iology Con Friederike Kramer Norbert Mencke Springer The Biology of the Cat Flea Control and Prevention with Imidacloprid in Small Animals

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1 Friederike Kramer Norbert Mencke ea iology Con The Biology of the Cat Flea Control and Prevention with Imidacloprid in Small Animals With 49 Figures and 43 Tables Springer

2 DR. FRIEDERIKE KRAMER School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Department of Parasitology Biinteweg Hannover Germany DR. NORBERT MENCKE Bayer AG BG Animal Health BU Companion Animals Leverkusen Germany Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kramer, Friederike, Flea biology and control: the biology of the cat flea, control and prevention with imidacloprid in small animals I Friederike Kramer, Norbert Mencke. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN (alk. paper) 1. Cat flea-control. 2. Cat flea. 3. Cats-Parasites-Control. 4. Dogs-Parasites-Control. 5. Pets-Parasites-Control. I. Mencke, Norbert, Title. SF986.C37 K '657-dc ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York a member of BertelsmannSpringer Science+Business Media GmbH Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2001 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Production: PRO EDIT GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Cover design: design + production GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Typesetting and Reproduction of the figures: AM-productions GmbH, Wiesloch, Germany Printed on acid-free paper - SPIN /3130/ML

3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Hong Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo

4 Friederike Kramer Norbert Mencke Flea Biology and Control The Biology of the Cat Flea Control and Prevention with Imidacloprid in Small Animals

5 Dedicated to all itching and scratching dogs and cats in the world. may you not suffer from flea bites any longer...

6 Contents III 1 Introduction General Morphology Taxonomy Dissemination and Economic, Veterinary and Medical Importance... 9 Origin and Distribution... 9 Economic Importance Veterinary Importance Medical Importance Developmental Cycle of Fleas Eggs Larvae Pupae Preemerged Adults Adults Flea Epidemiology

7 7 Flea-Related Dermatitis Flea Bite Dermatitis Flea Allergy Dermatitis (FAD)... " 40 Clinical Signs Differential Diagnosis of FAD Histopathological Findings Immunopathogenesis of FAD Diagnosis of FAD and Flea Bite Dermatitis Treatment of Flea-Related Skin Diseases Adjunctive Medical Therapy Hyposensitization Treatment of the Premises Indoor Treatment Outdoor Treatment Resistance Imidacloprid History of Imidacloprid Chemical Properties of Imidacloprid Biological Profile, Mode of Action and Direct Insecticidal Activity Biological Profile Mode of Action and Direct Insecticidal Activity Indirect Insecticidal Effects Resistance of Sucking Pests Against Imidacloprid Toxicology and Pharmacology of Imidacloprid Symptomatology of Insects Pharmacology of Imidacloprid Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Imidacloprid Toxicology of Imidacloprid Toxicology of Imidacloprid 10% Spot-on Tolerability of Imidacloprid 10% Spot-on in Dogs and Cats Ecological Effects and Ecotoxicological Studies Safety Assessment for Humans

8 Imidacloprid as a Veterinary Product for Flea Control Clinical Efficacy of Imidacloprid (Advantage ) in Dogs and Cats Laboratory Studies in Dogs Field Studies in Dogs Laboratory Studies in Cats Field Studies in Cats Comparative Studies (Between Imidacloprid and Other Compounds for Flea Control) Laboratory Studies Field Studies Larvicidal Effect of Imidacloprid and Efficacy Enhancement (with PBO) Larvicidal Effect Efficacy Enhancement Environmental and Habitual Factors Influencing Imidacloprid Treatment Effects of Shampooing and Repeated Water Exposure 'Umbrella Effect' Small Domestic Animals Rabbits Ferrets Rodents and Other Small Animals Ectoparasitic Spectrum of Activity Louse Infestation Sheep Ked Infestation References Subject Index

9 Abbreviations Ell ACh AChR a.i. a-bgt b.w. CBH edna CNS dpt e.g. EM FAD GABA HCH 101 i.e. IGR lost IPM IRAC IRM LC so LO so machr mpa nachr NOEL/NOEC NMH MO MFO MOS p.a. PBO p.t. acetylcholine acetylcholine receptor active ingredient a-bungarotoxin body weight cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity complementary desoxyribonucleic acid central nervous system days post treatment lat. exempli gratia - for instance electron microscopy flea allergic/allergy dermatitis y-aminobutyric acid hexachlorocyclohexane insect development inhibitor lat. id est - that is to say insect growth regulator intradermal skin test integrated pest management insecticide resistance action committee integrated resistance management lethal concentration with 50% death lethal dosage with 50% death muscarinic acetylcholine receptor milli -pascale nicotinic acetylcholine receptor no observed effect level/concentration nitromethylene heterocycle miliary dermatitis mixed function oxidase margin of safety post application piperonyl butoxide post treatment

10 ppm \t) RfO RH SAR SO TEM TM WHO wt/wt w/v parts per million registered trademark reference dose relative humidity structure-activity relationship standard deviation transmission electron microscopy trademark World Health Organization weight per weight weight per volume

11 Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge the support of the following persons (in alphabetical order): Dr. Peter Andrews, David Bledsoe DVM, Ulrike Diez, Dr. Christian Epe, Waltraud Erasmy, Dr. Vincent Feyen, Ronan Fitzgerald DVM, Stefan Freeman, Dr. Laurie Griffin, Dr. Olaf Hansen, Dr. Terry Hopkins, Dr. Peter Jeschke, Jurgen Junkersdorf, Dr. Ralph Krebber, Dr. Brigit Laber-Probst, Dr. Wolfgang Leicht, Prof. Heinz Mehlhorn, Martina Mencke, Dr. Ralf Nauen, Dr. Reiner Pospischil, Barbara Prosten, Dr. Michael Rust, Dr. Klaus Reuter, Prof. Thomas Schnieder, Iris Schroder, Dr. Carsten Staszyk, Dr. Andreas Turberg, Dr. Giampiero Vantellino, Roswitha Wolff