Isospora amphiboluri was first identified in Australian
|
|
- Hilary Warner
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Original Research Evaluating Quikon Med as a Coccidiocide for Inland Bearded Dragons (Pogona vitticeps) C. Brad Singleton, BS, Mark Mitchell, DVM, MS, PhD, Shannon Riggs, DVM, Orlando Diaz, DVM, MS Abstract Isospora amphiboluri is the most common coccidian isolated from captive bearded dragons. This parasite can cause severe, debilitating disease in juvenile dragons. Most treatment recommendations for I amphiboluri are anecdotal and based on the administration of coccidiostatic compounds. Essential oil extracted from oregano (Origanum vulgare) has been successfully used as a coccidiocide in poultry and may prove efficacious for reptiles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a commercial herbal product (Quikon Med) against I amphiboluri in juvenile bearded dragons. Twenty-four juvenile bearded dragons were included in this study and divided into 3 study groups. Group 1 received 6-g Quikon Med/1-L 0.9% saline solution during the first treatment and 24 g/l during the second treatment. Group 2 received 3 g/l during the first treatment and 48 g/l during the second treatment. Group 3 served as the control during both treatment periods and received only 0.9% saline solution. The treatments were all dosed at 10 ml/kg/d to simulate maintenance fluid intake. Because all of the dragons remained positive after using the first treatment concentration of the commercial product, a second treatment interval was initiated, increasing the Quikon Med dose. Dragons treated with Quikon Med had significantly (P <.05) higher body weights than the control dragons at the end of the study; however, the treatment had no effect on the coccidia status of the dragons. Copyright 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Key words: bearded dragon; coccidian; oregano; Pogona vitticeps; treatment Isospora amphiboluri was first identified in Australian Pogona barbata in More than 3 decades later, it was eventually identified in captive inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) from the United States. 2 Adult bearded dragons in which the parasite is found are generally asymptomatic, although diarrhea has been clinically observed. The course of disease in juvenile dragons is more severe, with animals developing life-threatening diarrhea and dehydration. I amphiboluri coinfections with adenovirus and dependovirus have also been reported in juvenile dragons, which contribute to the life-threatening disease processes associated with coccidian-infected animals. 3 Although coccidian parasites are generally considered self-limiting in mammals, this has not been From the Lousiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA USA; University of California Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA USA; Affiliated Veterinary Specialists, Maitland, FL USA. Address correspondence to: Mark A. Mitchell, DVM, MS, PhD, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA mitchell@vetmed.lsu.edu 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved /06/1504-$30.00 doi: /j.jepm Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, Vol 15, No 4 (October), 2006: pp
2 270 Singleton et al apparent with bearded dragons. Since being described, these parasites have become widespread in captive bearded dragon populations because of an absence of effective quarantine programs incorporating routine screening and treatment. Eliminating coccidian parasites in reptiles can be difficult. A primary reason for this is that recommended treatments, predicated on sulfa-based compounds being used to treat infections, are coccidiostats. To effectively eliminate coccidian parasites, a coccidiocide is required. Oregano is a natural herb that has long been considered to have antibacterial and antifungal properties. 4,5 The emulsified oils of different species of oregano have also been used to control enteric parasites in humans and chickens. 6,7 In chickens, oregano has also found to have a secondary effect, increasing weight gain. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a commercial herbal product as a coccidiocide for bearded dragons. A commercial herbal product that makes a label claim as a coccidiocide for birds (Quikon Med, Bocholt, Germany) (Fig 1) was used for the study. The specific biological hypotheses being tested in this study were: 1) that bearded dragons treated with the commercial product would be significantly less likely to be coccidiapositive than those dragons not offered the product, and 2) bearded dragons infested with coccidia and fed the product would be more likely to gain weight than those infested with coccidia and not offered the product. Methods Figure 1. Quikon Med is an herbal product that is recommended for birds. The manufacturer s claim for the product is against bacteria, coccidia, and fungi. Twenty-four hatchling bearded dragons were used for the study. The dragons were imported from a bearded dragon breeding facility in Herra Dura, El Salvador. The animals were all prescreened in El Salvador to ensure that they were coccidia positive. Each dragon was housed separately in an opentop plastic container (Newell Rubbermaid Inc, Wooster, OH USA). Newspaper was used as the substrate. The dragons were offered a diet comprised of crickets, mealworms, and a commercial bearded dragon diet (Fluker Farms, Port Allen, LA USA). The crickets and mealworms were dusted at each feeding with a commercial calcium supplement (Repta-Calcium, Fluker Farms). Chlorinated tap water was provided ad libitum in a plastic resin bowl. Repta-Sun full-spectrum fluorescent bulbs (Fluker Farms) provided a 12-hour photoperiod. The daytime environmental temperature was maintained between 88 F and 94 F ( C), and the nighttime temperatures ranged from 82 F to 86 F ( C). The dragons were provided a 7-day acclimation period before initiating the study. The dragons were all weighed to the nearest tenth of a gram before starting the study. During the acclimation period, fecal samples were collected from each dragon daily to confirm the presence of I amphiboluri (Figs 2 and 3). Confirmation of the coccidia to species was done with the measurements described by McAllister et al. 2 After determining that the dragons were Isospora positive, the first treatment was started. The bearded dragons were randomly distributed into 3 groups of 8 using a random number generator. The treatment was mixed as a certain weight of Quikon Med powder (5% Aetheroleum origami) per liter of 0.9% saline solution. Group 1 received a dose of 6 g/l, group 2 had a dose of 3 g/l, and group 3 was the control and received 0.9% saline solution. The treatments were dosed at 10 ml/kg/d by mouth for 14 days (Fig 4). The dosing regimen was based on the manufacturer s recommendation for birds and the volume by the baseline maintenance rate of fluids for a reptile. Feces were collected daily with a sterile cotton swab and smeared on a microscope slide with
3 Oregano for Inland Bearded Dragons 271 Figure 2. Sporulated Isospora amphiboluri found in the feces of a bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). Figure 4. Each bearded dragon was dosed with either Quikon Med or saline solution at a predetermined rate of 10 ml/kg/d. a drop of 0.9% saline solution. The direct smears were evaluated with light microscopy. Animals were characterized by means of a categorical system: positive or negative. Fecal samples were analyzed for 50 days. Dragons were weighed daily throughout the study. A second intervention study was performed to evaluate the effect of a higher dose of Quikon Med. In the second study, group 1 was dosed at 24 g/l, group 2 was dosed at 48 g/l, and group 3 (the control) was given 0.9% saline solution. Again, the treatments were dosed at 10 ml/kg/d by mouth for 14 days. After the treatment period, fecal samples were collected daily for 17 days. Sample size was calculated for a binomial proportion under the following assumptions and criteria: that the proportion of Isospora-positive bearded dragons in the Quikon Med treatment groups would be Figure 3. An unsporulated Isospora amphiboluri found in the feces of a bearded dragon. no greater than 0.2 after treatment, that the proportion of Isospora-positive dragons in the saline treatment group was no less than 0.9, that the.05, and the power The 95% binomial confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for the proportion estimates of the different treatment groups. Friedman s nonparametric analysis of repeated measures was used to evaluate the dragons for differences in body weight over the course of the study. If a difference was found, then Rhyne and Steele s method was used to compare among group differences. Values of P.05 were considered statistically different. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL USA). Results All of the dragons remained Isospora positive throughout the study. The first intervention study was conducted from the first day the Quikon Med mixture was administered to the day before treatment 2, spanning a total of 65 days. A total of 255 fecal specimens were collected on 56 of the 65 days in this trial. The number of positive samples per group was as follows: group 1 (6 g/l), 66 of 77 samples were positive (85.7%; 95% CI, 78-94); group 2 (3 g/l), 100 of 107 samples were positive (93.5%; 95% CI, 88-99); group 3 (saline solution) 51 of 71 samples were positive (71.8%; 95% CI, 62-82). Based on the 95% CIs, feces collected from the control dragons were less likely to be Isospora positive than the dragons in group 2 (3 g/l). A total of 128 fecal samples were collected from the bearded dragons for the second trial. The number of positive samples per group was as follows: group 1 (24 g/l), 27 of 42 samples were positive
4 272 Singleton et al (64.3%; 95% CI, 50-79); group 2 (48 g/l), 41 of 44 samples were positive (93.2%; 95% CI, ); group 3 (saline solution): 23 of 42 samples were positive (54.8%; 95% CI, 40-70). Based on the 95% CIs, dragons in group 2 (48 g/l) were more likely to be Isospora positive than the control animals. Using the 95% CIs to compare each group with itself over both treatment periods suggests that shedding for the dragons was not different by treatment. All 3 groups were very similar in body weight at the beginning of the study: group 1, 7.1g; group 2, 7.2g; and group 3, 7.0g. By the end of the second trial, however, the weights were significantly different (P.05). Group 1 gained an average of g, for an average weight of g; group 2 gained an average of g, for an average weight of g; group 3 gained only an average of 6.6 g, for an average weight of g. Discussion Coccidiosis is a major concern in the poultry industry, with losses approaching $1.5 billion dollars annually. 8 The primary reason for the heavy losses is associated with the intense production methods practiced by producers. Bearded dragon producers are also generally forced to maintain high stocking densities of dragons within a small, confined space, and this practice likely serves as a mechanism for the widespread dissemination of the parasites between animals. In addition to instituting biosecurity methods to diminish the transmission of these parasites, such as using appropriate disinfection and minimizing direct and indirect contact between coccidiapositive and coccidia-negative animals, there is a need to identify anticoccidial therapeutics that can be used to control these parasites. The essential oils of oregano have been found to have antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. 4-7 Phenolic compounds within the oils have been associated with these protective effects. The mechanism of action for these compounds is not well understood, but it appears that they can disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane of different organisms, making them more permeable to the environment. 9 In some cases the oils can even lead to the disintegration of the outer membrane of the organism. These phenolic compounds can also have negative effects on the enterocytes, so there may be adverse effects to the treated animals. Oregano has been used in both humans and birds as a method to control enteric parasites. In humans, 200 mg of emulsified oregano oil (Oreganum vulgare) 3 times daily for 6 weeks was found to eliminate Blastocystis hominis, Entamoeba hartmanni, and Endolimaxnana in 77% (10/14) of cases. 6 An additional 3 humans were found to have reduced disease symptoms. In poultry, oregano was found to significantly reduce the disease conditions associated with Eimeria tenella infections. This was measured in the form of improved body weight and feed conversion ratios in comparison with infected, untreated controls. The differences observed with the oregano group, however, were less protective than those observed with an anticoccidial drug. There was also a difference in fecal shedding of E tenella between control and treatment groups. 7 Oregano-treated groups shed fewer oocysts than controls but more than the treatment group receiving the anticoccidial drug. In the dragon study, we could not measure the number of oocysts per a defined quantity of feces because of the variability in fecal sample sizes between animals and days. However, this should be investigated in future studies to determine if a difference existed. Although the Quikon Med did not have any effect on the viability or shedding of I amphiboluri, it is worth mentioning that there were significant differences in body weight detected in the study, similar to that reported for poultry. The apparent growth-promoting properties of oregano are still preliminary and require further research. It is possible the effects identified in this study may be associated with some of the claims made by the manufacturer. The manufacturer claims that their product has bactericidal, coccicidal and fungicidal properties. The value of the product may be analogous to food-meat producers using antibiotics at subtherapeutic levels as growth promotants in livestock. If oregano truly has bactericidal or fungicidal properties in bearded dragons, it may be used as a dietary supplement to improve growth rates or control the microflora. To date, there has been no work defining the epidemiology of I amphiboluri in bearded dragons. In this study, all of the dragons remained I amphiboluri positive throughout the study. Interestingly, the parasite was shed in the majority of samples being tested, suggesting that transient shedding may be uncommon with this parasite. The results also suggest that the frequency of shedding may remain consistent between animals. For example, even though dragons in group 2 were treated during both treatment periods, and the second treatment was at the highest dosing interval, the animals consistently had the highest frequency of positive samples. Dragons in group 2 were also more likely to have a higher frequency of shedding compared with the controls.
5 Oregano for Inland Bearded Dragons 273 These findings, in addition to the fact that there were no differences in the 95% CI levels between the treatment studies for each group, suggest that I amphiboluri shedding among animals is consistent. The location of Eimeria spp in the intestinal tract of poultry is different from the location of I amphiboluri in dragons. In poultry, Eimeria reside in the ceca, 10 whereas I amphiboluri is found in the small intestine of the dragon. 2 The difference in intestinal location, and therefore microflora and microhabitat, may have an affect on the efficacy of the product. The claims of the manufacturer suggest that the product is effective against Eimeria spp. It is possible that the drug is not effective against other genera of coccidia, such as Isospora. Other apicomplexans in reptiles, such as Cryptosporidium spp, are not responsive to standard anticoccidial compounds. Coccidia in bearded dragons continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Finding an effective anticoccidial drug to eliminate I amphiboluri is a priority for both herpetoculturists and veterinarians. Although the commercial product used in this study was not effective at eliminating coccidia, we could not determine if it had an affect on the number of oocysts being shed. The increased body weights recorded in the treated dragons do suggest that some benefit is being derived from the treatment, and this deserves additional study. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Fluker Farms for funding this research project. References 1. Cannon LR: New coccidia from Australian lizards. I. Isospora. Parasitology 57(2): , McAllister CT, Upton SJ, Jacobson ER, et al: A description of Isospora amphiboluri (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the inland bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps (Sauria: Agamidae). J Parasitol 81(2): , Kim DY, Mitchell MA, Bauer R: An outbreak of adenoviral infection in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) coinfected with dependovirus and coccidial protozoa (Isospora sp.). J Vet Diagn Invest 14: , Friedman M, Henika PR, Mandrell RE: Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica. J Food Prot 65(10): , Salgueiro LR, Cavaleiro C, Pinto E, et al: Chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil Origanum virens on Candida species. Planta Med 69(9): , Force M, Sparks WS, Ronzio RA: Inhibition of enteric parasites by emulsified oil of oregano in vivo. Phytother Res 14(3): , Giannenas I, Florou-Paneri P, Papazahariadou M, et al: Effect of dietary supplementation with oregano essential oil on performance broilers after experimental infection with Eimeria tenella. Arch An Nutr 57(2):99-106, Stevens DA: Coccidiosis, in Delves PJ, Roitt IM (eds): Encyclopedia of Immunology, ed 2, vol 1, London, Academic Press, 1998, pp Lambert RJ, Skandamis PN, Coote PJ, et al: A study of the minimum inhibitory concentration and mode of action of oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacol. J Appl Microbiol 91(3): , Long PL: The Biology of the Coccidia, Baltimore, MD, University Park Press, 1982, pp 14-20
ANTICOCCIDIALS USED FOR THE THERAPY OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS, TURKEYS AND GEESE
ANTICOCCIDIALS USED FOR THE THERAPY OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS, TURKEYS AND GEESE Guideline Title Anticoccidials used for the Therapy of Coccidiosis i n Chickens, Turkey and Geese Legislative Basis Directive
More informationTaxonomy 8/24/2015. Eastern dragon P. barbata. Kimberley dragon P. microlepidota. Black soil plains dragon P. henrylawsoni
Mark A. Mitchell DVM, MS, PhD University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine Taxonomy Agamidae Pogona Storr (1982) Central/Inland Dragon Pogona vitticeps Northwest Dragon P. minor mitchelli Nullarbor
More informationPhylum:Apicomplexa Class:Sporozoa
Phylum:Apicomplexa Class:Sporozoa The most characteristic features of sporozoa are 1-unique appearance of most protozoa makes it possible for knowledge able person to identifiy them to level of genus and
More informationA Study of Coccidiosis in Livestock in the Island of Dominica. Joshua Santelises. Study Abroad Texas A&M University. Dr.
A Study of Coccidiosis in Livestock in the Island of Dominica Joshua Santelises Study Abroad 2012 Texas A&M University Dr. Thomas Lacher Dr. Jim Woolley Abstract The following experiment was done to investigate
More informationProject title: Evaluation of the prevalence of coccidia in Ontario suckling. piglets and identification of a preventive treatment
Project title: Evaluation of the prevalence of coccidia in Ontario suckling piglets and identification of a preventive treatment Final report: July 6, 2007 Principal Investigator: Andrew Peregrine, Department
More informationAnti-protozoan study of a medicinal herb, Bidens pilosa
1 2017 JITMM Anti-protozoan study of a medicinal herb, Bidens pilosa Meng-Ting Yang, Tien-Fen Kuo, Yueh-Chen Wu, Cicero L.T. Chang and Wen-Chin Yang Taiwan International Graduate Program Molecular and
More informationDiagnosis, treatment and control: dealing with coccidiosis in cattle
Vet Times The website for the veterinary profession https://www.vettimes.co.uk Diagnosis, treatment and control: dealing with coccidiosis in cattle Author : Adam Martin Categories : Vets Date : January
More informationChameleons: Biology, Husbandry and Disease Prevention. Paul Stewart, DVM. Origin: Africa (40% of species) and Madagascar (40% of species)
Chameleons: Biology, Husbandry and Disease Prevention By Paul Stewart, DVM Number of Species: 150 identified Size: From 3.3 cm to 68 cm in length Origin: Africa (40% of species) and Madagascar (40% of
More informationTerry Talks Nutrition: Infectious microbes
Terry Talks Nutrition: Infectious microbes Meet the Microbes Microbes = very tiny living things that can only be seen under a microscope 4 types of disease-causing microbes Bacteria Viruses Yeast (fungi)
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT AMPROLINE 400 mg/ml solution for use in drinking water for chickens and turkeys 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
More informationtowards a more responsible antibiotics use in asian animal production: supporting digestive health with essential oil compounds TECHNICAL PAPER
TECHNICAL PAPER towards a more responsible antibiotics use in asian animal production: supporting digestive health with essential oil compounds www.provimi-asia.com Towards a more responsible use of antibiotics
More informationFeeding Original XPC TM can help reduce Campylobacter in broilers and turkeys
As published in RESEARCH UPDATE Campylobacter is one of the leading causes of foodborne illness. Traditional methods for controlling Campylobacter contamination have been focused within the processing
More informationAARJMD VOLUME 1 ISSUE 19 (MARCH 2014) ISSN : A Peer Reviewed International Journal of Asian Academic Research Associates AARJMD
A Peer Reviewed International Journal of Asian Academic Research Associates AARJMD ASIAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH JOURNAL OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERCENTAGE PREVALENCE OF EIMERIAN SPECIES IN AWASSI SHEEP IN NORTHERN
More informationRecommended for Implementation at Step 7 of the VICH Process on 15 December 2004 by the VICH Steering Committee
VICH GL27 (ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE: PRE-APPROVAL) December 2003 For implementation at Step 7 - Final GUIDANCE ON PRE-APPROVAL INFORMATION FOR REGISTRATION OF NEW VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR FOOD
More informationCOCCIDIOSIS FROM DAY
C O N T R O L COCCIDIOSIS FROM DAY COCCIDIOSIS CAN CAUSE SERIOUS ECONOMIC PROBLEMS Coccidiosis is caused by microscopic parasites (protozoa) which are common on-farm The coccidia destroy the intestinal
More informationWe Check Your Pets For Internal Parasites
We Check Your Pets For Internal Parasites Why have a fecal exam done twice yearly? Hookworm egg, whipworm egg, roundworm egg Question: Vets typically want to a microscopic exam of a stool sample from our
More informationPosition paper of the working group anticoccidials of the PVSG concerning the phasing out of anticoccidials as mentioned in EU Regulation 1831/2003.
Position paper of the working group anticoccidials of the PVSG concerning the phasing out of anticoccidials as mentioned in EU Regulation 1831/2003. - 1-24-6-2007 Contents Page Introduction 3 Problem 4
More informationReptiles are hosts to a variety of parasites,
c o m p a r a t i v e i m a g e r y E X O T I C S Kevin Wright, DVM, Arizona Exotic Animal Hospital, Mesa, Arizona Differentiation of Reptilian Parasites & Pseudoparasites Reptiles are hosts to a variety
More informationDANMAP Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme
DANMAP Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme Hanne-Dorthe Emborg Department of Microbiology and Risk Assessment National Food Institute, DTU Introduction The DANMAP
More informationIN-VIVO EVALUATION OF ANTI-COCCIDIAL EFFICACY OF SALINOMYCIN AND AMPROLIUM IN COMMERCIAL CHICKEN
IN-VIVO EVALUATION OF ANTI-COCCIDIAL EFFICACY OF SALINOMYCIN AND AMPROLIUM IN COMMERCIAL CHICKEN R. Selvarani*, M. Raman and S. Gomathinayagam Department of Veterinary Parasitology Madras Veterinary College,
More informationProtozoa. Apicomplexa Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora. Gregarinea Coccidia Piroplasma
Protozoa Apicomplexa Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora Gregarinea Coccidia Piroplasma Coccidia characterized by thick-walled oocysts excreted in feces In Humans Cryptosporidium Isospora Cyclospora Sarcocystis
More informationSZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY. Doctoral School of Veterinary Science
SZENT ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY Doctoral School of Veterinary Science Comparative pharmacokinetics of the amoxicillinclavulanic acid combination in broiler chickens and turkeys, susceptibility and stability tests
More informationAuthor - Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz
Author - Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz Dr. Josie Traub-Dargatz is a professor of equine medicine at Colorado State University (CSU) College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. She began her veterinary
More informationResearch shows Original XPC TM reduces Salmonella load and improves body weight and feed conversion in challenged turkeys
As published in Salmonella remains the top cause of both hospitalization and death from foodborne illness in the U.S. Although Salmonella can be found in the environment and many other food sources, poultry
More informationThe EFSA s BIOHAZ Panel perspective on food microbiology and hygiene
The EFSA s BIOHAZ Panel perspective on food microbiology and hygiene Dr Eirini Tsigarida Unit of Biological Hazards BIOHAZ Unit: Marta Hugas, Bart Goossens, Tobin Robinson, Fulvio Barizzone, Luis Vivas-
More informationAVIAN PROBIOTIC AVI-CULTURE-2 REDUCES NEONATAL MORTALITY AND HELPS TO IMPROVE BREEDING PERFORMANCE DGTDVM-2012 by Dr Gianluca Todisco, DVM, PhD Italy
AVIAN PROBIOTIC AVI-CULTURE-2 REDUCES NEONATAL MORTALITY AND HELPS TO IMPROVE BREEDING PERFORMANCE DGTDVM-2012 by Dr Gianluca Todisco, DVM, PhD Italy www.todvet.it The study was conducted during the 2012
More informationFact sheet. All animals, particularly herbivores, appear to be natural hosts for coccidian species with a high degree of host specificity observed.
Coccidia in k angaroos Fact sheet Introductory statement Coccidians are protozoan parasites which infect the intestinal tract of many animals. Within kangaroos, coccidia infections can lead to clinical
More informationSession Pathology and Hygiene
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 11 th WORLD RABBIT CONGRESS Qingdao (China) - June 15-18, 2016 ISSN 2308-1910 Session Pathology and Hygiene Li Y., Wang Y., Tao G., Cui Y., Suo X., Liu X. PROPHYLACTIC AND THERAPEUTIC
More informationWalid Alali Assistant Professor, Food Safety Epidemiology
Poultry Production and Food Safety: An International Perspective Walid Alali Assistant Professor, Food Safety Epidemiology Overview Salmonellosis in humans Salmonella surveillance in poultry slaughter
More informationAntibiotics in Milk Replacers
Antibiotics in Milk Replacers MRSA Presentation Missouri Veterinary Medical Ass. Annual Conference Virginia State Feed Association Conference Nutritional Management Cow College February 16-18, 2011 R.
More informationAVIAN COCCIDIOSIS. One of the most potentially destructive diseases in domestic poultry production. Most costly of all poultry diseases.
AVIAN COCCIDIOSIS One of the most potentially destructive diseases in domestic poultry production. Most costly of all poultry diseases. Strictly a gut infection in chickens and turkeys. All avian species
More informationPosition Statement. Responsible Use of Antibiotics in the Australian Chicken Meat Industry. 22 February What s the Issue?
22 February 2018 Position Statement Responsible Use of Antibiotics in the Australian Chicken Meat Industry What s the Issue? Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) The use of antibiotics in both humans and animals
More information11-ID-10. Committee: Infectious Disease. Title: Creation of a National Campylobacteriosis Case Definition
11-ID-10 Committee: Infectious Disease Title: Creation of a National Campylobacteriosis Case Definition I. Statement of the Problem Although campylobacteriosis is not nationally-notifiable, it is a disease
More informationSavannah Monitor. Habitat
Savannah Monitor The savannah monitor, as one would expect given the common name, is found in the savannahs and grasslands of central Africa. These animals are superbly adapted predators that hunt and
More informationAgricultural Antibiotics David Wallinga, MD, MPA Natural Resources Defense Council January 2017
Agricultural Antibiotics David Wallinga, MD, MPA Natural Resources Defense Council January 2017 Treatment/Control Use FDA-approved Unapproved, off label use Use in animals that aren t sick Growth promotion
More informationDoug Carithers 1 William Russell Everett 2 Sheila Gross 3 Jordan Crawford 1
Comparative Efficacy of fipronil/(s)-methoprene-pyriproxyfen (FRONTLINE Gold) and Sarolaner (Simparica ) Against Induced Infestations of Ixodes scapularis on Dogs Doug Carithers 1 William Russell Everett
More informationEfficacy of Moxidectin 6-Month Injectable and Milbemycin Oxime/Lufenuron Tablets Against Naturally Acquired Toxocara canis Infections in Dogs*
Efficacy of Moxidectin 6-Month Injectable and Milbemycin Oxime/Lufenuron Tablets Against Naturally Acquired Toxocara canis Infections in Dogs* Dwight D. Bowman, MS, PhD a Walter Legg, DVM b David G. Stansfield,
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Vetrisulf powder for oral solution for chickens, turkeys and geese
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Vetrisulf powder for oral solution for chickens, turkeys and geese 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION One g contains:
More informationDiagnosing intestinal parasites. Clinical reference guide for Fecal Dx antigen testing
Diagnosing intestinal parasites Clinical reference guide for Fecal Dx antigen testing Screen every dog at least twice a year The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) guidelines recommend including
More informationProtozoan Parasites of Veterinary importance 2017
Protozoan Parasites of Veterinary importance 2017 VPM-122 Laboratory 4 Spencer J. Greenwood PhD, DVM Dept. of Biomedical Sciences Room 2332N AVC North Annex sgreenwood@upei.ca Office phone # 566-6002 To
More informationPrevalence study of poultry coccidosis in small and large scale farms in Adis Ababa, Ethiopia
Scientific Journal of Crop Science (2012) 1(1) 26-31 Contents lists available at Sjournals Journal homepage: www.sjournals.com Original article Prevalence study of poultry coccidosis in small and large
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS Revised: March 2015 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Tolracol 50 mg/ml oral suspension for pigs, cattle and sheep 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION
More informationAmerican Association of Feline Practitioners American Animal Hospital Association
American Association of Feline Practitioners American Animal Hospital Association Basic Guidelines of Judicious Therapeutic Use of Antimicrobials August 1, 2006 Introduction The Basic Guidelines to Judicious
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT COLICEN 4.000.000 UI/ml solution for use in drinking water/milk 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains:
More informationCENTRAL VETERINARY LABORATORY, MAFF
CENTRAL VETERINARY LABORATORY, MAFF Trial to evaluate the efficacy of Stalosan F disinfectant against coccidial oocysts o CENTRAL VETERINARY LABORATORY, MAFF REPORT TO CONTRACT, MANAGER PERIOD OF INVESTIGATION
More informationDiagnosing intestinal parasites. Clinical reference guide for Fecal Dx antigen testing
Diagnosing intestinal parasites Clinical reference guide for Fecal Dx antigen testing Screen every dog at least twice a year The Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) guidelines recommend including
More informationEVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF CYCOSTAT 66G AGAINST COCCIDIOSIS IN FATTENING RABBITS UNDER CONTROLLED FIELD CONDITIONS.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF CYCOSTAT 66G AGAINST COCCIDIOSIS IN FATTENING RABBITS UNDER CONTROLLED FIELD CONDITIONS. PIERRE COUDERT INRA, BASE, 37380 Nouzilly coudert@tours.inra.fr ABSTRACT This study
More informationApproved by the Food Safety Commission on September 30, 2004
Approved by the Food Safety Commission on September 30, 2004 Assessment guideline for the Effect of Food on Human Health Regarding Antimicrobial- Resistant Bacteria Selected by Antimicrobial Use in Food
More informationCoccidiosis in macropods and other species
Coccidiosis in macropods and other species Author: Derek Spielman Wildlife Assistance and Information Foundation; Sydney School of Veterinary Science, the University of Sydney Abstract This presentation
More informationIntroduction to Leopard Gecko Care
Introduction to Leopard Gecko Care Native to the deserts of Pakistan, India, Afghanistan and Iran, the leopard gecko (Eublepharis macularius) lizard has been captive bred in the United States for more
More informationCleaning and Disinfection Protocol for Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria, including Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
Cleaning and Disinfection Protocol for Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria, including Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria This document has been developed in accordance with current applicable infection
More information4.5. Special precautions for use Special precautions to be taken by person administering the veterinary medicinal product to animals
1.B1. SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT AMOXYCOL Soluble Powder 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substances: Amoxicillin trihydrate 640.0
More informationVETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CONTROLLING VARROA JACOBSONI AND ACARAPIS WOODI PARASITOSIS IN BEES
VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS CONTROLLING VARROA JACOBSONI AND ACARAPIS WOODI PARASITOSIS IN BEES Guideline Title Veterinary Medicinal Products controlling Varroa jacobsoni and Acarapis woodi parasitosis
More informationA Rhode Island Non-Profit Organization Bearded Dragon Care
www.rirescue.org A Rhode Island Non-Profit Organization Bearded Dragon Care Bearded dragons are solitary lizards of the Agama family who originate from the grasslands of Australia and spend most of their
More informationRandall Singer, DVM, MPVM, PhD
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE Randall Singer, DVM, MPVM, PhD Associate Professor of Epidemiology Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences University of Minnesota Overview How does resistance develop? What
More informationRecommended for Implementation at Step 7 of the VICH Process on 21 November 2000 by the VICH Steering Committee
VICH GL7 (ANTHELMINTICS GENERAL) November 2000 For implementation at Step 7 EFFICACY OF ANTHELMINTICS: GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Recommended for Implementation at Step 7 of the VICH Process on 21 November 2000
More informationLeopard Gecko GUIDE TO. Introduction. Types of Leopard Gecko
GUIDE TO K E E P I N G Leopard Gecko Introduction Buying any pet is a big decision but there are several things you may want to consider first to make sure that a Leopard Gecko (Eublepharis macularius)
More informationAntimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Relation to the Canadian Pork Sector Presented by Jorge Correa Pork Committee Banff May 2013
Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance in Relation to the Canadian Pork Sector Presented by Jorge Correa Pork Committee Banff May 2013 Part of the Slides were extracted from a Paul Dick presentation
More informationAmoxicillin trihydrate. Amoxicillin trihydrate. Amoxicillin trihydrate. Amoxicillin trihydrate. Amoxicillin trihydrate. Amoxicillin trihydrate
Annex I List of the names, pharmaceutical form, strength of the veterinary medicinal product, animal species, route of administration, applicant in the Member States Member State EU/EEA Applicant Name
More informationINTRODUCTION TO WILDLIFE PHARMACOLOGY. Lisa Fosco Wildlife Rehabilitation Manager Toronto Wildlife Centre
INTRODUCTION TO WILDLIFE PHARMACOLOGY Lisa Fosco Wildlife Rehabilitation Manager Toronto Wildlife Centre General Pharmacology Factors That Affect Drug Absorption The dosage form Blood supply to the area
More informationSOFT Movement Survey of FMT Programs
Appendix 1 (as supplied by the authors): Survey SOFT Movement Survey of FMT Programs Part 1: General Information about your Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) Program 1) Please fill out the information
More information206 Adopted: 4 April 1984
OECD GUIDELINE FOR TESTING OF CHEMICALS 206 Adopted: 4 April 1984 1. I N T R O D U C T O R Y I N F O R M A T I O N P r e r e q u i s i t e s Water solubility Vapour pressure Avian dietary LC50 (See Test
More informationSummary of Product Characteristics
Summary of Product Characteristics 1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Selectan 300 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and swine. 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains:
More informationReptile Disease Conditions Related to Nutrition and Husbandry
Reptile Disease Conditions Related to Nutrition and Husbandry Thomas N. Tully, Jr., DVM, MS, DABVP (Avian), DECZM (Avian) Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine Baton Rouge, Louisiana
More informationTHE VETERINARIAN'S CHOICE. Compendium clinical Trials. Introducing new MILPRO. from Virbac. Go pro. Go MILPRO..
THE VETERINARIAN'S CHOICE. Introducing new MILPRO from Virbac. Compendium clinical Trials Go pro. Go MILPRO.. milbemycin/praziquantel Content INTRODUCTION 05 I. EFFICACY STUDIES IN CATS 06 I.I. Efficacy
More informationCoccidia in a Shelter Setting Video Transcript July 2013
Coccidia in a Shelter Setting Video Transcript July 2013 This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised
More informationBearded Dragon GUIDE TO. Introduction. Types of Bearded Dragon
GUIDE TO K E E P I N G Bearded Dragon Introduction Buying any pet is a big decision but there are several things you may want to consider first to make sure that a Bearded Dragon (Pogona vitticeps) is
More informationRx, For use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian.
A. General Information NADA Number: 140-915 Sponsor: Generic Name of Drug: Trade Name: Marketing Status: Novartis Animal Health Post Office Box 18300 Greensboro, NC 27419 Milbemycin Oxime INTERCEPTOR Flavor
More informationFree-Ranging Wildlife. Biological Risk Management for the Interface of Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and Humans. Background Economics
Biological Risk Management for the Interface of Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and Humans Free-Ranging Wildlife This presentation concerns free-ranging birds and mammals John R. Fischer, DVM, PhD Southeastern
More informationRaw Meat Diet. Transcript:
Transcript: Raw Meat Diet Hi, this is Dr. Karen Becker, and today we re going to discuss why dogs and cats can eat raw meat. This is probably the most common question I get, especially from uneducated
More informationHealth Products Regulatory Authority
1 NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Genta 50 mg/ml solution for injection 2 QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains: Active Substances Gentamicin sulphate equivalent to Gentamicin
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines and Inspections EMEA/CVMP/627/01-FINAL COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS GUIDELINE FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF EFFICACY
More information04/02/2013. Parasites and breeding dogs: These parasites we don t hear so much about. Main internal parasites found in breeding kennels
Parasites and breeding dogs: These parasites we don t hear so much about Main internal parasites found in breeding kennels Isospora sp. Giardia sp. Toxocara canis Something else? Breeders burden I m kind
More informationEPIDEMIOLOGY OF CAMPYLOBACTER IN IRELAND
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CAMPYLOBACTER IN IRELAND Table of Contents Acknowledgements 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Case Definitions 6 Materials and Methods 7 Results 8 Discussion 13 References 14 Epidemiology of Campylobacteriosis
More informationAbove: life cycle of toxoplasma gondii. Below: transmission of this infection.
Toxoplasmosis PDF This article is based on a paid for research paper dated 1972 of similar title and authored by J.K.Frenkel and J.P. Dubey. It was published by The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol.
More informationPolicy Brief and Recommendations #4 Misuse of Antibiotics in Food Animal Production. Antibiotic Misuse in Food Animals Time for Change
Policy Brief and Recommendations #4 Misuse of Antibiotics in Food Animal Production Antibiotic Misuse in Food Animals Time for Change POLICY BRIEF AND RECOMMENDATIONS #4 MISUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN FOOD ANIMAL
More informationFood waste and pigs. Ashley Jordan Veterinary Officer. Supporting your success
Food waste and pigs Ashley Jordan Veterinary Officer Supporting your success Pig diet and feeding behaviour Pigs are omnivores and will eat just about anything. Some pigs will prey on poultry and the young
More informationCoccidiosis in Lambs. Dr Fiona Lovatt. Flock Health Ltd. RCVS Recognised Specialist in Sheep Health & Production
Coccidiosis in Lambs Dr Fiona Lovatt RCVS Recognised Specialist in Sheep Health & Production Flock Health Ltd What is coccidiosis? Fifteen different types of coccidia may affect sheep in UK but only two
More informationAGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK and FISHERIES
Research in ISSN : P-2409-0603, E-2409-9325 AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK and FISHERIES An Open Access Peer Reviewed Journal Open Access Research Article Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 3, No. 1, April 2016: 145-149
More informationCleaning and Disinfection Protocol Vegetative Bacteria
Cleaning and Disinfection Protocol Vegetative Bacteria This document has been developed in accordance with current applicable infection control and biosecurity guidelines. It is intended for use as a guideline
More informationDescribing characteristics of Feline Fecal Matter as it relates to Parasitic, Bacterial and Digestive maladies and infestations.
THE POOP PATROL Compiled by Terri Jorgensen Describing characteristics of Feline Fecal Matter as it relates to Parasitic, Bacterial and Digestive maladies and infestations. Special thanks to Tom Ward,
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Amfipen LA 100 mg/ml suspension for injection 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Active substance: Each ml contains:
More informationOur vision. To be a game-changer in the development of sustainable, prophylactic and therapeutic veterinary products.
product information Our vision To be a game-changer in the development of sustainable, prophylactic and therapeutic veterinary products. www.farmpharma.se Company Registration Number: 559157-4131 15 A
More informationSystemic Apicomplexans. Toxoplasma
Systemic Apicomplexans Toxoplasma Protozoan Groups Historically, protozoa have been grouped by mode of motility. Flagellates Hemoflagellates Trypanosoma cruzi Leishmania infantum Mucoflagellates Tritrichomonas
More informationLABORATORY. The Protozoa. At the Bench
LABORATORY Laboratory 8, Page 1 8 The Protozoa Introduction: The protozoa are unicellular animals that are classified on the basis of the organelles used for locomotion (flagella, pseudopodia, cilia or
More informationDOWNLOAD OR READ : VETERINARY CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI
DOWNLOAD OR READ : VETERINARY CLINICAL PARASITOLOGY PDF EBOOK EPUB MOBI Page 1 Page 2 veterinary clinical parasitology veterinary clinical parasitology pdf veterinary clinical parasitology Use these links
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS. NUFLOR 300 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and sheep
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT NUFLOR 300 mg/ml solution for injection for cattle and sheep 2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION Each ml contains:
More informationParasitology Amoebas. Sarcodina. Mastigophora
Parasitology Amoebas Sarcodina Entamoeba hisolytica (histo = tissue, lytica = lyse or break) (pathogenic form) o Trophozoite is the feeding form o Life Cycle: personfeces cyst with 4 nuclei with thicker
More informationScottish Medicines Consortium
Scottish Medicines Consortium tigecycline 50mg vial of powder for intravenous infusion (Tygacil ) (277/06) Wyeth 9 June 2006 The Scottish Medicines Consortium (SMC) has completed its assessment of the
More informationCell Wall Inhibitors. Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali. Lec 3 7 Nov 2017
Cell Wall Inhibitors Assistant Professor Naza M. Ali Lec 3 7 Nov 2017 Cell wall The cell wall is a rigid outer layer, it completely surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, maintaining the shape of the cell
More informationCOMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products Veterinary Medicines Evaluation Unit EMEA/MRL/389/98-FINAL July 1998 COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS ENROFLOXACIN (extension to
More informationOutbreaks Due to Unpasteurized Dairy Products in the United States
Outbreaks Due to Unpasteurized Dairy Products in the United States Casey Barton Behravesh, DVM, DrPH, DACVPM LCDR, US Public Health Service Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch National Center for Zoonotic,
More informationCampylobacter species
ISSUE NO. 1 SEPTEMBER 2011 1. What are Campylobacter spp.? Campylobacter spp. are microaerophilic, Gram-negative, spiral shaped cells with corkscrew-like motility. They are the most common cause of bacterial
More informationPoultry Science Journal ISSN: (Print), (Online)
Madadi et al., 2014 25 Poultry Science Journal ISSN: 2345-6604 (Print), 2345-6566 (Online) http://psj.gau.ac.ir Evaluation of Drug Interactions and Prescription Errors of Poultry Veterinarians in North
More informationAviagenBrief. Management Advice for Broiler Production when Minimizing or Removing Antibiotics. October 2017
AviagenBrief October 2017 Management Advice for Broiler Production when Minimizing or Removing Antibiotics Authors: Anne-Marie Neetson - Global Head of Animal Welfare, Dr. Dan Pearson - Director of Veterinary
More informationNew and Innovative Applications for Metals COPPER. Tony Lea International Copper Association
New and Innovative Applications for Metals COPPER Tony Lea International Copper Association SUPERBUGS 2 HOSPITAL ACQUIRED INFECTIONS Infections acquired during hospital stays kill more people than breast
More informationSUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 1. NAME OF THE VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCT Tilmovet 250 mg/ml Concentrate for Oral Solution (BE, BG, CZ, EL, HU, IE, NL, PL, RO, UK) for pigs, chickens, turkeys and
More informationMANAGEMENT OF SEVERE HEPATIC COCCIDIOSIS IN DOMESTIC RABBITS
MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE HEPATIC COCCIDIOSIS IN DOMESTIC RABBITS B. Bibin Becha* and S.S. Devi Avian Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Manjadi, P.O., Thiruvalla, Kerala 689 105 Received : 28.11.2013 Accepted
More informationApicomplexa of Intestinal Pathology
LECTURES #4, #5 & #6: APICOMPLEXA 1 Apicomplexa of Intestinal Pathology Cryptosporidium, Eimeria, Cystoisospora General Characteristics of Apicomplexa A. Morphology by stage Zoite o Tear-shaped (cylindrical
More informationCryptosporidium and Giardia shedding among humans and animals in coastal Orissa, India
Cryptosporidium and Giardia shedding among humans and animals in coastal Orissa, India Miles E. Daniels Woutrina A. Smith, Arpit Shrivastava, Priyadarshi Sahu, Mitsunori Odagiri, Pravas R. Misra, Pinaki
More information