 and MIC 90 values of those drugs were also very high. All isolates were sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. Interpretation & conclusion: The findings of our study suggested that Shigellae was an important etiological agent for acute gastroenteritis, with a high rate of drug resistance and requires constant monitoring in this region. Key words Agar dilution - antibiogram - MIC - seasonal variation - Shigella Diarrhoeal diseases and enteric infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the developing world 1. Epidemiology reports show that about 140 million people suffer from shigellosis with estimated 600,000 deaths per year worldwide 2. In Nigeria 3 as well as in Bangladesh 4, both children and young adults are at a higher risk. In Vellore, shigellosis was found to be one of the common causes 145

2 146 INDIAN J MED RES, FEBRUARY 2006 of gastroenteritis 5. Over a decade ago, the active surveillance studies showed that in most endemic countries especially in Asia and sub-saharan Africa 6,7, there was an emergence of multidrug resistance to different antibiotics including ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and nalidixic acid. Drugs like fluoroquinolones, azithromycin and pivamdinocillin have been found to be efficacious for the treatment of shigellosis in children and adults 8,9. Every year a large number of patients suffer from acute gastroenteritis in the western region of Pokhara, Nepal and isolation of Shigella from these patients is not uncommon; no studies were conducted so far from this region to evaluate the prevalence of Shigella in patients with acute gastroenteritis and the status of drug resistance in shigellosis. The present study was therefore carried out in a tertiary care hospital in Pokhara, Nepal to isolate Shigella from children and adults with suspected acute gastroenteritis, and to study its seasonal distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Material & Methods Patients and sample collection: During October 2002 to September 2004, 770 stool samples were collected from all pre-school children (<5 yr), school-going children (6-15 yr) and adults (>15 yr) with acute gastroenteritis attending out patients department in a tertiary care hospital in Pokhara, Nepal, in clean, open-mouth disposable containers. All the samples were cultured within 2 h of collection and analyzed according to standard methods 10. Though most of the patients had suffered from dysentery, some patients had only mild diarrhoea and never developed dysenteric symptoms. Dysentery was characterized by frequent passage (usually 10 to 13 times/day) of small volume stools consisting of blood, mucus, and pus; often accompanied by abdominal cramps and tenesmus. Diarrhoea was defined as the passage of 3 or more liquid stools without blood and mucus in a 24 h period. Bacteriological analysis: The samples were primarily cultured on deoxycholate citrate agar (DCA) and MacConkey agar media (Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd.). All plates were incubated aerobically at 37 º C overnight. The non-lactose-fermenting (NLF) colonies from both DCA and MacConkey agar were identified on urea hydrolysis, triple sugar iron (TSI) medium, sulphide-indole and motility medium (SIM), and Simmon s citrate test 11. They were further identified at group level by slide agglutination test 12 with specific antisera (DIFCO Laboratories, Detroit, Michigan, USA). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: Resistance patterns of the Shigella isolates to various antibiotics were determined by the agar diffusion technique 13,14. Every inoculum was prepared by inoculating 5 ml of Mueller-Hinton broth with five colonies of an 18 h old pure Shigella culture followed by incubation in ambient air and at 37 º C for 16 h. The resulting turbid culture was standardized to a turbidity of 0.5 McFarland using 0.85 per cent NaCl as a diluent. A sterile cotton swab was dipped into the standardized suspension, drained, and used for inoculating 25 ml of Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) in a 90 mm plate. The inoculating plates were air dried and antibiotic disks included ampicillin (10 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), cotrimoxazole i.e., trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxazole (1.25/23.75 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), ceftriaxone (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), nalidixic acid (30 µg), chloramphenicol (30 µg) and gentamicin (10 µg) [Oxoid (UK) and Hi-Media (Mumbai, India) were mounted on them. The plates were inverted and incubated in ambient air at 37 º C for 18 h. Zones of inhibition were recorded in millimeters and were compared with those of Escherichia coli ATCC25922 from (ICDDR, B, Dhaka, Bangladesh) which served as control strain. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): Minimum concentration of each antibiotic inhibitory to the growth of 50 per cent (MIC 50 ) and 90 per cent (MIC 90 ) of the isolates was determined on MHA in a 90 mm plate. The agar contained concentration ranges of the antibiotics prepared by two-fold serial dilution according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) 15. Manual inoculation with micropipette for dispensing 20 µl of standardized inoculum (10 7 cfu/ ml) of each isolate onto the surface of the antibiotic plate was done to obtain a final inoculum size of

3 WILSON et al: ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SHIGELLA IN WESTERN NEPAL cfu/spot. Antibiotic-free plates were inoculated at the end and were used as negative controls. The positive controls were the plates (one plate per antibiotic tested) inoculated with the reference strain E. coli ATCC MIC 50 and MIC 90 of each antimicrobial agent against Shigella isolates were evaluated after incubating the plates, containing completely absorbed inocula, in ambient air at 37 º C for 18 h. Results Shigella was isolated from 83 of 770 (10.8%) stool samples. Of these, S. flexneri 56 (67.5%) was the most common isolate in all age groups, followed by S. dysenteriae 12 (14.5%), S. sonnei 10 (12%) and S. boydii 5 (6.0%). Isolation rate of S. flexneri was observed to be more among children less than 5 yr (71.4%, 15/21) and schoolgoing children (70.6%,12/17) compared to adults (64.4%, 29/45). Detection rates was highest in summer-monsoon i.e., June-September (54.2%, 45), and moderate in spring (March-May 22.9%, 19), and autumn (October-November 12.0%, 10), and lowest in winter (December-February 10.8%, 9). All 83 isolates were sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone and 67 showed variable resistance against the remaining seven antibiotics (Table I). Resistance to co-trimoxazole was highest (80.7%), followed by tetracycline (74.7%), gentamicin (55.4%), ampicillin (53%). chloromphenicol (39.7%) and nalidixic acid (31.3%). Ciprofloxacin (2.4%) had the least resistance. In 67 isolates, 7 patterns of antibiotic resistance were found (Table II), which on further analysis revealed that nearly 62 (74.7%) isolates were resistant to 2 or more drugs. Table I. Number of resistant isolates Shigella and per cent resistance among serogroups Antimicrobial drugs Resistant isolates Serogroups no. (%) S. flexneri S. dysenteriae S. sonnei n=51 (%) n=08 (%) n=07 (%) Ampicillin 44 (53) 33 (64.7) 06 (75) 05 (71.4) Cefotaxime 00 (00) 00 (00) 00 (00) 00 (00) Ceftriaxone 00 (00) 00 (00) 00 (00) 00 (00) Co-trimoxazole 67 (80.7) 51 (100) 08 (100) 07 (100) Tetracycline 62 (74.7) 49 (96) 07 (87.5) 06 (85.7) Chloramphenicol 33 (39.7) 23 (45.1) 05 (62.5) 05 (71.4) Gentamicin 46 (55.4) 34 (66.7) 06 (75) 06 (85.7) Nalidixic acid 26 (31.3) 16 (31.4) 05 (62.5) 05 (71.4) Ciprofloxacin 02 (2.4) 01 (2.0) 01 (12.5) 00 (00) Single isolate of S. boydii has shown resistance only against co-trimoxazole Table II. Patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Shigella isolates Antibiotic resistance pattern No. of resistant Shigella isolates (n=67) S. flexneri S. dysenteriae S. sonnei S. boydii (n=51) (n=08) (n=07) (n=01) Cot Tet Gen Amp Chl Nal Cif Cot Tet Gen Amp Chl Nal Cot Tet Gen Amp Chl Cot Tet Gen Amp Cot Tet Gen Cot Tet Cot Cot, cotrimoxazole; Tet, tetracycline; Gen, gentamicin; Amp, ampicillin; Chl, chloramphenicol; Nal, nalidixic acid; Cif, ciprofloxacin

4 148 INDIAN J MED RES, FEBRUARY 2006 Table III. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents for Shigella isolates Antimicrobial drugs Range MIC 50 MIC 90 (µg/ml) (µg/ml) (µg/ml) Ampicillin Cefotaxime Ceftriaxone Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprime/sulphamethoxazole) 2/38-4/76 4/76 8/152 Tetracycline Chloramphenicol Gentamicin Nalidixic acid Ciprofloxacin At 16 and 32 µg/ml, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone inhibited the growth of 50 and 90 per cent of the isolates respectively. The MIC 50 and MIC 90 values of co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, gentamicin, ampicillin, and nalidixic acids were very high and those of ciprofloxacin were within range (Table III). Discussion Shigellosis is a public health problem in western Nepal as the community is ravaged by poverty, poor sanitation, lack of personal hygiene and use of contaminated water supplies. It is a mountainous region and has a population of around 1,26,000 (2001 Census). The temperature ranges from 40º F (4º C) in January to approximately 100º F (38º C) in June, just before the monsoon. The summer-monsoon causes the climatic variation since rainwater is a major cause of rapid deterioration in the surface water quality in this area. The high isolation rate of Shigella (10.78%) from the stool samples of the acute gastroenteritis patients in the present study is also a reflection of poor hygiene and inadequate supply of clean drinking water. The finding of S. flexneri as the predominant and most active serogroup in western Nepal was similar to the study from Lagos, Nigeria where the predominance of S. flexneri did not change since last decade 3. However, this was unlike the situation in the islands of Bengal 16 where S. flexneri and S. dysenteriae alternated as most active agents of shigellosis or in endemic communities of Israel 17 and Pakistan 18 where S. sonnei was the predominant etiological agent. Children (both pre-school and school-going) as those from Bangladesh,were at a higher risk of getting affected by the disease, which might be a reflection of secondary infection from the adults as well as poor personal hygiene 8. Antimicrobial therapy is the cornerstone of treatment of shigellosis, as mortality especially with S. dysenteriae type 1 infection is appreciable (10%) in the young and elderly, and it prevents the more serious complications of the infection 19. The guiding principle for the choice of antimicrobials in developing countries includes cost, availability of the drug and pattern of resistance in the community. When compared with the study from Nigeria 3, we found decreased resistance for ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and increased resistance for nalidixic acid, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. The resistance against co-trimoxazole was similar in both the studies. All isolates were sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. A study from north-western part of India documented nearly 100 per cent sensitivity of Shigella against drugs like chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole, gentamicin and norfloxacin 20. The alarming rise in resistance in Shigella in this part against these drugs might be related to the indiscriminate use of drugs during the last few years and failure of prevention of spread of multidrug resistant strains.

5 WILSON et al: ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SHIGELLA IN WESTERN NEPAL 149 Our findings showed that third generation cephalosporins should be kept in reserve, only for the treatment of drug-resistant non-responsive cases of acute gastroenteritis. Also co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, and ampicillin had no reasonable role in the empirical treatment of gastroenteritis in this part of Nepal and should be replaced with quinolones. We have found that ciprofloxacin had the least resistance among oral antibiotics with MIC 50 and MIC 90 values within susceptibility range. Nalidixic acid was introduced to cure shigellosis caused by ampicillin and co-trimoxazole resistant strains 21. Nalidixic acid still remains the drug of choice for shigellosis in our institution. However, the high resistance against this drug comparative to other study 22 has made it imperative that this drug should be used only in patients, especially in children, whose etiological agents are susceptible to nalidixic acid in vitro and not as an empirical therapy in all cases of suspected gastroenteritis. Although the safety of fluoroquinolones in young children is controversial, several reports about the safe use in childhood have been published 23. As resistance to nalidixic acid due to first step resistance mutations is generally thought to precede resistance to fluoroquinolones 24, closed continued monitoring to these drugs is warranted. It is concluded that Shigellae are predominant organisms for acute gastroenteritis, especially in children in western Nepal. The emergence of multiple drug resistance demands continuous monitoring of the susceptibility pattern of Shigella isolates. Simple measures like hand washing coupled with strict public health strategies like clean water supply, good sewage management and a clean environment should help reduce morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases. References 1. Jousilahti P, Madkur SM, Lambrechts T, Sherwin E. Diarrhoeal disease morbidity and home treatment practices in Egypt. Public Health 1997; 111 : World Health Organization. Diarrhoeal disease due to Shigella disease. In: Vaccines, immunization and biologicals. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998 p Iwalokun BA, Gbenle GO, Smith SI, Ogunledun A, Akinsinde KA, Omonigbehin EA. Epidemiology of shigellosis in Lagos, Nigeria: Trends in antimicrobial resistance. J Health Popul Nutr 2001; 19 : Khan M, Curlin GT, Huq I. Epidemiology of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infections, in Dacca urban area. Trop Geogr Med 1979; 31 : Jesudason MV. Shigella isolation in Vellore, south India ( ). Indian J Med Res 2002; 115 : Bennish ML, Salam MA, Hossain MA, Myaux J, Khan EH, Chakraborty J. Antimicrobial resistance to Shigella isolates in Bangladesh : increasing frequency of strains multiply resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, and nalidixic acid. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14 : Bogaerts J, Verhaegen J, Munyabikali JP, Mukantabana B, Lemmens P, Vandeven J. Antimicrobial resistance and serotypes of Shigella isolates in Kigali, Rwanda (1983 to 1993): increasing frequency of multiple resistance. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 28 : Khan WA, Seas C, Dhar U, Salam MA, Bennish ML. Treatment of shigellosis: V. Comparison of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. A double-blind randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126 : Kabir I, Rahaman MM, Ahmed SM, Akhter SQ, Butler T. Comparative efficacies of pivmecillinam and ampicillin in acute shigellosis. Antimicrob Agent Chemother 1984; 25 : World Health Organization. Programme for Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases. Manual for laboratory investigations of acute enteric infections. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 1987 p (CDD/83.3 rev 1) 11. Duguid JP. Shigella. In: Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmons A, editors. Practical medical microbiology, Mackie & McCartney, 14th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996 p Ahmed K, Shakoori FR, Shakoori AR. Aetiology of Shigellosis in Northern Pakistan. J Health Popul Nutr 2003; 21 : Agarwal KC. Antibiotic sensitivity test by disc diffusion method: Standardization and interpretation. Indian J Pathol Bacteriol 1974; 17 : National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: ninth international supplement. Wayne, Pernnsyslvania: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, (NCCLS document no. M100-S9).

6 150 INDIAN J MED RES, FEBRUARY National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: eighth international supplement. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, (NCCLS document no. M100-S8). 16. Ghosh AR, Sehgal SC. Shigella infections among children in Andaman - an archipegalo of tropical islands in Bay of Bengal. Epidemiol Infect 1998; 121 : Mates A, Eyny D, Philo S. Antimicrobial resistance trends Shigella serogroups isolated in Israel, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19 : Mahmood A. Nalidixic acid is still the drug of choice for shigellosis in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2001; 51 : Bennish ML, Wojtyniak BJ: Mortality due to Shigellosis: Community and hospital data. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13 (Suppl 4) : S245-S Gupta V, Ray P, Sharma M. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of Shigella and non-typhi Salmonella isolated from patients with diarrhoea. Indian J Med Res 1999; 109 : Iwalokun BA, Gbenle GO, Smith SI, Ogynledun A, Akinside KA, Omonigbehin EA. Epidemiology of Shigellosis in Lagos, Nigeria: Trends in antimicrobial resistance. J Health Popal Nutr 2001; 19 : Niyogi SK, Dutta P, Mitra U. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of Shigella species isolated from children with acute diarrhea. Indian Pediatrics 2000; 37 : Chusky V, Hullman R. How safe is ciprofloxacin in pediatrics? Adv Antimicrob Antineopl Chemother 1992; 11 : Hooper DC. New uses for new and old quinolones and the challenge of resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30 : Reprint requests: Dr P.G. Shivananda, Professor & Head, Department of Microbiology, Manipal College of Medical Sciences P.O. Box no.155, Deep Heights - 16, Pokhara, Nepal pgshivananda@yahoo.com

PILOT STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SHIGELLA IN NEW ZEALAND IN 1996

PILOT STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SHIGELLA IN NEW ZEALAND IN 1996 PILOT STUDY OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SHIGELLA IN NEW ZEALAND IN 996 November 996 by Maggie Brett Antibiotic Reference Laboratory ESR Communicable Disease Centre Porirua CONTENTS Page SUMMARY

More information

Epidemiology of Shigellosis in Lagos, Nigeria: Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance

Epidemiology of Shigellosis in Lagos, Nigeria: Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance J HEALTH POPUL NUTR 2001 Sep;19(3):183-190 2001 ICDDR,B: Centre for Health and Population Research ISSN Trends 1606-0997 in antimicrobial $ 5.00+0.20 resistance in Nigeria 183 Epidemiology of Shigellosis

More information

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Vibrio cholerae Causing Diarrohea Outbreaks in Bidar, North Karnataka, India

Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Vibrio cholerae Causing Diarrohea Outbreaks in Bidar, North Karnataka, India International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 957-961 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern

More information

DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIMICROBIALS AMONG SHIGELLA FLEXNERI ISOLATES IN MANIPAL, SOUTH INDIA A 5 YEAR HOSPITAL BASED STUDY

DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIMICROBIALS AMONG SHIGELLA FLEXNERI ISOLATES IN MANIPAL, SOUTH INDIA A 5 YEAR HOSPITAL BASED STUDY DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIMICROBIALS AMONG SHIGELLA FLEXNERI ISOLATES IN MANIPAL, SOUTH INDIA A 5 YEAR HOSPITAL BASED STUDY Ballal Mamatha and Chakraborty Rituparna Department of Clinical Microbiology

More information

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella Typhi From Kigali,

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella Typhi From Kigali, In the name of God Shiraz E-Medical Journal Vol. 11, No. 3, July 2010 http://semj.sums.ac.ir/vol11/jul2010/88030.htm Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella Typhi From Kigali, Rwanda. Ashok

More information

Epidemiology of Shigella species isolated from diarrheal children and drawing their antibiotic resistance pattern

Epidemiology of Shigella species isolated from diarrheal children and drawing their antibiotic resistance pattern Iranian Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases 2006;1(3):149-155 2006 IDTMRC, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center ORIGINAL ARTICLE Epidemiology of Shigella species isolated from

More information

Magnitude of drug resistant shigellosis in Nepalese patients

Magnitude of drug resistant shigellosis in Nepalese patients Volume 5 Number 4 (December 2013) 334-338 Magnitude of drug resistant shigellosis in Nepalese patients Salman Khan 1, Priti Singh 2, Asnish Asthana 3, MukhtarAnsari 4 1 Department of Microbiology, Nepalgunj

More information

Species Distribution' and Antibiotic Resistance of Shigella Isolates in an Urban Community in Malaysia

Species Distribution' and Antibiotic Resistance of Shigella Isolates in an Urban Community in Malaysia ORIGINAL ARTICLE Species Distribution' and Antibiotic Resistance of Shigella Isolates in an Urban Community in Malaysia W S Lee, MRCP, S D Puthucheary, FRCPath Departments of Paediatrics and Medical Microbiology,

More information

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Salmonella species from various antibiotic

Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Salmonella species from various antibiotic ISSN: 2347-3215 Volume 3 Number 8 (August-2015) pp. 51-55 www.ijcrar.com Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Salmonella species from various antibiotic Shashi P. Jambhulkar 1 * and Arun B. Ingle 2

More information

Serodiversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Shigella Isolates at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Serodiversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Shigella Isolates at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia Jpn. J. Infect. Dis., 62, 93-97, 2009 Original Article Serodiversity and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Shigella Isolates at Gondar University Teaching Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia Moges Tiruneh*

More information

Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase Producers among Various Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital: Kurnool District, India

Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase Producers among Various Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital: Kurnool District, India International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 319-77 Volume Number (17) pp. 57-3 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/1.5/ijcmas.17..31

More information

Antimicrobial resistance in Shigella - rapid increase & widening of spectrum in Andaman Islands, India

Antimicrobial resistance in Shigella - rapid increase & widening of spectrum in Andaman Islands, India Indian J Med Res 135, March 2012, pp 365-370 Antimicrobial resistance in Shigella - rapid increase & widening of spectrum in Andaman Islands, India Debdutta Bhattacharya, Sugunan A.P., Haimanti Bhattacharjee,

More information

Antibiotic Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR); August 2017

Antibiotic Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR); August 2017 Antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella, 2015 and 2016 Helen Heffernan and Rosemary Woodhouse Antibiotic Reference Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR); August 2017

More information

Antibiotic therapy of acute gastroenteritis

Antibiotic therapy of acute gastroenteritis Antibiotic therapy of acute gastroenteritis Potential goals Clinical improvement (vs control) Fecal eradication of the pathogen and decrease infectivity Prevent complications Acute gastroenteritis viruses

More information

Please distribute a copy of this information to each provider in your organization.

Please distribute a copy of this information to each provider in your organization. HEALTH ADVISORY TO: Physicians and other Healthcare Providers Please distribute a copy of this information to each provider in your organization. Questions regarding this information may be directed to

More information

EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING

EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING CHN61: EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE (ESBL) TESTING 1.1 Introduction A common mechanism of bacterial resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics is the production

More information

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Isolates at Tertiary Care Hospital, Ahmedabad, India

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Isolates at Tertiary Care Hospital, Ahmedabad, India International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 06 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.018

More information

Evaluation of a computerized antimicrobial susceptibility system with bacteria isolated from animals

Evaluation of a computerized antimicrobial susceptibility system with bacteria isolated from animals J Vet Diagn Invest :164 168 (1998) Evaluation of a computerized antimicrobial susceptibility system with bacteria isolated from animals Susannah K. Hubert, Phouc Dinh Nguyen, Robert D. Walker Abstract.

More information

Trends in the Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Enteric Fever Isolates a Three Year Report from a Tertiary Care Centre

Trends in the Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Enteric Fever Isolates a Three Year Report from a Tertiary Care Centre Original Article Trends in the Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Enteric Fever Isolates a Three Year Report from a Tertiary Care Centre Varsha Gupta, Nidhi Singla, Neha Bansal, Neelam Kaistha, Jagdish

More information

Mili Rani Saha and Sanya Tahmina Jhora. Department of Microbiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mili Rani Saha and Sanya Tahmina Jhora. Department of Microbiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative organisms: hospital prevalence and comparison of double disc synergy and E-test methods Mili Rani Saha and Sanya Tahmina Jhora Original

More information

Prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes and the antimicrobial resistance in pediatric patients in Najran Region, Saudi Arabia

Prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes and the antimicrobial resistance in pediatric patients in Najran Region, Saudi Arabia ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 2 (2014) pp. 103-107 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Prevalence of nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes and the antimicrobial resistance in pediatric patients

More information

Aerobic bacteriological profile of urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital

Aerobic bacteriological profile of urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 3 (2014) pp. 120-125 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Aerobic bacteriological profile of urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital V.Vijaya Swetha

More information

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ISOLATED FROM MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS*

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ISOLATED FROM MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS* Short Communication ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ISOLATED FROM MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS* T.R.Pugazhenthi 1, A. Elango 2, C. Naresh Kumar 3, B. Dhanalakshmi 4 and A. Bharathidhasan

More information

Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella species isolated in Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran,

Frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility of Shigella species isolated in Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran, isolated in Children Medical Center Hospital, Tehran, Iran, 2001-2006 ORIGINAL ARTICLE ABSTRACT Appropriate antimicrobial treatment of shigellosis depends on identifying its changing resistance pattern

More information

A retrospective analysis of urine culture results issued by the microbiology department, Teaching Hospital, Karapitiya

A retrospective analysis of urine culture results issued by the microbiology department, Teaching Hospital, Karapitiya A retrospective analysis of urine culture results issued by the microbiology department, Teaching Hospital, Karapitiya LU Edirisinghe 1, D Vidanagama 2 1 Senior Registrar in Medicine, 2 Consultant Microbiologist,

More information

Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Various Clinical Specimens

Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Various Clinical Specimens International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.217

More information

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN KENYA; What Surveillance tells us

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN KENYA; What Surveillance tells us ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN KENYA; What Surveillance tells us Sam Kariuki Kenya Medical Research Institute Introduction Although no systematic national surveillance is in place, few sentinel studies indicate

More information

Antimicrobial Resistance and Plasmid Profile Analysis of Clinically Isolated Shigella dysenteriae in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan*

Antimicrobial Resistance and Plasmid Profile Analysis of Clinically Isolated Shigella dysenteriae in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan* Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 41(6), pp. 495-503, 2009. Antimicrobial Resistance and Plasmid Profile Analysis of Clinically Isolated Shigella dysenteriae in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan* Basharat Ahmed, Farah. R.

More information

Detection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran

Detection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran Letter to the Editor Detection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran Mohammad Rahbar, PhD; Massoud Hajia, PhD

More information

Original article: Current pattern of Salmonella Typhi antimicrobial susceptibility in the era of antibiotic abuse

Original article: Current pattern of Salmonella Typhi antimicrobial susceptibility in the era of antibiotic abuse Original article: Current pattern of Salmonella Typhi antimicrobial susceptibility in the era of antibiotic abuse Riyaz chungathu, Jayavardhana A Dept of Pediatrics, PSGIMSR, Coimbatore Name of the Institute/college:

More information

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11):

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11): International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 2293-2299 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.272

More information

Version 1.01 (01/10/2016)

Version 1.01 (01/10/2016) CHN58: ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING (CLSI) 1.0 PURPOSE / INTRODUCTION: 1.1 Introduction Antimicrobial susceptibility tests are performed in order to determine whether a pathogen is likely to be

More information

Study of drug resistance pattern of principal ESBL producing urinary isolates in an urban hospital setting in Eastern India

Study of drug resistance pattern of principal ESBL producing urinary isolates in an urban hospital setting in Eastern India Research article Study of drug resistance pattern of principal ESBL producing urinary isolates in an urban hospital setting in Eastern India Mitali Chatterjee, 1 M. Banerjee, 1 S. Guha, 2 A.Lahiri, 3 K.Karak

More information

The Basics: Using CLSI Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Standards

The Basics: Using CLSI Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Standards The Basics: Using CLSI Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Standards Janet A. Hindler, MCLS, MT(ASCP) UCLA Health System Los Angeles, California, USA jhindler@ucla.edu 1 Learning Objectives Describe information

More information

The Menace of Typhoid / Paratyphoid Fever The Abuja Experience: A 5 Year Retrospective Study

The Menace of Typhoid / Paratyphoid Fever The Abuja Experience: A 5 Year Retrospective Study ISPUB.COM The Internet Journal of Microbiology Volume 10 Number 1 The Menace of Typhoid / Paratyphoid Fever The Abuja Experience: A 5 Year Retrospective Study N Ibecheozor, I Peletiri, J Ajobiewe, N Akogwu,

More information

Prevalence of Shigella Serogroups and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Southern Trinidad

Prevalence of Shigella Serogroups and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Southern Trinidad J HEALTH POPUL NUTR 2008 Dec;26(4):456-462 ISSN 1606-0997 $ 5.00+0.20 INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR DIARRHOEAL DISEASE RESEARCH, BANGLADESH Prevalence of Shigella Serogroups and Their Antimicrobial Resistance

More information

GeNei TM. Antibiotic Sensitivity. Teaching Kit Manual KT Revision No.: Bangalore Genei, 2007 Bangalore Genei, 2007

GeNei TM. Antibiotic Sensitivity. Teaching Kit Manual KT Revision No.: Bangalore Genei, 2007 Bangalore Genei, 2007 GeNei Bacterial Antibiotic Sensitivity Teaching Kit Manual Cat No. New Cat No. KT68 106333 Revision No.: 00180705 CONTENTS Page No. Objective 3 Principle 3 Kit Description 4 Materials Provided 5 Procedure

More information

There are two international organisations that set up guidelines and interpretive breakpoints for bacteriology and susceptibility

There are two international organisations that set up guidelines and interpretive breakpoints for bacteriology and susceptibility ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING ON MILK SAMPLES Method and guidelines There are two international organisations that set up guidelines and interpretive breakpoints for bacteriology and susceptibility

More information

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella, 2016

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella, 2016 susceptibility of Salmonella, 06 Hospital and community laboratories are requested to refer all Salmonella isolated from human salmonellosis cases to ESR for serotyping and the laboratory-based surveillance

More information

Palpasa Kansakar, Geeta Shakya, Nisha Rijal, Basudha Shrestha

Palpasa Kansakar, Geeta Shakya, Nisha Rijal, Basudha Shrestha In-vitro resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A raises concern on the use of older fluroquinolones in the empiric treatment of enteric fever in Nepal Palpasa Kansakar, Geeta Shakya, Nisha Rijal,

More information

PROTOCOL for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella test strains

PROTOCOL for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella test strains PROTOCOL for serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella test strains 1 INTRODUCTION... 1 2 OBJECTIVES... 2 3 OUTLINE OF THE EQAS 2017... 2 3.1 Shipping, receipt and storage of strains...

More information

European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Routine and extended internal quality control as recommended by EUCAST Version 5.0, valid from 015-01-09 This document should be cited as "The

More information

JMSCR Vol 05 Issue 05 Page May 2017

JMSCR Vol 05 Issue 05 Page May 2017 JMSCR Vol 05 Issue 05 Page 2205-22063 May 207 www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor 5.84 Index Copernicus Value: 83.27 ISSN (e)-2347-76x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/0.8535/jmscr/v5i5.2

More information

Detection of Inducible AmpC β-lactamase-producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in a Teaching Tertiary Care Hospital in North India

Detection of Inducible AmpC β-lactamase-producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in a Teaching Tertiary Care Hospital in North India Original Article Vol. 25 No. 3 Ampc β-lactamase Production in Gram-Negative Bacilli:-Chaudhary U, et al. 129 Detection of Inducible AmpC β-lactamase-producing Gram-Negative Bacteria in a Teaching Tertiary

More information

Biofilm eradication studies on uropathogenic E. coli using ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin

Biofilm eradication studies on uropathogenic E. coli using ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin Available online at www.pharmscidirect.com Int J Pharm Biomed Res 212, 3(2), 127-131 Research article International Journal of PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN No: 976-35 Biofilm eradication

More information

Changing trends in drug resistance among typhoid salmonellae in Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Changing trends in drug resistance among typhoid salmonellae in Rawalpindi, Pakistan 1038 La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale, Vol. 11, N o 5/6, 2005 Changing trends in drug resistance among typhoid salmonellae in Rawalpindi, Pakistan T. Butt, 1 R.N. Ahmad, 1 M. Salman 1,2 and

More information

Research Article. Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of nosocomial uropathogens in a tertiary care hospital of South India

Research Article. Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of nosocomial uropathogens in a tertiary care hospital of South India Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(3):686-690 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of nosocomial

More information

Sania et al., IJPSR, 2016; Vol. 7(9): E-ISSN: ; P-ISSN:

Sania et al., IJPSR, 2016; Vol. 7(9): E-ISSN: ; P-ISSN: IJPSR (2016), Vol. 7, Issue 9 (Research Article) Received on 12 April, 2016; received in revised form, 16 July, 2016; accepted, 27 July, 2016; published 01 September, 2016 EVALUATION OF MINIMUM INHIBITORY

More information

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. CRL Training course in AST Copenhagen, Denmark 23-27th Feb.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. CRL Training course in AST Copenhagen, Denmark 23-27th Feb. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli CRL Training course in AST Copenhagen, Denmark 23-27th Feb. 2009 Methodologies E-test by AB-biodisk A dilution test based on the

More information

Help with moving disc diffusion methods from BSAC to EUCAST. Media BSAC EUCAST

Help with moving disc diffusion methods from BSAC to EUCAST. Media BSAC EUCAST Help with moving disc diffusion methods from BSAC to EUCAST This document sets out the main differences between the BSAC and EUCAST disc diffusion methods with specific emphasis on preparation prior to

More information

RECOVERY OF SALMONELLA USING A COMBINATION OF SELECTIVE ENRICHMENT MEDIA AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF ISOLATES IN MEAT IN THAILAND

RECOVERY OF SALMONELLA USING A COMBINATION OF SELECTIVE ENRICHMENT MEDIA AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF ISOLATES IN MEAT IN THAILAND RECOVERY OF SALMONELLA USING A COMBINATION OF SELECTIVE ENRICHMENT MEDIA AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF ISOLATES IN MEAT IN THAILAND Aroon Bangtrakulnonth 1, Srirat Pornrungwong 1, Chaiwat Pulsrikarn

More information

BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ISOLATES OF NEONATAL SEPTICEMIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ISOLATES OF NEONATAL SEPTICEMIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IJCRR Section: Healthcare Sci. Journal Impact Factor 4.016 Research Article BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ISOLATES OF NEONATAL SEPTICEMIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

More information

Detection of Methicillin Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Detection of Methicillin Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Methods in a Tertiary Care Hospital International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 7 (2017) pp. 4008-4014 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.415

More information

Aerobic Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Pus Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Hadoti Region

Aerobic Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Pus Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Hadoti Region International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 5 (2017) pp. 2866-2873 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.326

More information

Study of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of salmonella typhi in tertiary care centre

Study of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of salmonella typhi in tertiary care centre Original article: Study of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of salmonella typhi in tertiary care centre 1 Dr Rajashri Patil, 2 Dr Amar Patil 1Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Dr D Y Patil

More information

Study of Microbiological Profile and their Antibiogram in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media

Study of Microbiological Profile and their Antibiogram in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 981-985 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Study of Microbiological Profile

More information

a. 379 laboratories provided quantitative results, e.g (DD method) to 35.4% (MIC method) of all participants; see Table 2.

a. 379 laboratories provided quantitative results, e.g (DD method) to 35.4% (MIC method) of all participants; see Table 2. AND QUANTITATIVE PRECISION (SAMPLE UR-01, 2017) Background and Plan of Analysis Sample UR-01 (2017) was sent to API participants as a simulated urine culture for recognition of a significant pathogen colony

More information

Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of uropathogens in children.

Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of uropathogens in children. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 18-22 Bangladesh Society of Medical Microbiologists Original Article Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of uropathogens in children. Sohely Sharmin 1, Farhana Alamgir

More information

Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella enterica in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Octavie Lunguya 1, Veerle Lejon 2, Sophie Bertrand 3, Raymond Vanhoof 3, Jan Verhaegen 4, Anthony M. Smith 5, Benedikt

More information

Christiane Gaudreau* and Huguette Gilbert

Christiane Gaudreau* and Huguette Gilbert Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1997) 39, 707 712 JAC Comparison of disc diffusion and agar dilution methods for antibiotic susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni and Campylobacter

More information

Multiple drug resistance pattern in Urinary Tract Infection patients in Aligarh

Multiple drug resistance pattern in Urinary Tract Infection patients in Aligarh Multiple drug resistance pattern in Urinary Tract Infection patients in Aligarh Author(s): Asad U Khan and Mohd S Zaman Vol. 17, No. 3 (2006-09 - 2006-12) Biomedical Research 2006; 17 (3): 179-181 Asad

More information

Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M., et al., J Anal Res Clin Med, 2014, 2(3): doi: /jarcm ,

Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M., et al., J Anal Res Clin Med, 2014, 2(3): doi: /jarcm , Ahangarzadeh Rezaee M., et al., J Anal Res Clin Med, 2014, 2(3): 118-22. doi: 10.5681/jarcm.2014.020, http://journals.tbzmed.ac.ir/jarcm Original Article Comparison of the antibiotic resistance patterns

More information

APPENDIX III - DOUBLE DISK TEST FOR ESBL

APPENDIX III - DOUBLE DISK TEST FOR ESBL Policy # MI\ANTI\04\03\v03 Page 1 of 5 Section: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Manual Subject Title: Appendix III - Double Disk Test for ESBL Issued by: LABORATORY MANAGER Original Date: January

More information

A study of antibiogram of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Pondicherry, India

A study of antibiogram of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Pondicherry, India A study of antibiogram of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates from Pondicherry, India Sreenivasan Srirangaraj, Arunava Kali, M.V. Pravin Charles Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical

More information

April Indian 2006 Journal of Medical Microbiology, (2006) 24 (2):101-6

April Indian 2006 Journal of Medical Microbiology, (2006) 24 (2):101-6 April Indian 2006 Journal of Medical Microbiology, (2006) 24 (2):101-6 Original Article 101 TREATMENT OF ENTERIC FEVER IN CHILDREN ON THE BASIS OF CURRENT TRENDS OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SALMONELLA

More information

Overnight identification of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carriage in hospitalized patients

Overnight identification of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carriage in hospitalized patients TABLE 1. Origin and carbapenem resistance characteristics of the 64 Acinetobacter baumannii stock D-750 Overnight identification of imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii carriage in hospitalized patients

More information

Study of Bacteriological Profile of Corneal Ulcers in Patients Attending VIMS, Ballari, India

Study of Bacteriological Profile of Corneal Ulcers in Patients Attending VIMS, Ballari, India International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 7 (2016) pp. 200-205 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.507.020

More information

BACTERIAL ENTERIC PATHOGENS IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE DYSENTERY IN THAILAND: INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF QUINOLONE-RESISTANT CAMPYLOBACTER

BACTERIAL ENTERIC PATHOGENS IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE DYSENTERY IN THAILAND: INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF QUINOLONE-RESISTANT CAMPYLOBACTER SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH BACTERIAL ENTERIC PATHOGENS IN CHILDREN WITH ACUTE DYSENTERY IN THAILAND: INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF QUINOLONE-RESISTANT CAMPYLOBACTER L Bodhidatta 1, N Vithayasai

More information

Diarrheal diseases remain a major health

Diarrheal diseases remain a major health VOLUME 45 March - April 2005 NUMBER 3-4 Original Article A study on the antibiotic resistance of Shigella Pramita G Dwipoerwantoro, MD; Sri P Pulungsih, MD; Nuraini I Susanti, MD; Hartaniah Sadikin, MD;

More information

Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogens isolated at a tertiary care centre

Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogens isolated at a tertiary care centre International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 10 (2015) pp. 951-955 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Isolation, identification and antimicrobial

More information

Occurrence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Among Blood Culture Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacteria

Occurrence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Among Blood Culture Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacteria Original Article Vol. 21 No. 2 ESBL producers among blood culture isolates:- Kapoor L, Deb M. 53 Occurrence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Among Blood Culture Isolates of Gram-Negative Bacteria Lata

More information

Drug resistance & virulence determinants in clinical isolates of Enterococcus species

Drug resistance & virulence determinants in clinical isolates of Enterococcus species Student IJMR Indian J Med Res 137, May 2013, pp 981-985 Drug resistance & virulence determinants in clinical isolates of Enterococcus species Sanal C. Fernandes & B. Dhanashree * M.B.B.S. Third year student,

More information

Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella serotypes in Northern India

Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella serotypes in Northern India BJID 2002; 6 (December) 281 Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella serotypes in Northern India Vikas Gautam, Naveen Kumar Gupta, Uma Chaudhary and D. R. Arora Department of Microbiology, PGIMS, Rohtak, India

More information

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM PORK, CHICKEN MEAT AND HUMANS IN THAILAND

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM PORK, CHICKEN MEAT AND HUMANS IN THAILAND SOUTHEAST ASIAN J TROP MED PUBLIC HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA ISOLATED FROM PORK, CHICKEN MEAT AND HUMANS IN THAILAND Sunpetch Angkititrakul 1, Chariya Chomvarin 2, Titima

More information

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: The Basics

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: The Basics Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing: The Basics Susan E. Sharp, Ph.D., DABMM, FAAM Director, Airport Way Regional Laboratory Director, Regional Microbiology and Molecular Infectious Diseases Laboratories

More information

6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS

6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 6.0 ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CAROTENOID FROM HALOMONAS SPECIES AGAINST CHOSEN HUMAN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Microorganisms that cause infectious disease are called pathogenic microbes. Although

More information

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli CRL Campylobacter Workshop The 7th -8th of Oct. 2008 National Veterinary Institute Uppsala, Sweden Legislation The Commission has

More information

R-factor mediated trimethoprim resistance: result of two three-month clinical surveys

R-factor mediated trimethoprim resistance: result of two three-month clinical surveys Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1978, 31, 850-854 R-factor mediated trimethoprim resistance: result of two three-month clinical surveys S. G. B. AMYES1, A. M. EMMERSON2, AND J. T. SMITH3 From the 'Department

More information

ESBL Producers An Increasing Problem: An Overview Of An Underrated Threat

ESBL Producers An Increasing Problem: An Overview Of An Underrated Threat ESBL Producers An Increasing Problem: An Overview Of An Underrated Threat Hicham Ezzat Professor of Microbiology and Immunology Cairo University Introduction 1 Since the 1980s there have been dramatic

More information

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Common Bacterial Pathogens in Canine Urinary Tract Infections

Antibiotic Susceptibility of Common Bacterial Pathogens in Canine Urinary Tract Infections Vol.1 No.2 Oct-Dec 2013 ISSN : 2321-6387 Antibiotic Susceptibility of Common Bacterial Pathogens in Canine Urinary Tract Infections S. Yogeshpriya*, Usha N.Pillai, S. Ajithkumar and N. Madhavan Unny Department

More information

Brief reports. Heat stability of the antimicrobial activity of sixty-two antibacterial agents

Brief reports. Heat stability of the antimicrobial activity of sixty-two antibacterial agents Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (5) 35, -5 Brief reports Heat stability of the antimicrobial activity of sixty-two antibacterial agents Walter H. Traub and Birgit Leonhard Institut fur Medizinische

More information

EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING DISCS USED IN SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA

EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING DISCS USED IN SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA ORIGINAL ARTICLE AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2008 ISBN 1595-689X VOL 9 No 3 AJCEM/200767/20818 -http://www.ajol.info/journals/ajcem COPYRIGHT 2008 AFR. J. CLN. EXPER.

More information

Available online at WNOFNS 11 (2017) EISSN

Available online at   WNOFNS 11 (2017) EISSN Available online at www.worldnewsnaturalsciences.com WNOFNS 11 (2017) 28-36 EISSN 2543-5426 Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Shigella and Salmonella Causing Diarrhoea in Children Below

More information

ABSTRACT BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF BLOOD STREAM INFECTIONS AMONG FEBRILE PATIENTS ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF WESTERN NEPAL

ABSTRACT BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF BLOOD STREAM INFECTIONS AMONG FEBRILE PATIENTS ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF WESTERN NEPAL Asian Journal of Medical Science, Volume-4(2013) BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF BLOOD STREAM INFECTIONS AMONG FEBRILE PATIENTS ATTENDING A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF WESTERN NEPAL ORIGINAL ARTICLE, Vol-4 No.3

More information

January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1

January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1 January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1. and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Interpretive Standards for Testing Conditions Medium: diffusion: Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) roth dilution: cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton

More information

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella, 2015

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella, 2015 Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella, 2015 Hospital and community laboratories are requested to refer all Salmonella isolated from human salmonellosis cases to ESR for serotyping and the laboratory-based

More information

Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns among Shigella Species Isolated in China during the 7-Year Period of

Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns among Shigella Species Isolated in China during the 7-Year Period of Original Article Clinical Microbiology Ann Lab Med 2013;33:111-115 ISSN 2234-3806 eissn 2234-3814 Surveillance of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns among Shigella Species Isolated in China during the

More information

Lactose-Fermenting Bacteria Isolated from Burni Patients

Lactose-Fermenting Bacteria Isolated from Burni Patients INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, March 1971, p. 411-415 Copyright 1971 American Society for Microbiology Vol. 3, No. 3 Printed in U.S.A. Effect of Antibiotic Treatment on the Incidence of Infectious Drug Resistance

More information

Lab Exercise: Antibiotics- Evaluation using Kirby Bauer method.

Lab Exercise: Antibiotics- Evaluation using Kirby Bauer method. Lab Exercise: Antibiotics- Evaluation using Kirby Bauer method. OBJECTIVES 1. Compare the antimicrobial capabilities of different antibiotics. 2. Compare effectiveness of with different types of bacteria.

More information

Routine internal quality control as recommended by EUCAST Version 3.1, valid from

Routine internal quality control as recommended by EUCAST Version 3.1, valid from Routine internal quality control as recommended by EUCAST Version.1, valid from 01-01-01 Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus

More information

EDUCATIONAL COMMENTARY - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Update

EDUCATIONAL COMMENTARY - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Update EDUCATIONAL COMMENTARY - Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Update Educational commentary is provided through our affiliation with the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP). To obtain

More information

Lactose-Fermenting Bacteria Isolated from

Lactose-Fermenting Bacteria Isolated from APPuE MICROBIOLOGY, Nov. 969, p. 98-94 VoL 8, No. 5 Copyright 969 American Society for Microbiology Printed in U.S.A. Incidence of Infectious Drug Resistance Among Lactose-Fermenting Bacteria Isolated

More information

Typhoid fever - priorities for research and development of new treatments

Typhoid fever - priorities for research and development of new treatments Typhoid fever - priorities for research and development of new treatments Isabela Ribeiro, Manica Balasegaram, Christopher Parry October 2017 Enteric infections Enteric infections vary in symptoms and

More information

RELIABLE AND REALISTIC APPROACH TO SENSITIVITY TESTING

RELIABLE AND REALISTIC APPROACH TO SENSITIVITY TESTING RELIABLE AND REALISTIC APPROACH TO SENSITIVITY TESTING Pages with reference to book, From 94 To 97 S. Hafiz, N. Lyall, S. Punjwani, Shahida Q. Zaidi ( Department of Microbiology, The Aga Khan University

More information

Nature and Science, 5(3), 2007, Olowe, Eniola, Olowe, Olayemi. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Betalactamase detection of MRSA in Osogbo.

Nature and Science, 5(3), 2007, Olowe, Eniola, Olowe, Olayemi. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Betalactamase detection of MRSA in Osogbo. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Beta-lactamase Olowe O.A., Eniola K.I.T., Olowe R.A., Olayemi A.B Olowe O.A: Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, P.M.B. 4400. Ladoke Akintola University

More information

Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern from a Teaching Hospital, Bengaluru, India

Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern from a Teaching Hospital, Bengaluru, India ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 11 (2015) pp. 731-736 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern from a Teaching

More information

Pushpa Bhawan Mal 1, Kauser Jabeen 1*, Joveria Farooqi 1, Magnus Unemo 2 and Erum Khan 1

Pushpa Bhawan Mal 1, Kauser Jabeen 1*, Joveria Farooqi 1, Magnus Unemo 2 and Erum Khan 1 Mal et al. BMC Microbiology (2016) 16:236 DOI 10.1186/s12866-016-0707-6 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Pakistan by Etest compared

More information

Characterization of bacteria associated with omphalitis in chicks

Characterization of bacteria associated with omphalitis in chicks The Bangladesh Veterinarian (2012) 29(2) : 63 68 Characterization of bacteria associated with omphalitis in chicks S. Nasrin, M. A. Islam*, M. Khatun, L. Akhter and S. Sultana 1 Department of Microbiology

More information

January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1

January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1 January 2014 Vol. 34 No. 1. and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Interpretive Standards for Testing Conditions Medium: diffusion: Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) Broth dilution: cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton

More information

Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance and Sensitivity with Reference to Ages of Elders

Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance and Sensitivity with Reference to Ages of Elders Daffodil International University Institutional Repository DIU Journal of Science and Technology Volume 10, Issue 1-2, July 2015 2016-06-16 Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance and Sensitivity with Reference

More information