Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia* Impact of Organisms on Clinical Resolution and Medical Resources Utilization
|
|
- Griffin George
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Original Research PNEUMONIA Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia* Impact of Organisms on Clinical Resolution and Medical Resources Utilization Loreto Vidaur, MD; Kenneth Planas, MD; Rafael Sierra, MD, PhD; George Dimopoulos, MD; Alejandro Ramirez, MD; Thiago Lisboa, MD; and Jordi Rello, MD, PhD Background: Clinical resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) determines the duration of treatment and mechanical ventilation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of organisms and their susceptibility to treatment on outcomes. Methods: Prospective observational study in three teaching ICUs. Sixty episodes of VAP with appropriate therapy (Haemophilus influenzae, 15 episodes; methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus [MSSA], 15 episodes; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 15 episodes; and methicillin-resistant S aureus [MRSA], 15 episodes), and 30 episodes with initial inappropriate therapy, all due to P aeruginosa, were compared. The main outcome measures were clinical resolution variables and, in survivors, length of mechanical ventilation after VAP onset. Results: A significant delay in the resolution of hypoxemia was observed in VAP episodes due to MRSA and P aeruginosa with inappropriate antibiotic therapy (IAT) (median time to resolution, 10 and 8 days, respectively) when compared with the remaining pathogens (median time to resolution, 2 days). A multiple regression model, adjusted for disease severity, confirmed the delayed clinical resolution for MRSA and P aeruginosa with IAT. Similar associations were documented for defervescence. Among survivors, the median duration of mechanical ventilation after VAP onset was significantly longer for MRSA (17 days) and P aeruginosa IAT (11 days) when compared with episodes due to H influenzae or MSSA (6 days). Multiple regression analysis, adjusted for disease severity, confirmed that MRSA required significantly (R ; p < 0.01) longer respiratory support than other organisms. Conclusions: When treated promptly, the resolution of VAP due to MSSA, H influenzae, and P aeruginosa was comparable. The resolution of MRSA VAP, regardless of the appropriateness of initial antibiotic therapy, was associated with longer respiratory support. (CHEST 2008; 133: ) Key words: clinical resolution; medical resources utilization; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ventilator-associated pneumonia Abbreviations: APACHE acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; Fio 2 fraction of inspired oxygen; IAT inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy; IQR interquartile range; MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have been associated with significant attributable mortality 1 5 and inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy (IAT). 6 9 Severity of illness, comorbidities, virulence 10 or resistance, 11 and therapy-related factors, such as inappropriate antibiotic prescription, have been consistently associated with increased mortality. 4,12,13 Optimizing the use of antimicrobial agents based on their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is also a key issue MRSAinfected patients may have worse evolution of their disease, with prolonged length of hospital stay 17 even if treated appropriately. Nonetheless, information regarding the influence of organisms on the clinical resolution of VAP is very scarce. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1. To compare the clinical resolution patterns of episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia CHEST / 133 / 3/ MARCH,
2 (VAP) due to P aeruginosa treated appropriately and episodes caused by core pathogens in VAP such as methicillin-sensitive S aureus (MSSA) and Haemophilus influenzae. 2. To determine whether MRSA VAP episodes treated appropriately and episodes due to other organisms presented the same patterns of clinical resolution. 3. To assess the influence of different organisms in the utilization of medical resources. Our main hypothesis was that VAP episodes due to MRSA would be associated with worse clinical evolution, regardless of the appropriateness of the choice of empirical antibiotic for therapy. The question is highly relevant because clinical resolution is vital to many clinicians in determining the duration of therapy, changing therapy, and the need for further diagnostic workup. 18,19 Study Participants Materials and Methods This prospective, observational study was performed in three ICUs. Each center has an infection control surveillance program with prospective recording of nosocomial infections. The first 15 consecutive patients with VAP due to MSSA, H influenzae, P aeruginosa, and MRSA who had received appropriate antibiotic therapy were included. Thirty consecutive patients with episodes of VAP due to P aeruginosa with IAT were also included in the study. *From the Critical Care Department (Drs. Vidaur, Planas, and Rello), Joan XXIII University Hospital, Rovira i Virgili University and Pere Virgili Health Institute, Tarragona, Spain; the Critical Care Department (Drs. Sierra and Ramirez), Hospital Puerta del Mar, Cadiz. Spain; the Critical Care Department (Dr. Dimopoulos), University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece; and Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Dr. Lisboa), Tarragona, Spain. Presented in part at the 19th European Society of Intensive Care Medicine annual congress, Barcelona, Spain, September 25 to 27, Supported in part by Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias grants CB06/06/0036, FISS PI05/ 2410, and AGAUR 2005/SGR/920. Dr. Rello has served in the speakers bureau or has been a consultant for Pfizer, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Arpida, Basilea, Johnson & Johnson, Intercell, AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Schering Plough; and he has received research grants from Lilly and Pfizer. Drs. Vidaur, Planas, Sierra, Dimopoulos, Ramirez, and Lisboa have reported to the ACCP that no significant conflicts of interest exist with any companies/organizations whose products or services may be discussed in this article. Manuscript received August 16, 2007; revision accepted November 28, Reproduction of this article is prohibited without written permission from the American College of Chest Physicians ( org/misc/reprints.shtml). Correspondence to: Jordi Rello, MD, PhD, Critical Care Department, Joan XXIII University Hospital, Carrer Mallafre Guasch 4, Tarragona, Spain; jrello.hj23.ics@gencat.net DOI: /chest Potential exclusion criteria included death within 72 h, community-acquired MRSA strains, ARDS, history of transplantation, CD4 count of 200 cells/ L, neutropenia, and strains of P aeruginosa treated only with aminoglycosides as an active agent. The study was approved by the ethics board of each hospital, and the informed consent requirement was waived. Definitions VAP was defined as reported elsewhere. 13 The microbiology of VAP was determined by fiberoptic bronchoscopy with protected specimen brush or BAL, or by deep tracheal aspiration with quantitative cultures performed within the first 6 h after the development of a new pulmonary infiltrate. The bacterial etiology of VAP was confirmed when the protected specimen brush procedure yielded 1,000 cfu/ml, BAL yielded 10,000 cfu/ml, or quantitative tracheal aspiration yielded 100,000 cfu/ml. Polymicrobial episodes of VAP were considered to be due to the microorganism with the highest yield (in colony-forming units) in the quantitative microbiological cultures. Appropriate antimicrobial therapy was only based on the in vitro susceptibility of the organisms. 14 IAT was defined as the lack of at least one antibiotic active against the microorganism involved in the etiology of VAP. 20,21 Antibiotic susceptibility for P aeruginosa was documented using 2002 National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards break points. 22 Empirical therapy and the management of patients was protocolized in each institution. Vancomycin was administered as intermittent standard or continuous infusion according to the standard of therapy in each institution, and the dose was adjusted to reach a recommended through vancomycin concentration of 20 g/ml. 3 The duration of antibiotic therapy was measured from the day of VAP onset, and the final decision on discontinuation of antibiotic therapy was left to the attending physician. We calculated the number of antibiotic-free days (ie, days without antibiotic therapy) and mechanical ventilation-free days, as has been reported elsewhere. 23 Variables Clinical data were collected daily for 15 days starting on the day of VAP onset. The following data were recorded: highest daily temperature; lowest Pao 2 /fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio 2 ) ratio; and WBC count in peripheral blood samples. The cutoff points for defining the clinical resolution of each variable have been reported elsewhere. 24 Outcome Measures The main outcome measures were clinical resolution variables, fever, and hypoxemia, and, in survivors, length of mechanical ventilation after pneumonia onset. Secondary outcome measures were the length of antibiotic therapy and the length of ICU stay. Statistical Analysis We expressed the continuous variables as the mean ( SD) or as the median (interquartile range [IQR]) if their distributions were skewed. Comparisons between groups were performed with the use of the Student t test for normally distributed variables after correction for equality of variance (Levene test) or analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction for the comparison of more than two samples. Nonnormally distributed variables were compared with the use of the Mann-Whitney U test. Univariate comparisons of dichotomous data were performed with the use of the Fisher exact test. 626 Original Research
3 Table 1 Details on Microbiological Diagnosis* Appropriate Initial Antibiotic Choice Organisms MSSA H influenzae P aeruginosa MRSA IAT for P aeruginosa (n 30) Monomicrobial S pneumoniae MSSA 2 1 H influenzae 1 Escherichia coli 1 Acinetobacter baumannii 2 4 Microbiology PSB BAL QTA *PSB protected specimen brush with fibrobroncoscopy; QTA quantitative tracheal aspirate. A multiple linear regression model was performed to predict the effect of the different microorganisms and the appropriateness of therapy on the length of mechanical ventilation after pneumonia onset, and on the clinical resolution of fever and hypoxemia adjusted for the severity of illness. The dependent variables were the logarithm of the length of mechanical ventilation after pneumonia onset, the logarithm of fever, and the logarithm of the Pao 2 /Fio 2 ratio. The independent variables analyzed were acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score at hospital admission and the different microorganisms. The analyzed microorganisms were grouped consecutively from group 1 to 4, attending to the hypothesis of better clinical outcome of episodes of VAP due to MSSA and H influenzae (group 1) and susceptible P aeruginosa (group 2) compared to episodes due to P aeruginosa with IAT (group 3) and episodes due to MRSA (group 4). Standardized coefficients were calculated for each variable. The data were analyzed using a statistical software package (SPSS, version 11; SPSS; Chicago, IL). Statistical significance was defined as p Results Sixty VAP episodes with appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy were included in the study. As regards etiology, 15 episodes were due to methicillinsusceptible S aureus (polymicrobial, 1 episode), 15 episodes were due to susceptible P aeruginosa (polymicrobial, 5 episodes), 15 episodes were due to H influenzae (polymicrobial, 3 episodes), and 15 episodes were due to MRSA with appropriate antibiotic therapy, all of them monomicrobial. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between MRSA and other organisms except in the number of days of mechanical ventilation before VAP onset (Table 2). This cohort was compared with a cohort of 30 VAP episodes (polymicrobial, 6 episodes) due to P aeruginosa with IAT. Organisms are detailed in Table 1, and the main characteristics of the study population at pneumonia onset are detailed in Table 2. No significant differences in temperature and Pao 2 /Fio 2 ratio were documented between organisms at pneumonia onset. The initial antibiotics administered to patients with appropriate therapy are summarized in Table 3. All aminoglycosides were administered concomitantly with other active agents. Ninety percent of VAP episodes due to H influenzae and MSSA were treated empirically with a -lactam agent. Appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for all P aeruginosa Table 2 Main Characteristics of the Study Population at Pneumonia Onset* Appropriate Initial Antibiotic Choice Variables H influenzae MSSA P aeruginosa MRSA IAT for P aeruginosa (n 30) Age, yr APACHE II score MV before VAP onset, d Trauma 5 (33) 6 (40) 6 (40) 5 (33) 20 (67) Surgery 2 (13) 1 (7) 5 (33) 3 (20) 1 (3) Pao 2 /Fio 2 ratio Fever, C *Values are given as the median, No. (%), or mean SD. MV mechanical ventilation. p 0.05 compared with other groups. CHEST / 133 / 3/ MARCH,
4 Table 3 Effective Antibiotics Administered for Organisms With Appropriate Therapy* Variables H influenzae P aeruginosa MSSA MRSA Carbapenem 6 (2) 8 (5) 2 (1) 5 (5) -lactam/ -lactamase 2 3 (2) 6 (1) inhibitor Cephalosporin 5 (5) 4 (2) 6 (5) Fluoroquinolone 2 (2) 3 (3) 3 (2) 3 (3) Vancomycin 4 (4) Linezolid 2 (2) 8 (8) Aminoglycoside 3 (3) 6 (6) 1 (1) 1 (1) Other 1 2 (2) Total 19 (4) 24 (9) 22 (7) 21 (21) *Values are given as No. of patients receiving empirical treatment (No. of patients receiving combination therapy). VAP episodes included a -lactam (combination with aminoglycosides, 6 episodes; combination with fluoroquinolones, 3 episodes; and single agent, 6 episodes). Linezolid (eight episodes) was the most frequent empirical antibiotic therapy used for treatment in patients with MRSA VAP episodes (Table 3). The analysis of the clinical resolution of VAP episodes is detailed in Figures 1 and 2. When the initial therapy was appropriate, fever and hypoxemia resolved within the first 3 days of therapy in 70% of patients with VAP due to MSSA, H influenzae, and susceptible P aeruginosa (Table 4). However, the resolution of clinical variables was significantly delayed in the group of patients with VAP due to MRSA who were receiving appropriate antibiotic Figure 1. Probability of clinical resolution of fever in the episodes of VAP due to H influenzae, MSSA, susceptible P aeruginosa, MRSA, and resistant P aeruginosa. A significant delay in the clinical resolution of fever was observed in episodes due to MRSA and P aeruginosa with IAT compared to the remaining susceptible pathogens (p 0.05). Œ MSSA with appropriate antibiotic therapy; F H influenzae with appropriate antibiotic therapy; f susceptible P aeruginosa; MRSA with appropriate antibiotic therapy; P aeruginosa with initial IAT. Figure 2. Probability of the resolution of hypoxemia in the episodes of VAP due to H influenzae, MSSA, susceptible P aeruginosa, MRSA, and P aeruginosa with IAT. A significant delay in the clinical resolution of hypoxemia was observed in episodes due to MRSA and P aeruginosa with IAT compared to the remaining susceptible pathogens (p 0.05). Œ MSSA with appropriate antibiotic therapy; F H influenzae with appropriate antibiotic therapy; f susceptible P aeruginosa; MRSA with appropriate antibiotic therapy; P aeruginosa with IAT. therapy (Figs 1 3). The median time to resolution for fever, Pao 2 /Fio 2 ratio, and WBC count were 10 days [IQR, 5 to 11 days], 10 days [IQR, 4 to 11 days], and 10 days [IQR, 2 to 14 days], respectively, for MRSA, compared to 3 days [IQR, 1.5 to 3 days], 2 days [IQR, 1 to 3 days], and 5 days [IQR, 1.5 to 10 days], respectively, for the remaining episodes with appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy that were evaluated (p 0.05). A significant delay in the clinical resolution of fever, hypoxemia, and WBC count was also observed in the episodes of VAP due to P aeruginosa with IAT (8 days [IQR, 5.75 to 12.5 days], 8 days [IQR, 3 to days], and 11 days [IQR, 5.5 to 15 days], respectively) compared to the remaining episodes with appropriate initial therapy (except those due to MRSA), including the episodes of P aeruginosa with initial appropriate antibiotic therapy (3 days [IQR, 1 to 3 days], 3 days [IQR, 1 to 5 days], and 7 days [IQR, 1 to 10 days], respectively; p 0.05). Moreover, the episodes of VAP due to MRSA and VAP due to P aeruginosa with IAT showed similar patterns of clinical resolution (Figs 1 3). A multiple regression model adjusted for severity of illness at ICU admission confirmed those findings. When the 15 polymicrobial episodes of VAP were excluded, differences in fever, hypoxemia, and WBC count resolution remained similar (data not shown). Similarly, no significant differences in fever or hypoxemia resolution were documented when trauma patients were compared with nontrauma patients, even when adjusted by APACHE II 628 Original Research
5 Table 4 Percentages of Resolution of Fever and Hypoxemia Within 72 h of VAP Onset for Baseline Pathogens Variables H influenzae MSSA P aeruginosa MRSA P aeruginosa IAT (n 30) Temperature 38 C 93.3* 100* 80* Pao 2 /Fio 2 ratio * 93.3* 73* *p 0.05 compared to VAP episodes due to MRSA. score at ICU admission. Similarly, age did not influence hypoxemia or fever resolution. Fourteen patients died. The survivors of VAP episodes who had appropriate initial antibiotic therapy, except MRSA episodes, received a median duration of mechanical ventilation of 7 days [IQR, 5 to 15 days]. The median of alive and ventilator-free days were 0 days (IQR, 0 to 22 days) and 14.5 days (IQR, 8.75 to days), respectively, for episodes of VAP due to MRSA and P aeruginosa with IAT compared to 22 days (IQR, 20 to 25 days; p 0.05) in episodes of VAP due to MSSA (considered as the reference pathogen). Similarly, the median of alive and antibiotic-free days was calculated to be 10 days (IQR, 0 to 14 days) and 4.5 days (IQR, 0 to days), respectively, for episodes of MRSA and P aeruginosa with IAT compared with 20 days (IQR, 18 to 21 days) for episodes of MSSA VAP (p 0.05). Other details on these outcomes and medical resource utilization are shown in Table 5. Using a multiple linear regression model that corrected for disease severity at ICU admission at VAP onset and the multiplicity of organisms in individual patients, we found that two predefined organisms (ie, MRSA Figure 3. Probability of clinical resolution of WBC count in the episodes of VAP due to H influenzae, MSSA, susceptible P aeruginosa, MRSA, and P aeruginosa with IAT. Œ MSSA with appropriate antibiotic therapy; F H influenzae with appropriate antibiotic therapy; f susceptible P aeruginosa; MRSA with appropriate antibiotic therapy; P aeruginosa with IAT. and P aeruginosa with IAT) independently predicted mechanical ventilation dependence after pneumonia onset. Figure 4 details the needs of ventilatory support for different organisms after VAP onset. The cumulative percentage of patients who did not breath spontaneously within 2 weeks after VAP onset was significantly higher (67% vs 39%, respectively; p 0.05) in the MRSA group compared to the remaining episodes of VAP. Discussion The most important finding in this study is that MRSA VAP treated with appropriate therapy resolves more slowly than VAP due to H influenzae, MSSA, and P aeruginosa treated with appropriate therapy. In addition, the slow rate of resolution of MRSA is comparable to that of P aeruginosa when the latter organism is treated with inappropriate initial therapy. The delay in resolution for these organisms was associated with excess medical resource utilization. Differences in the evolution of MRSA-infected patients have been described. 3,24 27 MRSA VAP was associated with an increased attributable mortality after adjustment for disease severity and diagnostic category in a matched cohort study. 3 Blot et al 28 reported similar findings in critically ill patients with MRSA bacteremia. Another study 17 found that MRSA VAP episodes were independently associated with prolonged hospitalization and higher costs than MSSA VAP episodes, even when therapy was appropriate. The lack of Panton-Valentine leukocidine determinations does not allow clarification of whether our differences were influenced by virulence factors. Based on prior studies 29,30 in the literature, this is unlikely. One study 31 demonstrated that 8-day therapy was comparable to 15-day therapy in terms of mortality, superinfections, and relapses of VAP. Our findings are consistent with this study. In the current study, however, 50% of patients with VAP due to MRSA still presented with fever and hypoxemia, which was associated with delayed resolution. In addition, MRSA VAP episodes were treated for a longer period of time. CHEST / 133 / 3/ MARCH,
6 Table 5 Medical Resources Utilization After VAP Onset in 76 Survivors* Variables H influenzae (n 13) MSSA (n 13) MRSA (n 10) P aeruginosa (n 13) P aeruginosa IAT (n 27) ATB days MV days 8 (5 14) 6 (3 8) 17 (6 37) 15 ( ) 11 (8 19) LOS, d 11.5 ( ) 9.5 ( ) 21.5 ( ) 21 (9.5 39) 20 (11 28) ATB-free days 19 (18 21) 20 (18 22) 11 (10 15) 16 (12 19) 5 (0 13) MV-free days 20 (14 23) 22 (20 25) 11 (0 22) 13 (7 22) 16 (9 20) ICU LOS free days 16 (8 22) 19 (16 22) 6.5 (0 15) 7 (0 18) 8 (0 17) Excess ATB days Excess MV days Excess ICU LOS *Values given as mean SD or median (IQR). See Table 2 for abbreviation not used in the text. ATB antibiotic therapy. p 0.05 compared to episodes due to MSSA. Inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy significantly delays clinical resolution in patients with VAP due to P aeruginosa with a median time to resolution of 8 days for fever and hypoxemia, which stresses the need to evaluate the clinical resolution of VAP. 24 Whether this delay is a consequence of the delay in starting therapy with appropriate antibiotics is unknown because this variable was not recorded. Interestingly, appropriately treated P aeruginosa VAP resolved nicely, similar to the resolution of MSSA and H influenzae VAP. Our findings add insights to other reports 32,33 or the recommendation of the 2005 American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines 4 supporting the use of short-term therapy for pneumonia caused by P aeruginosa. Randomized clinical trials on pneumonia traditionally focus on safety, cure rates, and microbiological eradication, ignoring the implication of organisms and different antibiotic options on resource Figure 4. Percentage of surviving patients free of mechanical ventilation after VAP onset in the episodes due to different organisms. Œ MSSA and H influenzae with appropriate therapy; f susceptible P aeruginosa; MRSA with appropriate antibiotic therapy; P aeruginosa with IAT. utilization. Solomkin 34 concluded that very limited information is available regarding pneumonia costs. In a large US database, 35 the cost of VAP was estimated to be $40,000 (US dollars) per episode. The current study is unique in assessing the medical resource utilization in patients with VAP. Our findings suggest that the utilization of medical resource is influenced by disease severity and initial antibiotic choices. When treated promptly, susceptible strains of H influenzae, S aureus, and P aeruginosa have comparable impact. Our findings suggest that a delay in starting appropriate therapy was associated with an increase in the number of days of antibiotic use and the requirements for mechanical ventilation. Moreover, independent of the disease severity and antibiotic susceptibility, MRSA was associated with increased ventilatory requirements. A major limitation for this study is the small sample size. We cannot rule out a type II error when comparing P aeruginosa and core pathogens, but this is unlikely when looking at Figures 1 and 2. Because of the small study size, differences between groups, and confounding variables, the differences regarding MRSA findings could have been due to differences in antibiotic treatments, or because these patients were older or sicker. However, a multivariate analysis, controlling for disease severity confirmed that MRSA pneumonia was significantly associated with poor clinical resolution and a longer duration of mechanical ventilation. A multiple linear regression analysis confirmed these findings. Another potential limitation is a possible selection bias due to the inclusion of patients from three institutions. Third, 15 episodes were polymicrobial (Table 1), and the microorganism yielding the highest number of colonyforming units in quantitative cultures was identified as the microorganism responsible for VAP. All of the concomitant organisms (including Acinetobacter) were susceptible to the prescribed antibiotic therapy. Indeed, when polymicrobial episodes were excluded, 630 Original Research
7 monomicrobial episodes had similar clinical resolution patterns to those of the whole population. In addition, the absence of biochemical markers (eg, procalcitonin) or scores (clinical pulmonary infection score) as surrogates of resolution is another weakness. Finally, neither recurrences (or relapses) of VAP nor microbiological eradication were recorded. However, resource utilization, such as the duration of mechanical ventilation after VAP onset or the number of antibiotic days for VAP, seem to be more relevant than these surrogates of resolution. In summary, our data suggest that MRSA and P aeruginosa with IAT have slower clinical resolution. Interestingly, clinical resolution is slower in patients with MRSA VAP than in episodes due to other organisms when receiving appropriate treatment. Indeed, P aeruginosa VAP, when treated with a susceptible agent from the beginning, has comparable outcomes to VAP due to other organisms. In contrast, episodes of MRSA VAP are associated with significantly higher medical resource utilization (ie, longer duration of antibiotic therapy and longer mechanical ventilation period after pneumonia onset) even after adjusting for severity of illness. Medical resource utilization for the treatment of different organisms should be incorporated into traditional end points in randomized clinical trials comparing new antimicrobial agents for the treatment of pneumonia. ACKNOWLEDGMENT: We are indebted with Montse Olona, MD, for statistical advice and Mike Maudsley for editing of the English language. References 1 Rosenthal VD, Maki DG, Salomeo R, et al. Device-associated nosocomial infections in 55 intensive care units of 8 developing countries. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: Rello J, Jubert P, Valles J, et al. Evaluation of outcome for intubated patients with pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: Rello J, Sole-Violan J, Sa-Borges M, et al. Pneumonia caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus treated with glycopeptides. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcareassociated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: González C, Rubio M, Romeo-Vivas J, et al. Bacteremic pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus: a comparison of disease caused by methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible organisms. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: Trouillet JL, Vuagnat A, Combes A, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonias: comparison of episodes due to piperacillin-resistant versus piperacillin-sensitive organisms. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: Kollef M. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment: an important determinant of outcome for hospitalised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2000(suppl); S131 S138 8 Kollef MH, Morrow LE, Niederman MS, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment patterns among patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2006; 129: Groth ML, Niederman MS. Assessment of resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia. In: Rello J, Kollef M, Diaz E, et al, eds. Infectious diseases in critical care. 2nd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2007; Hauser AR, Cobb E, Bodi M, et al. Type III protein secretion is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: Fink MP, Snydman DR, Niederman MS, et al. Treatment of severe pneumonia in hospitalized patients: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial comparing intravenous ciprofloxacin with imipenem-cilastatin: the Severe Pneumonia Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: Clec h C, Timsit JF, De Lassence A, et al. Efficacy of adequate early antibiotic therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia: influence of disease severity. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30: Rello J, Gallego M, Mariscal D, et al. The value of routine microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: Rello J, Mallol J. Optimal therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia: what is the best dosing regimen? Chest 2006; 130: Vidaur L, Sirgo G, Rodriguez AH. Clinical approach to the patient with suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care 2005; 50: Diaz E, Muñoz E, Agbaht K, et al. Management of ventilatorassociated pneumonia caused by multiresistant bacteria. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007; 13: Shorr AF, Tabak YP, Gupta V, et al. Morbidity and cost burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2006; 10: R97 18 Craven DE, de Rosa FG, Thornton D. Nosocomial pneumonia: emerging concepts in diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis. Curr Opin Crit Care 2002; 8: Craven DE. Preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: sowing seeds of change. Chest 2006; 130: Damas P, Garweg C, Monchi M, et al. Combination therapy versus monotherapy: a randomised pilot study on the evolution of inflammatory parameters after ventilator associated pneumonia [ISRCTN ]. Crit Care 2006; 10:R52 21 Fowler RA, Flavin KE, Barr J, et al. Variability in antibiotic prescribing patterns and outcomes in patients with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2003; 123: National Committee for Clinical laboratory Standards. Performance standards for susceptibility testing: twelve international supplement M100-S12. Wayne, PA: National Committee for Clinical laboratory Standards, Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M, et al. Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: Vidaur L, Gualis B, Rodriguez A, et al. Clinical resolution in patients with suspicion of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a cohort study comparing patients with and without acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: Luna CM, Blanzaco D, Niederman MS, et al. Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: CHEST / 133 / 3/ MARCH,
8 26 Rello, Torres A, Ricart M, et al. Ventilator-associated pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus: comparison of methicillinresistant and methicillin-sensitive episodes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: Cosgrove SE, Sakoula G, Perencevich EN, et al. Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: Blot S, Vanderwoude KH, Hoste EA, et al. Outcome and attributable mortality in critically ill patients with bacteremia involving methicillin-susceptible and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: French GL, Cheng AFB, Ling JML, et al. Hong Kong strains of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus have similar virulence. J Hosp Infect 1990; 15: Peacock JE Jr, Moorman DR, Wenzel RP, et al. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus: microbiologic characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibilities and assessment of virulence of an epidemic strain. J Infect Dis 1981; 144: Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY, et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290: Mueller EW, Wood JC, Kelley MS, et al. The predictive value of preliminary bacterial colony counts from bronchoalveolar lavage in critically ill trauma patients. Am Surg 2003; 69: Garnacho-Montero J, Sa-Borges M, Sole-Violan J, et al. Optimal management therapy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: an observational, multicenter study comparing monotherapy with combination antibiotic therapy. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: Solomkin JS. Cost-effectiveness issues in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Respir Care 2005; 50: Rello J, Ollendorf DA, Oster G, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a large US database. Chest 2002; 122: Original Research
Appropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean?
Appropriate antimicrobial therapy in HAP: What does this mean? Jaehee Lee, M.D. Kyungpook National University Hospital, Korea KNUH since 1907 Presentation outline Empiric antimicrobial choice: right spectrum,
More information4/3/2017 CLINICAL PEARLS: UPDATES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA DISCLOSURE LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CLINICAL PEARLS: UPDATES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA BILLIE BARTEL, PHARMD, BCCCP APRIL 7 TH, 2017 DISCLOSURE I have had no financial relationship over the past 12 months with any commercial
More informationDetection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran
Letter to the Editor Detection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran Mohammad Rahbar, PhD; Massoud Hajia, PhD
More informationTreatment Guidelines and Outcomes of Hospital- Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Treatment Guidelines and Outcomes of Hospital- Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Antoni Torres, Miquel Ferrer, and Joan Ramón Badia Pneumology Department, Clinic Institute
More informationEpidemiology of early-onset bloodstream infection and implications for treatment
Epidemiology of early-onset bloodstream infection and implications for treatment Richard S. Johannes, MD, MS Marlborough, Massachusetts Health care-associated infections: For over 35 years, infections
More informationMono- versus Bitherapy for Management of HAP/VAP in the ICU
Mono- versus Bitherapy for Management of HAP/VAP in the ICU Jean Chastre, www.reamedpitie.com Conflicts of interest: Consulting or Lecture fees: Nektar-Bayer, Pfizer, Brahms, Sanofi- Aventis, Janssen-Cilag,
More informationThe International Collaborative Conference in Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
The International Collaborative Conference in Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases PLUS: Antimicrobial stewardship in hospitals: Improving outcomes through better education and implementation of
More informationUCSF guideline for management of suspected hospital-acquired or ventilatoracquired pneumonia in adult patients
Background/methods: UCSF guideline for management of suspected hospital-acquired or ventilatoracquired pneumonia in adult patients This guideline establishes evidence-based consensus standards for management
More informationKey words: antibiotics; intensive care; mechanical ventilation; outcomes; pneumonia; resistance
Clinical Importance of Delays in the Initiation of Appropriate Antibiotic Treatment for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia* Manuel Iregui, MD; Suzanne Ward, RN; Glenda Sherman, RN; Victoria J. Fraser, MD;
More informationClinical Approach to the Patient With Suspected Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Clinical Approach to the Patient With Suspected Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Loreto Vidaur MD, Gonzalo Sirgo MD, Alejandro H Rodríguez MD, and Jordi Rello MD PhD Introduction Does This Patient Currently
More informationThe increasing emergence of antimicrobial
Eur Respir Rev 2007; 16: 103, 33 39 DOI: 10.1183/09059180.00010302 CopyrightßERSJ Ltd 2007 Importance of appropriate initial antibiotic therapy and de-escalation in the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia
More informationMethicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Swabs as a Tool in Antimicrobial Stewardship
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Swabs as a Tool in Antimicrobial Stewardship Natalie R. Tucker, PharmD Antimicrobial Stewardship Pharmacist Tyson E. Dietrich, PharmD PGY2 Infectious Diseases
More informationScottish Medicines Consortium
Scottish Medicines Consortium tigecycline 50mg vial of powder for intravenous infusion (Tygacil ) (277/06) Wyeth 9 June 2006 The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) has completed its assessment of the
More informationHospital-acquired pneumonia: microbiological data and potential adequacy of antimicrobial regimens
Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 432 439 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.02.00267602 Printed in UK all rights reserved Copyright #ERS Journals Ltd 2002 European Respiratory Journal ISSN 0903-1936 Hospital-acquired pneumonia:
More informationManagement of Hospital-acquired Pneumonia
Management of Hospital-acquired Pneumonia Adel Alothman, MB, FRCPC, FACP Asst. Professor, COM, KSAU-HS Head, Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh Saudi Arabia
More informationAppropriate Antibiotic Administration in Critically Ill Patients with Pneumonia
Research Paper Appropriate Antibiotic Administration in Critically Ill Patients with Pneumonia R. A. KHAN, M. M. BAKRY 1 AND F. ISLAHUDIN 1 * Hospital SgBuloh, Jalan Hospital, 47000 SgBuloh, Selangor,
More informationSuitability of Antibiotic Treatment for CAP (CAPTIME) The duration of antibiotic treatment in community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
STUDY PROTOCOL Suitability of Antibiotic Treatment for CAP (CAPTIME) Purpose The duration of antibiotic treatment in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) lasts about 9 10 days, and is determined empirically.
More informationActive Bacterial Core Surveillance Site and Epidemiologic Classification, United States, 2005a. Copyright restrictions may apply.
Impact of routine surgical ward and intensive care unit admission surveillance cultures on hospital-wide nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a university hospital: an interrupted
More informationconsensus conference International Conference for the Development of Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia*
consensus conference International Conference for the Development of Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia* Jordi Rello, MD, PhD (Chairman); Jose Artur Paiva, MD
More informationInappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile Infection. Jocelyn Srigley, MD, FRCPC November 1, 2012
Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics and Clostridium difficile Infection Jocelyn Srigley, MD, FRCPC November 1, 2012 Financial Disclosures } No conflicts of interest } The study was supported by a Hamilton
More informationHealth Care-Associated Pneumonia and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: a Single-Center Experience
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Oct. 2007, p. 3568 3573 Vol. 51, No. 10 0066-4804/07/$08.00 0 doi:10.1128/aac.00851-07 Copyright 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Health
More informationESISTONO LE HCAP? Francesco Blasi. Sezione Medicina Respiratoria Dipartimento Toraco Polmonare e Cardiocircolatorio Università degli Studi di Milano
ESISTONO LE HCAP? Francesco Blasi Sezione Medicina Respiratoria Dipartimento Toraco Polmonare e Cardiocircolatorio Università degli Studi di Milano Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): Management issues
More informationEvaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs
Evaluating the Role of MRSA Nasal Swabs Josh Arnold, PharmD PGY1 Pharmacy Resident Pharmacy Grand Rounds February 28, 2017 2016 MFMER slide-1 Objectives Identify the pathophysiology of MRSA nasal colonization
More informationCombination vs Monotherapy for Gram Negative Septic Shock
Combination vs Monotherapy for Gram Negative Septic Shock Critical Care Canada Forum November 8, 2018 Michael Klompas MD, MPH, FIDSA, FSHEA Professor, Harvard Medical School Hospital Epidemiologist, Brigham
More informationNEW ATS/IDSA VAP-HAP GUIDELINES
NEW ATS/IDSA VAP-HAP GUIDELINES MARK L. METERSKY, MD PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE FARMINGTON, CT Mark Metersky, MD, FCCP, FACP is a Professor of Medicine at the University
More informationInt.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp. 891-895 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.104
More informationBurden of disease of antibiotic resistance The example of MRSA. Eva Melander Clinical Microbiology, Lund University Hospital
Burden of disease of antibiotic resistance The example of MRSA Eva Melander Clinical Microbiology, Lund University Hospital Discovery of antibiotics Enormous medical gains Significantly reduced morbidity
More informationDoes Screening for MRSA Colonization Have A Role In Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Programs?
Does Screening for MRSA Colonization Have A Role In Healthcare-Associated Infection Prevention Programs? John A. Jernigan, MD, MS Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control and
More informationSHC Clinical Pathway: HAP/VAP Flowchart
SHC Clinical Pathway: Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia SHC Clinical Pathway: HAP/VAP Flowchart v.08-29-2017 Diagnosis Hospitalization (HAP) Pneumonia develops 48 hours following: Endotracheal
More informationHealthcare-Associated Pneumonia and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: ACCEPTED. A Single Center Experience. Scott T. Micek, PharmD 1
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on August 00 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:./aac.001-0 Copyright 00, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationAntimicrobial stewardship in managing septic patients
Antimicrobial stewardship in managing septic patients November 11, 2017 Samuel L. Aitken, PharmD, BCPS (AQ-ID) Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Infectious Diseases slaitken@mdanderson.org Conflict of interest
More informationMAGNITUDE OF ANTIMICROBIAL USE. Antimicrobial Stewardship in Acute and Long Term Healthcare Facilities: Design, Implementation and Challenges
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Acute and Long Term Healthcare Facilities: Design, Implementation and Challenges John A. Jernigan, MD, MS Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion Centers for Disease Control
More informationVentilator-Associated Pneumonia: Overdiagnosis and Treatment Are Common in Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Units
infection control and hospital epidemiology march 2014, vol. 35, no. 3 original article Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Overdiagnosis and Treatment Are Common in Medical and Surgical Intensive Care Units
More informationHospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is the second
Guidelines and Critical Pathways for Severe Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia* Stanley Fiel, MD, FCCP Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Early, appropriate, and
More informationKonsequenzen für Bevölkerung und Gesundheitssysteme. Stephan Harbarth Infection Control Program
Konsequenzen für Bevölkerung und Gesundheitssysteme Stephan Harbarth Infection Control Program University of Geneva Hospitals Outline Introduction What data sources are available? AMR-associated outcomes
More informationTaiwan Crit. Care Med.2009;10: %
2008 30% 2008 2008 2004 813 386 07-346-8339 E-mail srwann@vghks.gov.tw 66 30% 2008 1 2008 2008 Intensive Care Med (2008)34:17-60 67 2 3 C activated protein C 4 5,6 65% JAMA 1995;273(2):117-23 Circulation,
More informationAppropriateness is Critical
Appropriateness is Critical Marta Ulldemolins, PharmD a,b,c, Xavier Nuvials, MD a,b, Mercedes Palomar, MD, PhD a,b,d, Joan R. Masclans, MD, PhD a,b, Jordi Rello, MD, PhD a,b,c,d, * KEYWORDS Critically
More informationNosocomial Infections: What Are the Unmet Needs
Nosocomial Infections: What Are the Unmet Needs Jean Chastre, MD Service de Réanimation Médicale Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6, France www.reamedpitie.com
More informationAntimicrobial Cycling. Donald E Low University of Toronto
Antimicrobial Cycling Donald E Low University of Toronto Bad Bugs, No Drugs 1 The Antimicrobial Availability Task Force of the IDSA 1 identified as particularly problematic pathogens A. baumannii and
More informationAccuracy of tracheal aspirate gram stain in predicting Staphylococcus aureus infection in ventilator-associated pneumonia
Seligman et al. BMC Anesthesiology 2015, 15:19 RESEARCH ARTICLE Accuracy of tracheal aspirate gram stain in predicting Staphylococcus aureus infection in ventilator-associated pneumonia Renato Seligman
More informationStudy Protocol. Funding: German Center for Infection Research (TTU-HAARBI, Research Clinical Unit)
Effectiveness of antibiotic stewardship interventions in reducing the rate of colonization and infections due to antibiotic resistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile in hospital patients a systematic
More informationResponsible use of antibiotics
Responsible use of antibiotics Uga Dumpis MD, PhD Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control Pauls Stradiņs Clinical University Hospital Challenges in the hospitals Antibiotics are still effective
More informationHospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) accounts
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia* Risk Factors, Microbiology, and Treatment Joseph P. Lynch III, MD, FCCP Pneumonia complicates hospitalization in 0.5 to 2.0% of patients and is associated with considerable
More informationIs Cefazolin Inferior to Nafcillin for Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia?
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Nov. 2011, p. 5122 5126 Vol. 55, No. 11 0066-4804/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/aac.00485-11 Copyright 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Is Cefazolin
More informationSepsis is the most common cause of death in
ADDRESSING ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT * John P. Quinn, MD ABSTRACT Two of the more common strategies for optimizing antimicrobial therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) are antibiotic
More informationThe Impact of meca Gene Testing and Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Intervention on the Time to Optimal Antimicrobial Therapy for ACCEPTED
JCM Accepts, published online ahead of print on 7 May 2008 J. Clin. Microbiol. doi:10.1128/jcm.00801-08 Copyright 2008, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
More informationLearning Points. Raymond Blum, M.D. Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative pathogens is increasing
Raymond Blum, M.D. Learning Points Antimicrobial resistance among gram-negative pathogens is increasing Infection with antimicrobial-resistant pathogens is associated with increased mortality, length of
More informationDETERMINANTS OF TARGET NON- ATTAINMENT IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS RECEIVING β-lactams
DETERMINANTS OF TARGET NON- ATTAINMENT IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS RECEIVING β-lactams Jan J. De Waele MD PhD Surgical ICU Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Belgium Disclosures Financial: consultancy for
More informationGUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN ADULTS
Version 3.1 GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN ADULTS Date ratified June 2008 Updated March 2009 Review date June 2010 Ratified by Authors Consultation Evidence base Changes
More informationHealth Informatics Centre, Division of Community Health Sciences, Dundee, UK
REVIEW Appropriate vs. inappropriate antimicrobial therapy P. G. Davey and C. Marwick Health Informatics Centre, Division of Community Health Sciences, Dundee, UK ABSTRACT Inappropriate antimicrobial treatment
More informationAppropriate Management of Common Pediatric Infections. Blaise L. Congeni M.D. Akron Children s Hospital Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
Appropriate Management of Common Pediatric Infections Blaise L. Congeni M.D. Akron Children s Hospital Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases It s all about the microorganism The common pathogens Viruses
More informationDoes Early and Appropriate Antibiotic Administration Improve Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock?
References and Literature Grading Does Early and Appropriate Antibiotic Administration Improve Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock? (9/6/2015) 1. Dellinger, R.P.,
More informationIntra-Abdominal Infections. Jessica Thompson, PharmD, BCPS (AQ-ID) Infectious Diseases Pharmacy Clinical Specialist Renown Health April 19, 2018
Intra-Abdominal Infections Jessica Thompson, PharmD, BCPS (AQ-ID) Infectious Diseases Pharmacy Clinical Specialist Renown Health April 19, 2018 Select guidelines Mazuski JE, et al. The Surgical Infection
More informationDevelopment of Drugs for HAP-VAP. Robert Fromtling, MD
Development of Drugs for HAP-VAP Robert Fromtling, MD Hospital-Acquired & Ventilator- Associated Pneumonia (HAP-VAP) The EMA 2015 roadmap recognizes the need for new antibiotics New drugs for HAP-VAP are
More informationUpdate on Resistance and Epidemiology of Nosocomial Respiratory Pathogens in Asia. Po-Ren Hsueh. National Taiwan University Hospital
Update on Resistance and Epidemiology of Nosocomial Respiratory Pathogens in Asia Po-Ren Hsueh National Taiwan University Hospital Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Microbiological Report Sputum from a
More informationSustaining an Antimicrobial Stewardship
Sustaining an Antimicrobial Stewardship Much needless expense, untoward effect, harm and disappointment can be prevented by better judgment in the use of antimicrobials Whitney A. Jones, PharmD Antimicrobial
More informationLin M. Riccio, Kimberley A. Popovsky, Tjasa Hranjec, Amani D. Politano, Laura H. Rosenberger, Kristin C. Tura, and Robert G.
SURGICAL INFECTIONS Volume 15, Number 4, 2014 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2012.077 Association of Excessive Duration of Antibiotic Therapy for Intra-Abdominal Infection with Subsequent Extra-Abdominal
More informationAntibiotic treatment in the ICU 1. ICU Fellowship Training Radboudumc
Antibiotic treatment in the ICU 1 ICU Fellowship Training Radboudumc Main issues Delayed identification of microorganisms Impact of critical illness on Pk/Pd High prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains
More information2018 OPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASURES: REGISTRY ONLY. MEASURE TYPE: Process
Quality ID #407: Appropriate Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) Bacteremia National Quality Strategy Domain: Effective Clinical Care 2018 OPTIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL MEASURES:
More informationLack of Change in Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Pediatric Hospital Despite Marked Changes in Antibiotic Utilization
Infect Dis Ther (2014) 3:55 59 DOI 10.1007/s40121-014-0028-8 BRIEF REPORT Lack of Change in Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Pediatric Hospital Despite Marked Changes in Antibiotic Utilization
More informationEradiaction of Resistant Organisms:
Eradiaction of Resistant Organisms: Can we do it and does it help? Noah Lechtzin, MD; MHS Director, Adult CF Program Outline Evidence resistant organisms are bad MRSA, B cepacia, Pseudomonas, Fungal infections
More informationAntibiotic Stewardship in the Hospital Setting
Antibiotic Stewardship in the Hospital Setting G. Evans, MD FRCPC Medical Director, Infection Prevention & Control Kingston General Hospital & Hotel Dieu Hospital EOPIC September 26, 2012 Stewardship stew-ard-ship
More informationREVIEW /
REVIEW 10.1111/1469-0691.12450 European perspective and update on the management of nosocomial pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after more than 10 years of experience with linezolid
More informationConcise Antibiogram Toolkit Background
Background This toolkit is designed to guide nursing homes in creating their own antibiograms, an important tool for guiding empiric antimicrobial therapy. Information about antibiograms and instructions
More informationOriginal Articles. K A M S W Gunarathne 1, M Akbar 2, K Karunarathne 3, JRS de Silva 4. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health, 2011; 40(4):
Original Articles Analysis of blood/tracheal culture results to assess common pathogens and pattern of antibiotic resistance at medical intensive care unit, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children K A M S
More informationAntimicrobial stewardship: Quick, don t just do something! Stand there!
Antimicrobial stewardship: Quick, don t just do something! Stand there! Stanley I. Martin, MD, FACP, FIDSA Director, Division of Infectious Diseases Director, Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Geisinger
More informationControl emergence of drug-resistant. Reduce costs
...PRESENTATIONS... Guidelines for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia Richard E. Chaisson, MD Presentation Summary Guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) have been
More informationMRSA ventilatorassociated
MRSA ventilatorassociated pneumonia Jean Chastre, M.D. www.reamedpitie.com Conflicts of interest Consulting or lecture fees: Medimmune/Astrazeneca, Bayer, Pfizer, Arsanis, Cubist/Merck, Basilea, Aridis,
More informationOPTIMIZATION OF PK/PD OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS
HTIDE CONFERENCE 2018 OPTIMIZATION OF PK/PD OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR RESISTANT GRAM-NEGATIVE ORGANISMS FEDERICO PEA INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF UDINE, ITALY SANTA
More information2016 Updates to the Hospital Acquired- and Ventilator Associated-Pneumonia Guidelines
2016 Updates to the Hospital Acquired- and Ventilator Associated-Pneumonia Guidelines Janessa M. Smith, PharmD, BCPS Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Infectious Diseases The Johns Hopkins Hospital Objectives
More informationImpact of a Standardized Protocol to Address Outbreak of Methicillin-resistant
Impact of a Standardized Protocol to Address Outbreak of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Skin Infections at a large, urban County Jail System Earl J. Goldstein, MD* Gladys Hradecky, RN* Gary
More informationAntimicrobial Stewardship Strategy: Dose optimization
Antimicrobial Stewardship Strategy: Dose optimization Review and individualization of antimicrobial dosing based on the characteristics of the patient, drug, and infection. Description This is an overview
More informationSource: Portland State University Population Research Center (
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Surveillance Report 2010 Oregon Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Office of Disease Prevention & Epidemiology Oregon Health Authority Updated:
More informationAdequacy of Early Empiric Antibiotic Treatment and Survival in Severe Sepsis: Experience from the MONARCS Trial
BRIEF REPORT Adequacy of Early Empiric Antibiotic Treatment and Survival in Severe Sepsis: Experience from the MONARCS Trial Rodger D. MacArthur, 1 Mark Miller, 2 Timothy Albertson, 3 Edward Panacek, 3
More informationAntibacterial Resistance: Research Efforts. Henry F. Chambers, MD Professor of Medicine University of California San Francisco
Antibacterial Resistance: Research Efforts Henry F. Chambers, MD Professor of Medicine University of California San Francisco Resistance Resistance Dose-Response Curve Antibiotic Exposure Anti-Resistance
More informationOptimize Durations of Antimicrobial Therapy
Optimize Durations of Antimicrobial Therapy Evidence & Application Jill Cowper, Pharm.D. Division Infectious Diseases Pharmacist Parallon Supply Chain Solutions Richmond, VA P: 607 221 5101 jill.butterfield@parallon.com
More informationSuccessful stewardship in hospital settings
Successful stewardship in hospital settings Pr Charles-Edouard Luyt Service de Réanimation Institut de Cardiologie Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 www.reamedpitie.com
More informationWhy should we care about multi-resistant bacteria? Clinical impact and
Why should we care about multi-resistant bacteria? Clinical impact and public health implications Prof. Stephan Harbarth Infection Control Program Geneva, Switzerland and Ebola (in 2014/2015) Increased
More informationCritical Appraisal Topic. Antibiotic Duration in Acute Otitis Media in Children. Carissa Schatz, BSN, RN, FNP-s. University of Mary
Running head: ANTIBIOTIC DURATION IN AOM 1 Critical Appraisal Topic Antibiotic Duration in Acute Otitis Media in Children Carissa Schatz, BSN, RN, FNP-s University of Mary 2 Evidence-Based Practice: Critical
More informationFighting MDR Pathogens in the ICU
Fighting MDR Pathogens in the ICU Dr. Murat Akova Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ankara, Turkey 1 50.000 deaths each year in US and Europe due to antimicrobial
More informationAntibiotic usage in nosocomial infections in hospitals. Dr. Birgit Ross Hospital Hygiene University Hospital Essen
Antibiotic usage in nosocomial infections in hospitals Dr. Birgit Ross Hospital Hygiene University Hospital Essen Infection control in healthcare settings - Isolation - Hand Hygiene - Environmental Hygiene
More informationGENERAL NOTES: 2016 site of infection type of organism location of the patient
GENERAL NOTES: This is a summary of the antibiotic sensitivity profile of clinical isolates recovered at AIIMS Bhopal Hospital during the year 2016. However, for organisms in which < 30 isolates were recovered
More informationNorthwestern Medicine Central DuPage Hospital Antimicrobial Criteria Updated 11/16/16
Northwestern Medicine Central DuPage Hospital Antimicrobial Criteria Updated 11/16/16 These criteria are based on national and local susceptibility data as well as Infectious Disease Society of America
More informationGuy W. Soo Hoo, MD, MPH; Y. Eugenia Wen, MD; Trung V. Nguyen, DO; and Matthew Bidwell Goetz, MD
Impact of Clinical Guidelines in the Management of Severe Hospital- Acquired Pneumonia* Guy W. Soo Hoo, MD, MPH; Y. Eugenia Wen, MD; Trung V. Nguyen, DO; and Matthew Bidwell Goetz, MD Study objectives:
More informationMulti-drug resistant microorganisms
Multi-drug resistant microorganisms Arzu TOPELI Director of MICU Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara-Turkey Council Member of WFSICCM Deaths in the US declined by 220 per 100,000 with the
More informationRandomized Controlled Trial on Adjunctive Lavage for Severe Peritoneal Dialysis- Related Peritonitis
Randomized Controlled Trial on Adjunctive Lavage for Severe Peritoneal Dialysis- Related Peritonitis Steve SM Wong Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital Background PD peritonitis is a major cause of PD
More informationDuration of antibiotic therapy:
Duration of antibiotic therapy: How low can you go? Thomas Holland, MD Hilton Head, SC July 2017 Disclosures Consulting: The Medicines Company, Basilea Pharmaceutica Adjudication committee: Achaogen Grant
More informationMDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Has the post antibiotic era arrived? Dr. Michael A. Borg Infection Control Dept Mater Dei Hospital Malta
MDR Acinetobacter baumannii Has the post antibiotic era arrived? Dr. Michael A. Borg Infection Control Dept Mater Dei Hospital Malta 1 The Armageddon recipe Transmissible organism with prolonged environmental
More informationHealthcare-Associated Pneumonia in the Emergency Department
Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia in the Emergency Department Ellen M. Slaven, M.D., 1 Jairo I. Santanilla, M.D., 1,2 and Peter M. DeBlieux, M.D. 1 ABSTRACT Emergency medicine clinicians frequently diagnose
More informationThe Role of Antimicrobial Management Programs in Optimizing Antibiotic Prescribing within Hospitals
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE The Role of Antimicrobial Management Programs in Optimizing Antibiotic Prescribing within Hospitals David L. Paterson Antibiotic Management Program and Transplant Infectious Diseases,
More informationAntoni Torres, Catia Cillóniz. Clinical Management of Bacterial Pneumonia
Antoni Torres, Catia Cillóniz Clinical Management of Bacterial Pneumonia Antoni Torres, Catia Cillóniz Clinical Management of Bacterial Pneumonia Authors Professor Antoni Torres MD, PhD, FERS Director
More informationManagement of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: an ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ ALAT guideline
ERS pocket guidelines Management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: an ERS/ESICM/ESCMID/ ALAT guideline From the Task Force for the Management of Hospital-acquired Pneumonia
More informationDOES TIMING OF ANTIBIOTICS IMPACT OUTCOME IN SEPSIS? Saravana Kumar MD HEAD,DEPT OF EM,DR MEHTA S HOSPITALS CHENNAI,INDIA
DOES TIMING OF ANTIBIOTICS IMPACT OUTCOME IN SEPSIS? Saravana Kumar MD HEAD,DEPT OF EM,DR MEHTA S HOSPITALS CHENNAI,INDIA drsaravanakumar.ep@gmail.com JOINT SECRETARY RECOMMENDATIONS: INITIAL RESUSCITATION
More informationCentral Nervous System Infections
Central Nervous System Infections Meningitis Treatment Bacterial meningitis is a MEDICAL EMERGENCY. ANTIBIOTICS SHOULD BE STARTED AS SOON AS THE POSSIBILITY OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS BECOMES EVIDENT, IDEALLY
More informationSeven-day antibiotic courses have similar efficacy to prolonged courses in severe community-acquired pneumonia a propensity-adjusted analysis
ORIGINAL ARTICLE INFECTIOUS DISEASES Seven-day antibiotic courses have similar efficacy to prolonged courses in severe community-acquired pneumonia a propensity-adjusted analysis G. Choudhury, P. Mandal,
More informationLe infezioni di cute e tessuti molli
Le infezioni di cute e tessuti molli SCELTE e STRATEGIE TERAPEUTICHE Pierluigi Viale Clinica di Malattie Infettive Policlinico S. Orsola Malpighi Treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections
More informationNosocomial Pneumonia Recent Guidelines for Management
CHAPTER 37 Nosocomial Pneumonia Recent Guidelines for Management L. K. Meher Introduction Nosocomial pneumonia (NP) is the second most common nosocomial infection after urinary tract infection but is the
More informationAntimicrobial Stewardship Strategy: Antibiograms
Antimicrobial Stewardship Strategy: Antibiograms A summary of the cumulative susceptibility of bacterial isolates to formulary antibiotics in a given institution or region. Its main functions are to guide
More informationPeriod of study: 12 Nov 2002 to 08 Apr 2004 (first subject s first visit to last subject s last visit)
Study Synopsis This file is posted on the Bayer HealthCare Clinical Trials Registry and Results website and is provided for patients and healthcare professionals to increase the transparency of Bayer's
More informationDuke University Hospital Guideline for Empiric Inpatient Treatment of Cancer- Related Neutropenic Fever in Adult Patients
Duke University Hospital Guideline for Empiric Inpatient Treatment of Cancer- Related Neutropenic Fever in Adult Patients PURPOSE Fever among neutropenic patients is common and a significant cause of morbidity
More information