Commonness of Reiterate Breeder in Dairy Cattle in Gondar, Ethiopia

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1 Advances in Biological Research 6 (6): , 2012 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: /idosi.abr Commonness of Reiterate Breeder in Dairy Cattle in Gondar, Eiopia Tadegegne Mitiku, V. Ramaswamy, Mersha Chanie and Tewodros Fentahun 1 Department of veterinary Clinical Studies, Gondar, Eiopia 2 Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Studies, Gondar, Eiopia 3 Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Gondar, Eiopia Abstract: The study was conducted from September 2010 to January 2011 to know e prevalence of repeat breeder dairy cattle in Gondar town artificial insemination service center. In is study 384 dairy cattle have been inseminated. Among ese 9 heifers and 18 cows are repeat breeding during e investigation period. The prevalence of repeat breeder totally was 7.03 % but in terms of parity heifer 22.5% and cow 5%. All of e animals had repeated at least ree times. A total of 357 animals (heifers 31 and 326 cows) were inseminated once, hours after e start of estrus and were kept as control. This study showed at e highest prevalence of repeat breeders was seen among e heifers. Key words: Cows Heifer Parity Repeat Breeder Gondar INTRODUCTION Repeat breeding is a substantial problem in cattle breeding leading to large economic loss for e dairy Eiopia has e largest livestock population in producer due to more inseminations, increased calving Africa. This livestock sector has been contributing interval and increased culling rates [7]. considerable portion to e economy of e country and Incidence of repeat breeding in cows in various still promising to rally round e economic development countries ranged from 5.5 to 33.33% [8]. Potential causes of e country. Livestock plays an important role in of repeat breeding include sub-clinical infection of providing animal protein to improve e nutritional status reproductive tract [7,9], age of e animal [4,10], of e people, giving export commodities to earn foreign failiur of estrous detection [11], endocrine dysfunction exchanges to e country. Eiopia is having total [12], nutritional deficiencies and oers [13,14]. population of: Cattle heads: ; Sheep: ; Incidence of fertilization failure is approximately 10% Goats: ; Horses: ; Donkeys: ; and early embryonic deas wiin 3 weeks accounts Camels: [1]. It is needless to say at is huge 30% leading to a total early pregnancy loss approximately valuable livestock population requires quality heal 40% [15]. This means at on average 40% females coverage. will return to estrus after each AI or mating. Despite e huge resource, Eiopia s livestock Several environmental factors e.g. nutrition, climate, productivity is lower an e Africa s average. The major as well as intrinsic animal factors have been suggested to biological constraints contributing to low productivity be e cause behind is early embryonic loss in cattle include low genetic potential of e animals, poor nutrition [16]. and e prevailing animal diseases [2,3] and reproductive It has also been proposed for e repeat breeder cows failure due to ovarian dysfunction, disorder of fertilization, suspected to have an infectious etiology; many of e pregnancy wastage [4,5]. According to e above treatments used have been in e form of uterine infusions mentioned challenge reproductive failure which is one wi a variety of antiseptic and antibiotic solutions. The of e constraints impending full to repeat breeding. The intrauterine infusions in repeat breeders have proven to repeat breeding cow is one at has clinically normal be successful. Therapeutic use of GnRH and PGF2 for reproductive tract wi normal or nearly normal oestrous repeat breeders has been demonstrated wi some cycles and oestrus periods and has been bred two or more improvement in pregnancy rate compared to untreated times to a fertile bull but failed to conceive [6]. [17,18]. Corresponding Auor: Tadegegne Mitiku, Department of veterinary Clinical Studies, P.O. Box, 196, Gondar, Eiopia. 226

2 Evenough, e problem of repeat breeder is a major twentyseven cases which showed repeat breeding ree problem for our dairy cattle; only limited researches have or more times.from which four repeat breeders have been been done on is major issue. Therefore, e objectives selected randomly for furer investigation.erefore, of is study were to determine e prevalence of repeat cervical swab or uterine discharge has been submitted to breeder and to identify age and parity group of dairy microbiological examination. The dairy cattle were cattle more prone to infertility in Gondar town. examined by history taking, external inspection and rectal examination to detect wheer e animal is normal or not. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample has already collected from 344 cows and 40 heifers which are coming to e AI service stations of The livestock population in e woreda includes Gondar town at University of Gondar veterinary clinic and Bovine 72979(cow and heifer 11889), Ovine 2567, woreda clinic to be inseminated during standing heat time. Caprine 21515, Equine 9588 and poultry Apart from is, e region receives a bimodal rainfall wi an average Data Analysis: The data collected from e study were annual rainfall rate of 1000mm at comes from e long recorded in excel sheet for descriptive analysis. Chi and short rainy seasons [1]. square test was used to compare e significant level of risk factors. Study Animals: All dairy cow species of domestic animals owned by selected households and farm animals brought RESULTS to Gondar University Veterinary clinic, Woreda clinic and AI service station for insemination of superior bulls Prevalence: Repeat breeding has long been considered as distributed by e national AI center at Kaliti. one of e most important reproductive disorders in cattle. In is study, 27 repeat breeders were observed from e Equipments and Tools: Different equipments and materials total of 384 samples. Among ese, 9 heifers returned to at are used to conduct is study inculiding liquid heat out of 40 and 18 cows returned to heat out of 344. nitrogen container, liquid nitrogen, ermometer, warm The total prevalence of repeat breeders in Gondar town water, semen in straw, scissor, towel, AI shea, gloves, was 7.03% out of e 384 animals studied. swab, media, microscopic slides and light microscope. The The prevalence of repeat breeders among heifers from teaser bull available in e Unversity dairy farm was also e total of 40 was seen in 9 (22.5%). Similarly e repeat utilized for is purpose. breeders from e total of 344 cows were seen in 18 (5.23%). In is study, ree or more services have been Study Design: During e conducted time cross-sectional taken as repeat breeders. From 27 repeat breeders 92.6% was design to determine e prevalence of repeat breeder are wi 3 services while e rest 7.4% are wi 4 services. in heifers and cows in Gondar town by using observation This led to economical loss to e country as well as stake analytical study and giving AI service for e community holders by losing e expected calves and milk who came to AI station. At is time special attention was production. The prevalence of repeat breeder significantly paid to isolate e more exposed age group for repeat associated wi e age of e animal in which e breeder. In addition to is, in order to isolate e bacteria prevalence was higher among heifers (Table 1). at causes repeat breeder, culture and biochemical test was conducted in microbiology lab. Bacteriological Finding: Microbiological examination revealed E. coli and Staphylococcus isolates from e Sample Size Determination and Sampling: Purposive cervix. But ose bacterias are normal flora found in e sampling: where e most desired sampling units are cervix and is may not be considered as paogens selected. The sample was taken by detection of heat, which cause e disease. inseminating and record keeping from heifer and cow during standing heat. Hence about 384 samples have been Rectal Palpation: During rectal palpation of e dairy collected. Among ese 40 and 344 are heifers and cows cows in standing heat, two cows showed problems respectively. While immediately after insemination ose associated wi tumor in e body of uterus and follicular conceived were 357 while ose returned to heat was 27. cyst. The tumor was firm and hard up on palpation. On e While giving semen for ese repeat breeders for e oer hand e appearance of follicular cyst was enlarged, second time it was properly followed and found round, soft and blistery during examination. 227

3 Table 2: Prevalence of repeat breeders in dairy cows based on parity Parity Repeat Total Repeat dairy Breeders conceived Animals Breeders (%) st % nd % rd % % % Heifers % The prevalence of repeat breeders was highest in e seven parity (50%) and lowest in e first parity (3.12%). As parity increased risk of repeat breeders was also increased. DISCUSSION The study showed at e prevalence of repeat breeding was more in heifers compared to cows. Earlier Hafez [5] was stated at full reproduction is not attained in any species at e first estrus or ejaculation. In addition ere is a period of adolescent sterility, at period is remarkably short (some weeks) in domestic animal as compared to human (l year or more). The present finding is in agreement wi e above findings. Repeat breeder is a major source of economic wastage in dairy herds country wise as e parity increased. This finding is in agreement Ergene and Bartlet et al. [19, 20]. The parity had direct association on e occurrence of reproductive problem which is in agreement wi Molalegne and Shiv [21]. The prevalence of repeat breeder in Gondar was 7.03% and e finding is in correlation wi Molalegne and Shiv [21] ey have reported 7% incidence around Bedelle, Sou West Eiopia based on qestionaire. Where as, in e present study cross-sectional observational analysis was used. Out of 384 cases observed in e study, one repeat breeder heifer was found wi follicular cyst problem which is in corroborate wi e idea of Hafez [5] who stated at follicular cyst under go cyclic change. Advan. Biol. Res., 6 (6): , 2012 Table 1: The prevalence of repeat breeders in dairy cows in Gondar areas During e bacterial finding by taking cervical swab Type Repeat breeders conceived Total Repeat Breeders % sample and culturing E.coli and/or Staphylococcus was Heifers not a causative agent, unless if any paological changes Cows of e reproductive organ because such bacteria live in Total hollow organs as normal micro flora at many cause any effect on fertilization rate. The prevalence of repeat breeder in Gondar town dairy cows was 7.03%. There was no investigation previously done on e prevalence of repeat breeder in Gondar. This study has attempted to show which age group is more exposed to repeat breeding by comparison. Among e 40 heifers observed 22.5% were repeat breeders and among e 344 cows 5.23% were repeat breeders. This implies heifers are more prone for repeat breeding in higher degree an cows. This is in conformity wi Hafez [5] who has also stated at e early development of bovine embryo is impaired in uterine environment of repeat breeding heifer. According to Kimura et al. [22] e incidence of repeat breeding in cows in various countries, ranged from 10 to18%.where as, in e present study, at Gondar e prevalence of repeat breeding was only 7.03%. The reduction in prevalence or incidence in Gondar town was due to e timely culling or slaughtering e repeaters after fattening. The beef market is well established and e animal owners get a reasonably good price by e way of sales. Hence, e trratment of repeat breeding problem hasnot been practiced elaborately. CONCLUSION Repeat breeding is one of e infertility problems which reduce e productivity and economic efficiency of dairy cattle. Most of e repeat breeders are not sterile; raer ey suffer from lowered fertility. Repeat breeders should be carefully evaluated in order to define e most probable reason for e failure to conceive (early repeats) or failure in pregnancy maintenance (early and late repeats). This study provided useful insight into risk factors for repeat breeding prevalence in Gondar dairy cows and e prevalence of repeat breeding in Gondar town is currently 7.03%. It is one aspect of infertility which results by different causes such as failure of fertilization, early embryonic dea, congenital or genetic anatomical, defects of genital tract, defects of ova, defect of spermatozoa, inflammation in uterine tract, endocrine dysfunctions, managerial and nutrient deficiency. 228

4 The study impressed to ensure which age group of 6. Roberts, W.T., Current Therapy in Large dairy is prone to return to heat frequently. Among e nd Animal Theriogenology, 2 edition, Elsevier Inc., heifers 22.5% of samples are repeat breeders and among pp: e cows 5.23% of samples are repeat breeders. From is 7. Simenew, K., M. Bekana, L. Fikre, Z. Tilahun and result it is very clear at e prevalence of repeat M. Wondu, Major gross reproductive tract breeding higher in heifers due to inseminating at puberty abnormalities in female cattle slaughtered at sululta period on e first sign of oestrus and hormonal secretion. slaughterhouses in Eiopia. Global Veterinaria, The distribution of local and cross breeds in Gondar 6: town was 30 and 354 respectively, where as e 8. El-Khadrawy, H.H., W.M. Ahmed and E.M. Hanafi, distribution showed e majority are cross breeds Observation on Repeat Breeding in Farm especially Holstein Friesian due to e strategic plan of Animals wi emphasis on its control. Journal of e country to improve production efficiency of local Reproduction and Infertility, 2: 1-7. breeds. 9. Warriach, H.M., N. Ahmad, G. Ahmad, M.S. Khan1, M. Rabbani and I. Ahmad, Effect of Antibiotic Recommendation: Heat detection training should be Treatment on Pregnancy Rate of Repeat Breeder given for small holders and farm attendants to have Dairy Cross Bred Cows wi Sub-Clinical Uterine successful conception rate. Infection. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 28: Zobel, R., S. Tkal i, V. Bui, I. Pipal, D. Gereš and Culling of repeat breeders more an ree services M. Samard ija, Repeat breeder syndrome in Proper handling of semen dairy cows: influeuence of breed and age on its Inseminating should be done after 8 hours on set of prevalence and e success of a hormone erapy. standing heat for exotic breed and at 4 hours after on Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, set of standing heat for zebu cattle. 35: Dekriuf, A., Factors influencing e fertility of When e heifers come to heat for e first time, e cattle population. Journal of Reproduction and first heat should be missed wiout insemination. This is Fertility, 54: to give time for e genitalia to grow fully and also for e 12. Bhattacharyya, H.K. and A. Hafiz, Treatment of heifers to reach 70% of eir moer s body weight. Delayed Ovulation in Dairy Cattle. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 43: REFERENCES 13. Ahmad, M., N. Ahmad, I. Ahmad, N. Akhtar and S. Ali, Racing Stress and Conception 1. Central Statistical Auority (CSA), Report on Rate in Repeat Breeding Buffaloes and Cows. livestock and livestock characteristics; Volume II, Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 24: Agriculture Sample Survey 2008/ Teferi, D., D. Asmamaw and D. Reta, Belay, D., K. Yisehak and G.P.J. Janssens, Brucellosis and Some Reproductive Problems of Survey of Major Diseases Affecting Dairy Cattle in Indigenous Arsi Cattle in Selected Arsi Zone s of Jimma Town, Oromia, Eiopia. Global Veterinaria, Oromia Regional State, Eiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8: : Belay, D., K. Yisehak and G.P.J. Janssens, Noakes, D.E., Veterinary Reproduction and Productive and Reproductive Performance of Zebu X Obstetrics. 9 ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, Holstein-Friesian Crossbred Dairy Cows in Jimma pp: Town, Oromia, Eiopia. Global Veterinaria, 8: Ayalon, N., A review of embryonic mortality in 4. Ibrahim, N., A. Abraha and S. Mulugeta, cattle. J. Reprod. Fert., 54: Assessement of Reproductive Performances of 17. Ahmadi, M.R. and S.A. Dehghan, Evaluation of Crossbreed dairy cattle (Holestein Friesian x Zebu) in e Treatment of Repeat Breeder Dairy Cows wi Gondar Town. Global Veterinaria, 6: Uterine Lavage plus PGF2, wi and wiout 5. Hafez, B., Reproduction in farm animals. Cephapirin. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal 7 ed. London: Lippincott Williams, pp: Sciences, 31:

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