DDT: Weighing the Benefits and Risks
|
|
- Randall Mason
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Jerald Varona Chem 151 James Whitesell 14 March 2014 DDT: Weighing the Benefits and Risks DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, was heralded as a savior during the World War II era and post-wwii era after effectively saving millions of lives from insect-borne diseases such as typhus and malaria. The use of DDT was also appropriated to act as an insecticide in crop and livestock production. Despite DDT's great success in eradicating insect-borne diseases in various countries, including the United States, its negative effects on the environment and potential toxicity to wildlife and humans led to its banning in the United States in Figure 1: Structure of DDT DDT, C 14 H 9 Cl 5, was originally synthesized in the late 19 th century. However in 1939, a Swiss Chemist, Paul Muller stumbled upon DDT's insecticidal qualities when searching for an insecticide against clothes moths. Muller discovered it by spraying a small amount of DDT into a cage with one fly in it. After some time, the fly slowly died and soon DDT tests were performed successfully on other insects known to spread diseases. Muller eventually received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1948 for his work with the pesticide and the control of vector diseases. [1] During World War II, Muller's work with DDT was applied and it soon became an important and efficient means of controlling and preventing the insect-borne diseases typhus and malaria, which are transmitted through lice and mosquitoes, respectively. DDT was first used by the Allied Forces by mixing DDT with an inert powder and dusting troops and refugees to prevent lice-borne typhus. Dusting stations were set up in the camps and within a couple weeks the Forces had dusted millions of citizens and successfully fought a typhus epidemic from occurring. [1] The use of DDT as an insecticide proved to be a great success in a short period of time and eventually was administered on a large scale to flush out the disease in various countries.
2 Figure 2: Allied Force soldier dusting civilian with DDT using a DDT-hand spraying equipment. Not long after DDT's success against the typhus epidemic, the pesticide was appropriated to the control and prevention of malaria. Previously, malaria had been controlled by indoor residual spraying (IRS) of various insecticides on the feeding grounds of the mosquito, usually the walls of a house, in order to intoxicate them. Before DDT, various insecticides were used for the spraying but in comparison, were not as effective, labor-intensive, and less potent than DDT. The insecticides needed to be sprayed about every 2 weeks in the walls of houses. [1] DDT, on the other hand, has a longer half-life and was more cost-efficient since it only needed to be sprayed every six months. The longer half-life is attributed to the hydrophobic nature of DDT, giving way to a low solubility in water and high solubility in fats. This meant that DDT does not dissolve in water well, but it dissolves in the fat of organisms well. [3] Therefore, DDT was an effective choice for indoor residual spraying and also for insecticidal uses in agriculture since it remained in the environment for longer periods of time. This greater time span allowed a malaria control unit to cover more ground, spray more houses and ultimately, protect more people. In the United States, DDT was utilized in two different manners: an indoor residual insecticide and a larvacide. The latter acted as an insecticide that attacked and targeted the larval stage of the mosquito. [7] The results were immensely successful and virtually eradicated the disease within years, and DDT was soon utilized successfully overseas in Europe, and in some African and South American countries. After DDT was administered in India alone, between 1953 and 1957, the percentage of morbidity went from 10.8% to 5.3% of the total poupulation and malarial deaths became almost nonexistent. [1] With all of the success of DDT, came a growing amount of backlash due to the efforts of Rachel Carson in 1962 and her book, Silent Spring. Carson exposed the destructive effects certain pesticides, DDT included, had on the health of wildlife and the environment. The health defects were primarily found in birds of prey species in North America and Europe by altering their reproductive systems. Carson argued that the spraying of DDT for disease control had caused the eggshells of these birds to
3 become thinner, which lead to breakage and embryo death. Naturally, these health defects caused a depletion in population of birds species such as the bald eagle, brown pelican, and peregrine falcon to name a few. Because of the declining population of birds species, Carson aptly named her book, Silent Spring, referring to a quiet spring season without the chirping of birds. The toxicity of DDT was not exclusive to aviary species but also aquatic species and is a possible carcinogen to humans, however the evidence is equivocal. Several studies have been made in order to determine possible carcinogenic effects on humans. However, some studies have found a causal relationship between DDT exposure and reproductive defects; while other studies have not shown significant evidence that DDT is harmful to humans. [2] The dangers of DDT to wildlife and potentially human life can be attributed to the fact that DDT bioaccumulates and is fat soluble. Therefore, when an organism consumes something contaminated with DDT, the chemical tends to store within the organism's fat and continues to build up if more DDT-contaminated food is consumed. Due to its lipophilic nature, DDT is resistant to metabolism and is not broken down well in organisms. When another animal preys on the DDTconsuming animal, the predator obtains the prey's burden of DDT. As this process continues, it leads to biomagnification which refers to an increased concentrations of DDT in the higher links of the food chain. [4] Figure 3: Biomagnification of DDT in the food chain As a result of Carson's Silent Spring and studies showing the detrimental effects DDT had on the environment and wildlife, a growing environmentalist movement against the use of pesticides and chemicals came to the forefront. Due to pressure from environmental groups, in 1971, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) held hearings investigating the risk of DDT use. Although some studies were done and showed no significant evidence that DDT was a cancer threat, and that it was relatively benign, there was still doubt. However, in terms of the environment, the evidence was
4 much stronger as detailed in Silent Spring. In 1972, the EPA issued the cancellation and delisting of DDT in the United States based on the environmental risks and potential carcinogenic factors in humans. [2] Although DDT was canceled, the use of DDT was still allowed for public health under certain conditions, such as the control of malaria if an outbreak were to occur. Other countries, however, have the choice to use the chemical or not. In 1996, the Stockholm Convention was held by the United Nations Environment Program where global bans and restrictions were made against persistant organic pollutants (POPs), which includes DDT. There was an exemption in the Convention for the use of DDT only to control mosquitoes that are vectors for malaria. In 2006, The World Health Organization (WHO) issued support for the use of DDT as an indoor residual spray in African countries who suffered from the effects of malaria. Following the support of DDT used to combat malaria by the WHO, an increasing amount of debate against the use of DDT as an indoor residual spray chemical has arisen particularly in African countries where malaria has continued to kill millions. The debate is polarized and is seen differently by different groups of people. Some believe that DDT should not be used and want to eliminate any production or use of DDT because of the environmental and health risks. Others see DDT as a safe and logical chemical to use as an indoor residual spray in order to control malaria. The debate is centered around the fact that DDT has been an effective means to control vector diseases such as malaria, but studies have also shown that it is a risk to the health of the environment and potentially humans. Those who are pro-ddt would rather save millions of lives and risk endangering the environment and risk mutations or consequences in human health. On the other hand, those against DDT believe that as a result of indoor residual spraying of DDT on the walls inside houses, individuals of that household will be effectively exposed to DDT. Those who are anti-ddt firmly believe that as a result of being exposed heavily to DDT, the individuals are susceptible to severe health risks. Although these health risks are not full proven, recent studies from have shown correlations between DDT exposure and effects on sperm quality, diabetes, hormone levels in blood, and others. [5] Recently in 2013, delegates of African countries once again brought this debate over DDT to light amidst the growing mortality and morbidity rates from malaria. African officials reached the decision to adopt DDT as the primary means to eradicate the insect-borne disease from their malariastricken countries. The same controversies and fears over the use of DDT were discussed, but ultimately African officials saw its benefits to outweigh the risks. One official went on the say that if DDT was not used then it would be like a death sentence to their constituents. In order to regulate, officials ordered DDT to only be used indoors on ceilings and walls and with food covered and put away. South Africa, for example, has used DDT under WHO's regulations. In 1996, the country switched to alternative pesticides for malaria control but saw a large increase in malaria incidence, and eventually switched back to DDT in addition to new drugs to successfully control the disease. [6] Once its insecticidal properties were discovered, DDT quickly became a gift to countries that were suffering from insect-borne diseases, especially malaria. But just quickly as it rose to fame, DDT soon became the center of controversy as the environmental and health defects of DDT were uncovered. It is a prime example of the potential danger of high usages of chemicals in the environment and the source of fear among anti-pesticide and anti-chemicals advocates. The choice between risking the possible harm that would be inflicted by the use of DDT or saving millions of lives is one notion that will constantly be associated with DDT. Until studies can fully support evidence that DDT is a harmful chemical and carcinogen to humans; or until a more efficient and non-toxic insecticide is found will the debates end. But until that happens, it is up to the people of these countries to regulate the usage of DDT as a means to combat malaria.
5 Works Cited 1. Bates, Roger. The Rise, Fall, Rise, and Imminent Fall of DDT The Environmental Protection Agency. DDT A Brief History McGinn, Anne Platt. World Watch Magazine. May/June 2002, Volume 15, No Bouwman, Hindrik; Berg, Henk van den; Kylin, Henrik. DDT and Malaria Prevention: Addressing the Paradox Ovuorie, Tobore. African Countries Adopt Controversial Deadly Chemical, DDT, for Malaria Treatment Larvicide
Name: Date. Source Information Most Credible Fairly Credible Least Credible
Credibility Checklist Source #1 Name: Date: Source Information Most Credible Fairly Credible Least Credible Author Expert in the field Educated on topic Little or no information about author Date Recently
More informationIndoor Residual House Spraying (IRS) The Basics
Indoor Residual House Spraying (IRS) The Basics (Photographer Francois Maartens (MRC-SA), Namaacha, southern Mozambique, 2000) AFRICA FIGHTING MALARIA 1050 17 th Street, NW P.O Box 17156 Suite 520 Congella
More informationVector Control in emergencies
OBJECTIVE Kenya WASH Cluster Training for Emergencies Oct 2008 3.06 - Vector Control in emergencies To provide practical guidance and an overview of vector control in emergency situations It will introduce
More informationIS DDT SAFE? CONSIDERING ITS USE FOR MALARIA CONTROL IN UGANDA
HEALTH POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT; 2 (2) 105-111 UMU Press 2004 THEME TWO: DDT and malaria IS DDT SAFE? CONSIDERING ITS USE FOR MALARIA CONTROL IN UGANDA Richard Tren 1, Jasson Urbach 1, Jennifer Zambone 2
More informationFrequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions Q. What attracts female mosquitoes to humans? A. Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Hormones, Pheromones Q. Why can't mosquito control programs spray during the day? A. Mosquitoes are more
More informationFIGHTING RESISTANCE SAVING LIVES BY COMBATING INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN MOSQUITOES
FIGHTING RESISTANCE SAVING LIVES BY COMBATING INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN MOSQUITOES WHAT IS INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE? Insecticide resistance develops when genetic mutations allow a small proportion of an
More informationMALARIA A disease of the developing world
MALARIA A disease of the developing world Introduction Malaria is an infectious disease and is found mainly in the world s poorest tropical areas, such as Africa, South America and South East Asia. The
More informationFrequently asked questions on DDT use for disease vector control
Frequently asked questions on DDT use for disease vector control World Health Organization World Health Organization, 2004 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material
More informationIt s All About Birds! Grade 7 Language Arts
It s All About Birds! Grade 7 Language Arts I. Introduction to Birds Standard 1:1 Words in Context Verify the meaning of a word in its context, even when its meaning is not directly stated, through the
More informationSUMMARY. Mosquitoes are surviving on earth since millions of years. They are the
SUMMARY Mosquitoes are surviving on earth since millions of years. They are the important carriers of various diseases like malaria, dengue, filaria, Japanese encephalitis, west nile virus and chikun gunia.
More informationPostwar Prosperity. Rachel Carson
Postwar Prosperity HUMAN IMPACT Rachel Carson The first four decades of the 20th century, with the exception of the prosperous 20 s, were times of frugality and economy in the United States. During the
More informationBureau of Laboratory Quality Standards Page 1 of 7
1. Chemical Insect Control Section 1. Mosquitoes Coils Bioanalytical Efficacy Test Glass chamber method of Mosquitoes Coils 2. Wettable powder / water Bioefficacy of insecticide Contact poison test soluble
More informationThe Peregrine Falcon. BY: Alicia Saichareune
The Peregrine Falcon BY: Alicia Saichareune Table of Contents Page 2: Peregrine Falcons are Fast! Page 3: Peregrine Falcons Return Page 4: Did you Know? Page 5: Comics Page 6: Falcon Facts Page 7: More
More informationMarc Widmer successfully defends WA from European wasp. and the environment. Susan Campbell. Supporting your success
Marc Widmer successfully defends WA Rabbits: from European wasp destructive attack. pests of agriculture and the environment. Supporting your success Susan Campbell 70 years A brief history 1859 successful
More informationLittle Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus
Bat Management Little Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus Biology Nocturnal Approximately 8-9cm long and weighs 3-14 grams depending on age and time of year Bats have a very low reproductive rate May live for 30+
More informationKala-azar: azar: Can Visceral Leishmaniasis Ever Be Controlled?
Kala-azar: azar: Can Visceral Leishmaniasis Ever Be Controlled? R. Killick-Kendrick Kendrick Honorary Research Investigator (Division of Biology, Imperial College, London, UK) Global Health Histories Series
More informationDDT and Silent Spring: Fifty Years After
DDT and Silent Spring: Fifty Years After Cristóbal S. Berry-Cabán PHD The impact of DDT on human health received worldwide attention from the general public, political and scientific communities, with
More informationPersonal Protection: Topical Repellents
Personal Protection: Topical Repellents Susan Jennings Senior Public Health Advisor Office of Pesticide Programs US Environmental Protection Agency May 16, 2016 Topical Repellents and IPM Repellents are
More informationCurrent Status of Amphibian Populations. Amphibian biology - characteristics making
Global Amphibian Declines: What Have We Done? Mike Tyler Steve Holmer Nikki Maxwell University of Tennessee Knoxville Department of Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Graduate Student Seminar 15 October
More informationOur Offer to Investors
THE 21 CENTURY HAS FINALLY BROUGHT THE MUCH NEEDED QUANTUM LEAP IN APPLICABLE TECHNOLOGY FOR IMPROVING PUBLIC HEALTH AND PROVIDING ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY We, the founders of ZEROPIC, are proud to be part
More informationThe Role of Vectors in Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region +
The Role of Vectors in Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region + By H.R. Rathor* World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt Abstract
More informationINCIDE 25 FLY KILLER SURFACE AND TOPICAL SPRAY AGRICULTURAL. Main Panel English: InCide 25 Fly Killer ml 3 INSECTICIDE
2015-1582 2015-06-09 InCide 25 Fly Killer - 500 ml BOTTLE Main Panel English: INCIDE 25 FLY KILLER GROUP 3 INSECTICIDE SURFACE AND TOPICAL SPRAY HORN FLIES FACE FLIES BLACK FLIES MOSQUITOS LICE AGRICULTURAL
More informationLife Cycle of Malaria for Primary Schools
Life Cycle of Malaria for Primary Schools This lesson provides the teacher with material to teach the life cycle of malaria in a basic way. It may therefore be appropriate for primary school classes, or
More informationPORTRAIT OF THE AMERICAN BALD EAGLE
PORTRAIT OF THE AMERICAN BALD EAGLE Objectives: To know the history of the bald eagle and the cause of it's decline. To understand what has been done to improve Bald Eagle habitat. To know the characteristics
More informationA CAREER IN VETERINARY MEDICINE
Presenter s Notes 7-12 GRADES A CAREER IN VETERINARY MEDICINE Slide 1: Veterinary Medicine Hello, my name is Dr. and I m here to talk to you about veterinary medicine. Have you ever wanted to help animals
More informationLecture 6: Fungi, antibiotics and bacterial infections. Outline Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance
Lecture 6: Fungi, antibiotics and bacterial infections Outline Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Viruses Bacteria Antibiotics Antibiotic resistance Lecture 1 2 3 Lecture Outline Section 4 Willow and aspirin Opium
More informationStudent Instructions
Student Instructions Scientists who study interactions in ecosystems between organisms have developed categories to describe the relationship between two organisms. Some examples of types of relationships
More informationIssue Overview: Antibiotic resistance
Issue Overview: Antibiotic resistance By Bloomberg, adapted by Newsela staff on 10.06.16 Word Count 576 Level 960L TOP: Prescription antibiotics. MIDDLE: Graphic by the National Healthcare Safety Network,
More informationSHEEP AND PREDATOR MANAGEMENT
SHEEP AND PREDATOR MANAGEMENT PREDATORS HAVE POSED A SERIOUS THREAT TO LIVESTOCK FOR AS LONG AS SHEEP, CATTLE AND OTHER ANIMALS HAVE BEEN DOMESTICATED BY HUMANS. MOST LIVESTOCK OPERATORS INCLUDING SHEEP
More informationTopical prevention and treatment of ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, biting flies and lice for monthly use on dogs and puppies 7 weeks of age and older
BAYER HEALTHCARE LLC Animal Health Division P.O. BOX 390, SHAWNEE MISSION, KS, 66201-0390 Customer Service Tel.: 800-633-3796 Customer Service Fax: 800-344-4219 Website: www.bayer-ah.com Every effort has
More informationS7L Algal blooms that pollute streams, rivers, and lakes are caused by the presence of
S7L-4 1. Algal blooms that pollute streams, rivers, and lakes are caused by the presence of A. lead. B. oxygen. C. mercury. D. phosphates. 2. Plants with spines and waxy leaves are well-suited for life
More informationNational Geographic Explorer. Lesson 1 Raising Raptors
National Geographic Explorer Lesson 1 Raising Raptors Different kinds of raptors Raptors are birds of prey More than 500 species of raptors around the world Eagles, hawks, falcons, snowy owls and kestrels
More informationInsecticide Resistance status of Anopheles vectors in Timor- Leste
Insecticide Resistance status of Anopheles vectors in Timor- Leste Introduction Malaria is a major public health problem in Timor-Leste An. barbirostris considered as the primary vector in Timor-Leste
More informationThe Recent Nesting History of the Bald Eagle in Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario.
The Recent Nesting History of the Bald Eagle in Rondeau Provincial Park, Ontario. by P. Allen Woodliffe 101 The Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) has long been known as a breeding species along the
More information2014 Mosquito Plan. Quality of Life & Environment Committee March 24, 2014
2014 Mosquito Plan Quality of Life & Environment Committee March 24, 2014 Outline Background 2014 WNV Action Plan Public Education Mosquito Surveillance Environmental Mitigation Spray and Notification
More informationCyLence. Ready to Use. Pour-On Insecticide. For Control of Horn Flies, Chewing Lice and Sucking Lice on Beef and Dairy (including lactating) Cattle
2014-4928 2014-11-27 GROUP 3 INSECTICIDE CyLence Ready to Use Pour-On Insecticide For Control of Horn Flies, Chewing Lice and Sucking Lice on Beef and Dairy (including lactating) Cattle COMMERCIAL GUARANTEE:
More informationRAPTORS ARE THE SOLUTION
RAPTORS ARE THE SOLUTION http://www.raptorsarethesolution.org/ White tailed kite preying on rodent. Hollywood mountain Lion P 22 suffering from mange associated with rodenticides (2014). Great horned owl
More informationKMG-Bernuth, Inc. A KMG Chemicals Company Harwin Drive, Suite 402 Houston, TX 77036
KMG-Bernuth, Inc. A KMG Chemicals Company 10611 Harwin Drive, Suite 402 Houston, TX 77036 For details, contact us at 713-988-9252, 800-275-5642 or at www.kmgchemicals.com 2004 KMG Chemicals Company. All
More informationSLOW DOWN, LOVE WIZARD. HERE S WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE HORNED LIZARD.
SLOW DOWN, LOVE WIZARD. HERE S WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE HORNED LIZARD. Horned lizards predominately eat ants. In small doses the ants venom does not harm the lizard; however, a swarm can kill an
More informationRisk assessment and risk management with regard to the presence of fipronil in eggs, egg products, poultry meat and processed products
Risk assessment and risk management with regard to the presence of fipronil in eggs, egg products, poultry meat and processed products What is fipronil Use? Fipronil is an insecticide. In Europe, its use
More informationUTTC LAND GRANT EXTENSION
UNITED TRIBES TECHNICAL COLLEGE LAND GRANT EXTENSION UTTC LAND GRANT EXTENSION UTTC Lifeskills Lessons Managing Home and Self Lesson 28: Uninvited Guests? Rodents, Cockroaches, Bedbugs, Insects, and Head
More informationReading Science! Name: Date: Darwin s Fancy with Finches Lexile 1190L
7.11/.12: daptation of Species Name: ate: arwin s Fancy with Finches Lexile 1190L 1 2 Whales are mammals that live in water and can hold their breath underwater for a long time, yet need to breathe air
More informationRules of the Game. Lab Report - on a separate sheet
It s Not Fair! A Simulation of the Roles of Mutation & Chance in Natural Selection Rules of the Game. All players begin as a salamander. 2. Before each round, each player picks 2 mutations. 3. Each mutation
More informationAntibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic Resistance ACVM information paper Background Within New Zealand and internationally, concerns have been raised about an association between antibiotics used routinely to protect the health of
More informationMosquito Control Posts for Twitter
Mosquito Control Posts for Twitter Week One: Personal Responsibility 1. Introductory message: o Local mosquito control is necessary to protect your community from mosquito-borne diseases. Follow along
More informationDEWORMING PROCESS KRISHIMATE AGRO AND DAIRY PVT LTD NO.1176, 1ST CROSS, 12TH B MAIN, H A L 2ND STAGE, INDIRANAGAR BANGALORE , INDIA
DEWORMING PROCESS KRISHIMATE AGRO AND DAIRY PVT LTD NO.1176, 1ST CROSS, 12TH B MAIN, H A L 2ND STAGE, INDIRANAGAR BANGALORE-560008, INDIA Email: sales@srisaiagro.com Www.srisaiagro.com INSTRODUCTION According
More informationlarge dog 5-way protection against: fleas/ticks/biting flies/mosquitoes/lice WARNING pack flea & tick protection KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN
from the makers of 5-way protection against: fleas/ticks/biting flies/mosquitoes/lice Topical prevention and treatment of fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, biting flies, and lice for monthly use only on dogs and
More informationInsect Repellent Use and Safety
Insect Repellent Use and Safety Repellents are an important tool to assist people in protecting themselves from mosquito-borne diseases. CDC recommends the use of products containing active ingredients
More informationTICK RESISTANCE TO ACARICIDES. Dr. Obadiah N. Njagi, PhD DEPUTY DIRECTOR Date:14/11/2013 1
TICK RESISTANCE TO ACARICIDES Dr. Obadiah N. Njagi, PhD DEPUTY DIRECTOR Date:14/11/2013 1 INTRODUCTION Chemical tick control is currently the most practical method of controlling ticks in Kenya. Almost
More informationFalcons and Kestrels
1 Module # 6 Component # 3 Falcons and Kestrels Introduction to Raptors 20 % of all the world s birds of prey can be found in Southern Africa. Currently, 22 of the 79 raptors occurring in the region are
More informationlarge dog lbs REPELS AND kills ticks, fleas and mosquitoes
DO NOT USE ON CATS 81356823 108 x 34 x 120 Topical Prevention and Treatment of Ticks, Fleas, Mosquitoes, Biting Flies and Lice for Monthly Use Only on Dogs and Puppies 7 Weeks of Age and Older and Weighing
More informationEvolution and Selection
Why? Evolution and Selection What mechanisms lead to diversity of species on Earth? The idea of selection involves a variety of options with one option coming to the forefront while other options are eliminated.
More informationThe fall and the rise of the Swedish Peregrine Falcon population. Peter Lindberg
Peregrine Falcon Populations status and perspectives in the 21 st Century J. Sielicki & T. Mizera (editors) European Peregrine Falcon Working Group, Society for the Protection of Wild Animals Falcon www.falcoperegrinus.net,
More informationEndangered Species: The gorilla
Endangered Species: The gorilla By Gale, Cengage Learning, adapted by Newsela staff on 04.03.18 Word Count 914 Level MAX Image 1. A male western lowland gorilla lost in thought. Photo from: Wikimedia Commons.
More informationDarwin's Fancy with Finches Lexile 940L
arwin's Fancy with Finches Lexile 940L 1 Whales are mammals that live in water. They can hold their breath under the water for a long time, yet still need to go up to the surface to breathe. This is evidence
More informationSURVIVAL OF THE PEREGRINE FALCON: PROTECTION OR MANAGEMENT? by Tom J. Cade. Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14850
SURVIVAL OF THE PEREGRINE FALCON: PROTECTION OR MANAGEMENT? by Tom J. Cade Cornell University Ithaca, New York 14850 The Peregrine Falcon has probably been affected by the DDT-thin eggshell syndrome over
More informationMedical and Veterinary Entomology
Medical and Veterinary Entomology An eastern treehole mosquito, Aedes triseriatus, takes a blood meal. Urbana, Illinois, USA Alexander Wild Photography Problems associated with arthropods 1) Psychological
More informationEach animal species exhibits different rabies symptoms.
FLAGLER COUNTY SHERIFF S OFFICE Sheriff James L. Manfre Departmental Standards Directive TITLE: CONTROL OF ANIMALS SUSPECTED OF RABIES NUMBER: 41.19 EFFECTIVE: 1/3/07 RESCINDS/AMENDS: 12/01/03 STANDARDS:
More informationThe platypus lives in streams, ponds, and rivers in Australia. It closes its eyes under water and uses its bill to dig in the mud to find its food.
The platypus lives in streams, ponds, and rivers in Australia. It closes its eyes under water and uses its bill to dig in the mud to find its food. The hyena, found in Africa and parts of Asia, weighs
More informationEducating the Public: Dragonflies, Bats, and Purple Martins. Steve Robertson Command Entomologist HQ ACC/A7OO 4 Feb 2015
Educating the Public: Dragonflies, Bats, and Purple Martins Steve Robertson Command Entomologist HQ ACC/A7OO 4 Feb 2015 Start By Waxing Philosophical Ecclesiastes 1: 9... there is no new thing under the
More informationRisk assessment and risk management with regard to the presence of fipronil in eggs, egg products, poultry meat and processed products
Risk assessment and risk management with regard to the presence of fipronil in eggs, egg products, poultry meat and processed products ATTENTION: With regard to the fipronil incident, the FASFC exceptionally
More informationLichens are indicators of the gas... (1) The chart shows how much pollution different lichens can tolerate.
Q. Lichens are pollution indicators. (a) Complete the following sentence. Lichens are indicators of the gas... () The chart shows how much pollution different lichens can tolerate. (b) The diagram shows
More informationBLACK HARRIER RESEARCH
Louis Groenewald BLACK HARRIER RESEARCH Newsletter #1: April 2017 Welcome to our 1 st newsletter in which we bring you the latest in Black Harrier conservation. 2016 was a very interesting year - with
More informationThe role of FAO in AMR
The role of FAO in AMR Dr. Friederike Mayen, DVM, MSc, PhD FAO Senior Livestock Development Officer FAO Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa (RNE), Cairo, Egypt Why Antimicrobials in Livestock?
More informationPage Title: Change from "Vulture Dispersal FAQ", to "Vulture Management FAQ" or another more neutral title.
Town of Leesburg Vulture FAQ Loudoun Wildlife Conservancy recommended additions and revisions December 15, 2014 Page Title: Change from "Vulture Dispersal FAQ", to "Vulture Management FAQ" or another more
More informationMade in India TICK. Questions? Comments? All rights reserved. 2011, Inc. EPA Est. No IND-01. EPA Reg. No.
PETARMOR Plus For Cats acts fast and is an effective, lasting, waterproof, and easy-to-use application for control of fleas, flea eggs, ticks (including all stages of American Dog ticks, Brown Dog ticks,
More informationReport by the Director-General
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTÉ A31/2З 29 March 1978 THIRTY-FIRST WORLD HEALTH ASSEMBLY Provisional agenda item 2.6.12 f- 6-0- {/> >/\ PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ZOONOSES AND
More informationI.G. REGULATOR INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR CONCENTRATE
I.G. REGULATOR INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR CONCENTRATE ACTIVE INGREDIENT: 2-[1-Methyl-2-(4-phenoxyphenoxy) ethoxy] pyridine...1.30% *OTHER INGREDIENTS:...98.70% TOTAL:...100.00% *Contains petroleum distillate
More informationPosts for Facebook. Week One: Personal Responsibility
Posts for Facebook Week One: Personal Responsibility 1. Introductory message: o Local mosquito control is necessary to protect your community from mosquito-borne diseases. Follow along with (INSERT ORGANIZATION
More informationOpinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use pursuant to Article 30(3) of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004
11 December 2014 EMA/CVMP/761582/2014 Veterinary Medicines Division EMEA/V/A/107 Opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use pursuant to Article 30(3) of Regulation (EC) No 726/2004
More informationIntroduction to Argument Writing
I. Argument vs. Persuasive: What s the difference? Goal Tools to Convince Argument Convince audience of the rightness of the claims Logic Warrants Backing Rebuttals Persuasive Convince audience Emotional
More informationONE HEALTH: INTEGRATING ANIMAL HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
ONE HEALTH: INTEGRATING ANIMAL HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH February 15, 2012 One Health Kansas at Kansas State University Not to be reproduced or excerpted without the express written permission of
More informationRemoval of Alaskan Bald Eagles for Translocation to Other States Michael J. Jacobson U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, Juneau, AK
Removal of Alaskan Bald Eagles for Translocation to Other States Michael J. Jacobson U.S Fish and Wildlife Service, Juneau, AK Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) were first captured and relocated from
More informationQ1. The photograph shows a bird called the korhaan. Korhaans live in South Africa.
Q. The photograph shows a bird called the korhaan. Korhaans live in South Africa. Thinkstock.com Scientists have studied changes in the numbers of korhaans since 997. The scientists asked volunteer drivers
More informationAnimal medicines Dispelling the consumer myths. AHDA Conference 28 January Phil Sketchley Chief Executive National Office of Animal Health
Animal medicines Dispelling the consumer myths. AHDA Conference 28 January 2013 Phil Sketchley Chief Executive National Office of Animal Health NOAH s Mission The National Office of Animal Health (NOAH)
More informationmedium dog 5-way protection 3 pack medium dog WARNING medium dog flea & tick protection KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN pack lbs DO NOT USE ON CATS
Seite 1: Layout aussen Seite 2: Layout innen Seite 3: Lack und Prägung against: fleas/ticks/biting flies/mosquitoes/lice flea & tick protection DO NOT USE ON CATS pack 3 81946450 108 x 34 x 120 11556-133_DefenseCare
More informationPET FOOD GUIDE DR. ANGELA KRAUSE, DVM
PET FOOD GUIDE THE WHYS 1 We all love our pets, desperately. But sometimes what we feed them can unknowingly be harmful or simply not promote a healthy, happy and long life for our cat and dog companions.
More informationNorthern Copperhead Updated: April 8, 2018
Interpretation Guide Northern Copperhead Updated: April 8, 2018 Status Danger Threats Population Distribution Habitat Diet Size Longevity Social Family Units Reproduction Our Animals Scientific Name Least
More informationMosquito Control Matters
Mosquito Control Matters Community Presentation: FIGHT THE BITE Mosquitoes and West Nile Virus Prevention Luz Maria Robles Public Information Officer Sacramento Yolo Mosquito & Vector Control District
More informationWith Proper Prevention and Cure Victory over Malaria is Sure! Flipbook on Malaria Prevention and control
With Proper Prevention and Cure Victory over Malaria is Sure! Flipbook on Malaria Prevention and control Malaria Malaria is a public health problem in several parts of the country. About 80% cases of
More informationBASELINE INFORMATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAYING: THE NIGERIA EXPERIENCE
BASELINE INFORMATION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INDOOR RESIDUAL SPRAYING: THE NIGERIA EXPERIENCE Dr. Sam. Awolola Public Health Entomologist HOD Public, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos Sector
More informationextra large dog over 55 lbs kills flea eggs
Seite 1: Layout aussen Seite 2: Layout innen Seite 3: Lack und Prägung DO NOT USE ON CATS 81356831 108 x 34 x 120 after handling and before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet.
More information4MONTHS FORDOGS MEDIUM DOG WARNING MEDIUM DOG LBS REPELS AND KILLS TICKS, FLEAS, & MOSOUITOS
FOR USE ONLY ON DOGS AND PUPPIES 7 WEEKS OF AGE AND OLDER WEIGHING MONTHS 4 4MONTHS MONTHS 4 CONTAINS IMIDACLOPRID, PERMETHRIN & PYRIPROXYFEN 4MONTHS REPELS AND KILLS TICKS, FLEAS, & MOSOUITOS FOR USE
More informationWarm Up What recommendations do you have for him? Choose a partner and list some suggestions in your lab notebook.
Antibiotics 1. Warmup: Medical Scenario 2. Lecture: PPT Slides & Notes 3. Math Connection: Graphing Activity 4. Assessment: Final Recommendation for Medical Scenario Citing Evidence 5. Enrichment: Article
More informationSEALANT, WATERPROOFING & RESTORATION INSTITUTE SPRING PEREGRINE FALCONS: DIS RAPTORS OF WORK AT HEIGHT
SEALANT, WATERPROOFING & RESTORATION INSTITUTE SPRING 2017 39.2 PEREGRINE FALCONS: DIS RAPTORS OF WORK AT HEIGHT COVER STORY PEREGRINE FALCONS: DIS RAPTORS OF WORK AT HEIGHT By Kelly Streeter, P.E., Partner,
More informationHigh Mortality of a Population of Cowbirds Wintering at Columbus, Ohio
The Ohio State University Knowledge Bank kb.osu.edu Ohio Journal of Science (Ohio Academy of Science) Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 67, Issue 1 (January, 1967) 1967-01 High Mortality of a Population
More informationEndangered Species: The cheetah
Endangered Species: The cheetah By Gale, Cengage Learning, adapted by Newsela staff on 01.05.18 Word Count 626 Level MAX Image 1: Cheetahs are famous for their round, black spots, which help them to hide
More informationYour web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore
Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore SCAVENGER For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources,
More informationInsects, Rodents and Global Climate Change
Insects, Rodents and Global Climate Change Marc L. Lame, Indiana University, School of Public and Environmental Affairs 1 1 C C C C C C C C News to us W. Kenya Malaria spread from 3 to 13 districts Sweden
More informationThese life-saving drugs have been a boon to medical care and benefited hundreds of million patients around the globe.
SINCE Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish biologist, pharmacologist and botanist (a 1945 Nobel laureate), first discovered penicillin in 1923, hundreds of more potent wider spectrum antibiotics have been
More informationFIRST DEFENCE. Permanent insect protection, woven right in, means NosiLife offers protection from bites and complete piece-of-mind.
DISCOVER YOUR WORLD FIRST DEFENCE Permanent insect protection, woven right in, means NosiLife offers protection from bites and complete piece-of-mind. The world s first and only permanent insect protective
More informationSituation update of dengue in the SEA Region, 2010
Situation update of dengue in the SEA Region, 21 The global situation of Dengue It is estimated that nearly 5 million dengue infections occur annually in the world. Although dengue has a global distribution,
More informationK9 ADVANTIX
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- K9 ADVANTIX For use in dogs only. Do not use on cats or rabbits. For use on puppies and adult dogs at least 7
More informationA monthly spot-on treatment for puppies and dogs.
K9 ADVANTIX For use in dogs only. Do not use on cats or rabbits. For use on puppies and adult dogs at least 7 weeks of age. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
More informationSTREPTOMYCIN 17 FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL. Wettable Powder READ THE LABEL BEFORE USING REGISTRATION NO PEST CONTROL PRODUCTS ACT
10-JAN-2005 GROUP 18 FUNGICIDE STREPTOMYCIN 17 FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL Wettable Powder READ THE LABEL BEFORE USING REGISTRATION NO. 10305 PEST CONTROL PRODUCTS ACT GUARANTEE: Streptomycin Sulfate 25.2% (Equivalent
More information2017 Annual Report Water Valley and Pelican Lakes Mosquito Control Program
2017 Annual Report Water Valley and Pelican Lakes Mosquito Control Program 318 N. Garfield Ave Loveland,CO 80537 Phone 970-962-2582 Fax 866-929-1204 Website: www.vdci.net/colorado Water Valley and Pelican
More informationEvaluation of Systemic Chemicals for Avocado Thrips and Avocado Lace Bug Management
2007 Production Research Report California Avocado Commission Pests and Diseases Evaluation of Systemic Chemicals for Avocado Thrips and Avocado Lace Bug Management Joseph Morse, Frank Byrne, Nick Toscano,
More informationANIMAL PEST CONTROL Study Questions to help you prepare for the TDA Commercial/Non-Commercial Exam
1 ANIMAL PEST CONTROL Study Questions to help you prepare for the TDA Commercial/Non-Commercial Exam INSTRUCTIONS: As you study through the text, look for the answers to the following questions and mark
More informationRCPS7-Science-Evolution (RCPS7-Science-Evolution) 1. Which is an adaptation that makes it possible for the animal to survive in a cold climate?
Name: Date: 1. Which is an adaptation that makes it possible for the animal to survive in a cold climate? A. tail on a lizard B. scales on a fish C. stripes on a tiger D. fur on a bear 2. Use the picture
More informationLearn more at LESSON TITLE: BRINGING UP BIRDY GRADE LEVEL: 2-3. TIME ALLOTMENT: One to two 45-minute class periods OVERVIEW:
LESSON TITLE: BRINGING UP BIRDY GRADE LEVEL: 2-3 TIME ALLOTMENT: One to two 45-minute class periods OVERVIEW: Students learn that living things experience diverse life cycles. For example, baby birds go
More information