Pharmacologyonline 1: (2011) ewsletter Anuradha et al.
|
|
- Gilbert Harvey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 RECE T TRE DS I A TIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTER OF ESCHERICHIA COLI I URI ARY TRACT I FECTIO S BAnuradha 1 Munmun Das (Sarkar) 2 Pratibha Mane 3 Vijaya Durga 3 Suhrita Paul 4 1 Associate Professor, Dept of Microbiology, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, A P, India 2 Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology, Burdwan Medical College, Burdwan, W B, India 3 Assistant Professor, Dept of Microbiology, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, A P, India 4 Professor, Dept of Pharmacology, Medical College, Kolkata, WB, India Summary Urinary tract infection is one of the most common reasons for patients to seek medical care. Escherichia coli are most frequently found in both community and hospital acquired Urinary tract infections. Antimicrobial resistance is a serious concern as it increases morbidity and mortality due to treatment failure and also escalates cost of therapy. Incomplete diagnosis and injudicious use of antibiotics is perhaps the main reason for this. The objective of the present study is to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli prevalent in community acquired urinary tract infections in view of the increasing antibiotic resistance and diversity of Escherichia coli sensitivity. A total number of 800 patients diagnosed to be suffering from Urinary tract infection were enrolled E. coli was the causative agent in (6) c and identified by standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Out of 800 urine samples, (6) showed growth of Escherichia coli. Among the Escherichia coli isolates, 390 were females (81.25%) and 90 were males (18.75%)... All strains were sensitive to Amikacin and Nitrofurantoin, resistant to Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin and Cefazolin. One of the causative agents of Urinary tract infection is Escherichia coli, affecting mainly women. They were sensitive to Amikacin and Nitrofurantion, resistant to fluoroquinolones and others due to various reasons. So indiscriminate use of antibiotics is avoided and always susceptibility testing should be performed. Key words: Urinary tract infection, Escherichia coli, Drug resistance. Introduction Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common reasons for patients to seek medical care, accounting for more than 7 million patient visits each year in the United States 1. It is the most common bacterial infection in women and accounts for significant morbidity and health care costs. 2 urinary tract infections are also the most common infections in acute and long term care hospital patients. 3, 4 India is a developing country where 4 of the population is below the poverty line. It is a general practice that up to 95% of cases of UTI 1001
2 with severe symptoms are treated without proper bacteriological investigations. The emerging antibiotic resistance due to incomplete diagnosis, indecisive attitude of the physicians and injudicious use of antibiotics is a matter of serious concern. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most frequently found bacteria in both community acquired and hospitalized UTI patients 5,6 so antibiotic resistance pattern is essential concerning the increasing use antibiotics and diversity of Escherichia coli sensitivity in the various parts of world. Antimicrobial resistance in both out and in patients with UTI is increasing and can vary according to geographical and regional location 7, 8. This drug resistance complicates treatment and necessitates the appropriate use of drugs along with invention and synthesis of new drugs 9. Wide spread use of the drugs to treat UTI in adults and upper respiratory tract infection in children and to provide prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infections have created selective pressures that favor resistant strains in the fecal flora. 10 Another risk factor is recent travel suggesting that exposure to water and food contaminated with E. coli. Urinary tract infection in small children attending at day care centers are other risk factors for infection with E.coli 11. The aim of the present study was to investigate urine cultures and identify the specific pathogens and evaluate the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli detected from urine culture prevalent in community acquired UTI. Patients and methods: The present study is a cross sectional, descriptive type of observational study undertaken by the Department of Microbiology, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Andhra Pradesh. Due permission of the Institutional Ethical Committee was taken. The study group included patients attending Out Patient Department of various Disciplines of Mamata General Hospital, Khammam during January 2010 to June 2010 with symptoms suggestive of UTI. They entered the study when they were confirmed to be suffering from UTI due to E. coli. Inclusion criteria Both males and females Aged years attending different Out Patients Department of Mamata General Hospital. Diagnosed clinically and microscopically to be suffering from uncomplicated UTI. Willing to give written informed consent. Exclusion criteria Congenital malformations of the urinary tract. Any other major systemic illness like diabetes, renal hypertension, immune deficient states etc Patients who had taken a course of antibiotic within a period of 2 months due to diverse reasons. Procedure: A total number of 800 urine samples were collected. The midstream urine specimens were obtained by clean catch method. The samples were collected in sterile containers under aseptic precautions and cultured within one hour of collection. The samples were plated out on MacConkey and Blood agar media using a calibrated loop, delivering 0.01ml of the sample and incubated aerobically overnight at 37ºc 12. Samples that showed pure growth of isolate in a count of 105 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml of urine after overnight incubation were considered to indicate significant bacteriuria 13 and were considered as positive. The isolates were identified by their colony characters, microscopic morphology and appropriate biochemical reactions as per the standard procedures 14. All E. coli isolates were subjected to Antimicrobial sensitivity tests by Kirby- 1002
3 Bauer disc diffusion method using Muller Hinton Agar, E. coli ATCC strain susceptible to all the antibiotics was used as control. The Antibiotics used for susceptibility testing in our study were Amikacin(AK) (30µg), Gentamicin(G) (10µg), Nitrofurantoin(F) (30µg), Norfloxacin(NX)(10µg), Ciprofloxacin(CF(5µg), Ofloxacin(OF)(5µg), Tetracycline(T)(5µg), cefazolin(cz)(5µg), and ceftazidime(ca)(30µg). The sensitivity levels of the isolates to the antibiotics were examined using the CLSI, 2006 criteria 15. The data was collected and analysed. Results: A total number of 800 urine samples were collected from out patients attending tertiary care hospital. Out of them samples showed significant growth of E. coli (6).(Table-1). Of them, 390 (81.25%) were females indicating that females are most frequently affected with UTI Table 1: Percentage of Escherichia coli isolated from total no. of samples Organisms isolated No. of samples Percentage Escherichia coli 6 other organisms Total 800 Various antibiotics tested were Amikacin(AK), Gentamicin(G), Nitrofurantoin(F), Norfloxacin(NX), Ciprofloxacin(CF), Ofloxacin(OF), Tetracycline(T), Cefazolin(CZ), Ceftazidime(CA). All the samples were sensitive to Amikacin(), followed by Nitrofurantoin(9), followed by Gentamicin(7), Tetracycline(4),Ceftazidime(5%), Ofloxacin(5%). All of them were resistant to Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Cefazolin(table-2). Table 2: Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of E.coli Antibiotics AK F G T CA OF CZ CF NX Sensitive percentage % 24 5% Resistant percentage % % Abb:- Amikacin(AK), Nitrofurantoin(F), Gentamicin(G), Tetracycline(T), Ceftazidime(CA), Ofloxacin(OF), Cefazolin(CZ), Ciprofloxacin(CF), Norfloxacin(NX), Discussion The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli is an example of ongoing global problem. A multidisciplinary and worldwide approach to the problem outlined in recent recommendations from the World Health Organization and Centre for Disease Control and prevention needs to be followed. We must exercise considerable restraint in prescribing antimicrobials and restrict their use to only certain definite indications as their injudicious use has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens that is a serious challenge to the community. The prevalence and incidence of UTI is higher in women than in men, which is 1003
4 likely the result of several clinical factors including anatomic differences, hormonal effects, and behavior patterns. UTIs also more commonly progress to bladder infections in females due to the much shorter length of the female urethra. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern showed that the bacterium is resistant to most of the antibiotics and only showed maximum sensitivity to Amikacin () next to Nitrofurantoin (9). All the isolates were resistant to Norfloxacin Ciprofloxacin and Cefazolin. In a study by Asad U Khan et al in 2006 from India showed that E.coli was isolated in 61% of infection and 17% were males and the rest of them were females. In that study 9 of isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, intermediate resistance to Norfloxacin. Maximum sensitivity was to Kanamycin and Streptomycin 16 which indicates that they are sensitive to aminoglycosides which is correlating with our study. In another study by Ronald et al in 2009 from North Carolina showed that resistance to Ciprofloxacin was 6.8% and maximum sensitivity to Nitrofurantoin 17. In another study carried out by Nakhjavani et al,2007 in Tehran on the resistance of E. coli in UTI to Fluoroquinolones, the resistance rates of 49.3% to Nalidixic acid,44.5% to Ofloxacin,41.4% to Norfloxacin and 40.2% to Ciprofloxacin were reported 18. In another study by Mohsen et al in 2010 from Iran showed that maximum resistance to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin and more sensitive to Amikacin (93.3%) and Ciprofloxacin (91.5%), Nitrofurantoin (89.8%) and Nalidixic acid (78.7%) 19. Based on the present study and comparison with other studies it is evident that E. coli is the most important and prevalent bacterium isolated from urinary tract infections and its sensitivity and resistance pattern is varying from place to place. This may be due to different species of E.coli play roles in causing UTI. It also may be attributed to other factors like the prevalence of some species of E.coli epidemically in some parts of world, in addition to other factors such as age, gender, individual hygiene, hospital infections, irregular and inappropriate use of antibiotics. This may be one reason for Fluroquinolone resistance in our patients. Current resistance to some drugs such as Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin and Gentamicin is low; however we should be aware of the increasing resistance of these drugs in future. Conclusion The emergence and spread of resistance to various antibiotics in E.coli which cause UTI is an example of ongoing global problem of antimicrobial resistance. Ultimately control depend on a multidisciplinary and worldwide approach to the problem, including reduced and judicious use of antimicrobial agents in humans as well as in animals. The alarming reports of community acquired UTI caused by Fluoroquinolone resistant E.coli strains in some parts of the world suggests that we will see an evolution of resistance to these agents just as reported in literature with Sulfonamides, Ampicillin etc., unless we take a much more aggressive approach to the control of antimicrobial resistance. After Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin is highly active against E. coli followed by others. seven days therapy may be required to achieve reasonable cure rates with this drug. Thus 20, 21, nitrofurantoin can be considered as first line empirical treatment for uncomplicated UTI. References 1) Bacheller CD, Bernstein JM. Urinary tract Infections. Med Clin orth Am. 1997; 81: ) KarlowskyJ A, Kelly LJ, Thornsberry C, Jones ME, Sahm DF. Trends in Antimicrobial Resistance among Urinary Tract Infection Isolates of Escherichia coli from Female Outpatients in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:
5 3) Gastmeier P. Nosocomial urinary tract infections: many unresolved questions. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001;7: ) Nicolle LE, Strausbaugh LJ, Garibaldi RA. Infections and antibiotic resistance in nursing homes. Clin Microbiol Rev 1996;9: ) Grüneberg RN. Changes in urinary pathogens and their antibiotic sensitivities, J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994;33 Suppl A:1-8. 6) MacGowan AP, Brown NM, Holt HA, Lovering AM, McCulloch SY, Reeves DS. An eight-year survey of the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of 85,971 bacteria isolated from patients in a district general hospital and the local community. J Antimicrob Chemother1993;31: ) Mathai D, Jones RN, Pfaller MA; SENTRY Participant Group North America. Epidemiology and frequency of resistance among pathogens causing urinary tract infections in 1,510 hospitalized patients: a report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (North America).Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;40: ) Karlowsky JA, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, Critchley I, Kelly LJ, Sahm DF. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among pathogens isolated from female out patients across the US in Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;18: ) Hasan AS, Nair D, Kaur J, Baweja G, Deb M, Aggarwal P. Resistance pattern of urinary isolates in a tertiary Indian hospital. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2007;19: ) Gupta K, Hooton TM, Stamm WE. Increasing antimicrobial resistance and the management of uncomplicated community acquired urinary tract infections. Ann Intern Med 2001;135: ) Wold AE, Caugant DA, Lidin-Janson G, de Man P, Svanborg C.Resident colonic Escherichia coli strains frequently display uropathogenic characteristics. J Infect Dis. 1992;165: ) Odewumi AA. Companion to Practical Microbiology. A Practerical Manual. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu Bello University, 1981 Eweing WH. Edwards and Wing s Identification of Enterobacteriaceae. 4th ed New York, USA: Elsevier Science Publishing Co.Inc., 1986 pp ) Sleigh J D and Timbury M C (1986). Notes on Medical Bacteriology. 2nd edition. pp Churchill Livingstone Inc., 1560 Broadway, New York. 14) Wolf PL. Practical Clinical Microbiology and Mycology: Techniques and Interpretation New York, USA: John Willey and Sons Inc 1975 pp ) Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. M100-S16. Wayne, PA: CLSI ) Khan AU, Zaman MS. Multiple drug resistance pattern in urinary tract infection patients in Aligarh. Biomedical Research 2006;17: ) Olson RP, Harrell LJ, Kaye KS. Antibiotic resistance in urinary isolates of Escherichia coli from college women with urinary tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53: ) Nakhjavani FA, Mirsalehian A, Hamidian M, Kazemi B, Mirafshar M, Jabalameli F. Anti-microbial Susceptibility Testing for Escherichia coli Strainsto Fluoroquinolones, in Urinary Tract Infections. Iranian J Publ Health 2007; 36: ) Mohammadi M, Ghasemi E, Mokhayeri H, Pournia Y, Boroun H. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. coli detected from hospitalized urine culture samples. Asian J Biol Sci 2010;3: ) Cunha BA. New uses for older antibiotics: Nitrofurantoin,amikacin,colistin,polymyxin B,doxycycline and minocycline revised. Med Clin Am 2006 ;90: ) Sahm DF, Thornsberry C, Mayfield DC, Jones ME, Karlowsky JA.Multidrug-resistant urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli: prevalence and patient demographics in the United States in 2000.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:
Multiple drug resistance pattern in Urinary Tract Infection patients in Aligarh
Multiple drug resistance pattern in Urinary Tract Infection patients in Aligarh Author(s): Asad U Khan and Mohd S Zaman Vol. 17, No. 3 (2006-09 - 2006-12) Biomedical Research 2006; 17 (3): 179-181 Asad
A retrospective analysis of urine culture results issued by the microbiology department, Teaching Hospital, Karapitiya
A retrospective analysis of urine culture results issued by the microbiology department, Teaching Hospital, Karapitiya LU Edirisinghe 1, D Vidanagama 2 1 Senior Registrar in Medicine, 2 Consultant Microbiologist,
Detection of ESBL Producing Gram Negative Uropathogens and their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern from a Tertiary Care Centre, Bengaluru, India
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 12 (2015) pp. 578-583 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Detection of ESBL Producing Gram Negative Uropathogens and their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern from
Isolation, identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogens isolated at a tertiary care centre
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 10 (2015) pp. 951-955 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Isolation, identification and antimicrobial
Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern from a Teaching Hospital, Bengaluru, India
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 11 (2015) pp. 731-736 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Bacterial Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern from a Teaching
Aerobic bacteriological profile of urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 3 (2014) pp. 120-125 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Aerobic bacteriological profile of urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital V.Vijaya Swetha
Aerobic bacterial infections in a burns unit of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune
Original article Aerobic bacterial infections in a burns unit of Sassoon General Hospital, Pune Patil P, Joshi S, Bharadwaj R. Department of Microbiology, B.J. Medical College, Pune, India. Corresponding
Key words: Urinary tract infection, Antibiotic resistance, E.coli.
Original article MICROBIOLOGICAL STUDY OF URINE ISOLATES IN OUT PATIENTS AND ITS RESISTANCE PATTERN AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN KANPUR. R.Sujatha 1,Deepak S 2, Nidhi P 3, Vaishali S 2, Dilshad K 2 1.
Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase Producers among Various Clinical Samples in a Tertiary Care Hospital: Kurnool District, India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 319-77 Volume Number (17) pp. 57-3 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/1.5/ijcmas.17..31
Isolation of Urinary Tract Pathogens and Study of their Drug Susceptibility Patterns
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 4 (2016) pp. 897-903 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.504.101
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection Isolates from Female Patients on the US (Texas)- Mexico Border
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection Isolates from Female Patients on the US (Texas)- Mexico Border Yvonne Vasquez, MPH W. Lee Hand, MD Department of Research
Urinary Tract Infection: Study of Microbiological Profile and its Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 592-597 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Urinary Tract Infection: Study of
1. The preferred treatment option for an initial UTI episode in a 22-year-old female patient
1 Chapter 79, Self-Assessment Questions 1. The preferred treatment option for an initial UTI episode in a 22-year-old female patient with normal renal function is: A. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole B. Cefuroxime
Bacteriological Study of Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 9 (2016) pp. 640-644 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.509.073
Biofilm eradication studies on uropathogenic E. coli using ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin
Available online at www.pharmscidirect.com Int J Pharm Biomed Res 212, 3(2), 127-131 Research article International Journal of PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH ISSN No: 976-35 Biofilm eradication
Research Article. Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of nosocomial uropathogens in a tertiary care hospital of South India
Available online www.jocpr.com Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2015, 7(3):686-690 Research Article ISSN : 0975-7384 CODEN(USA) : JCPRC5 Antimicrobial sensitivity profile of nosocomial
Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Salmonella species from various antibiotic
ISSN: 2347-3215 Volume 3 Number 8 (August-2015) pp. 51-55 www.ijcrar.com Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Salmonella species from various antibiotic Shashi P. Jambhulkar 1 * and Arun B. Ingle 2
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF FLUOROQUINOLONES AMONG THE GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL UROPATHOGENS AT A TERITIARY CARE CENTRE. R.Sujatha 1, Nidhi Pal 2
Original Article ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF FLUOROQUINOLONES AMONG THE GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIAL UROPATHOGENS AT A TERITIARY CARE CENTRE R.Sujatha 1, Nidhi Pal 2 1. Professor & Head, Department of Microbiology,
High Level Gentamicin Resistance and Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus species at a tertiary care hospital in India
ISSN: 2347-3215 Volume 3 Number 10 (October-2015) pp. 276-280 www.ijcrar.com High Level Gentamicin Resistance and Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus species at a tertiary care hospital in India Sangram
Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection. (Etiology and Bacterial Susceptibility)
ISSN 222-28 (Paper) ISSN 222-9X (Online) Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection (Etiology and Bacterial Susceptibility) Nawal S Faris Department of Allied medical sciences /Zarqa University) ABSTRACT
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(11):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 11 (2017) pp. 2293-2299 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.611.272
Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance and Sensitivity with Reference to Ages of Elders
Daffodil International University Institutional Repository DIU Journal of Science and Technology Volume 10, Issue 1-2, July 2015 2016-06-16 Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance and Sensitivity with Reference
Received:06 th June-2012 Revised: 10 th June-2012 Accepted: 13 th June-2012 Research article
Received:06 th June-2012 Revised: 10 th June-2012 Accepted: 13 th June-2012 Research article EMERGENCE OF MULTI DRUG RESISTANT STRAINS OF E. COLI ISOLATED FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN NAMAKKAL 1 P.
International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ESBL PRODUCING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI ABSTRACT
Research Article Microbiology International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences ISSN 0975-6299 ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ESBL PRODUCING GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI * PRABHAKAR C MAILAPUR, DEEPA
THE SENSITIVITY OF PATHOGENS OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN KARAGANDA Ye. A. Zakharova 1, Chesca Antonella 2, I. S.
THE SENSITIVITY OF PATHOGENS OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN KARAGANDA Ye. A. Zakharova 1, Chesca Antonella 2, I. S. Azizov 1 1 THE SHARED LABORATORY OF SCIENCE RESERCH CENTER, KARAGANDA
Antibiotic Susceptibility of Common Bacterial Pathogens in Canine Urinary Tract Infections
Vol.1 No.2 Oct-Dec 2013 ISSN : 2321-6387 Antibiotic Susceptibility of Common Bacterial Pathogens in Canine Urinary Tract Infections S. Yogeshpriya*, Usha N.Pillai, S. Ajithkumar and N. Madhavan Unny Department
Isolation and Antibiogram of Enterococci from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 8 (2016) pp. 658-662 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.508.074
Isolation of Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile at Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Hospital
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Isolation of Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infections and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile at Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Hospital *T Shilpi 1, MN Ahmed 2, SMA Huq 3, SK
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 (2017) pp. 891-895 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.104
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Vibrio cholerae Causing Diarrohea Outbreaks in Bidar, North Karnataka, India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 957-961 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology (2009); 2(3):
Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology (2009); 2(3): 118-123 118 Original article Study of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infections and determination of their susceptibility to antibiotics Mansour
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM URINE SAMPLES IN PATIENTS VISITING TERTIARY HEALTH CARE CENTRE IN EASTERN NEPAL
Original Article ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM URINE SAMPLES IN PATIENTS VISITING TERTIARY HEALTH CARE CENTRE IN EASTERN NEPAL Thakur P 1, Ghimire P 2, Rijal KR 1,
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated From Various Clinical
Antibiotics susceptibility patterns of uropathogenic E. coli with special reference to fluoroquinolones in different age and gender groups
1161 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Antibiotics susceptibility patterns of uropathogenic E. coli with special reference to fluoroquinolones in different age and gender groups Imran Ali, Muhammad Shabbir, Noor Ul Iman
Original Article Isolation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli
Original Article Isolation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli from Urinary Tract Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital of North Eastern Karnataka Sudheendra Ramesh Kulkarni, Basavaraj
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella Typhi From Kigali,
In the name of God Shiraz E-Medical Journal Vol. 11, No. 3, July 2010 http://semj.sums.ac.ir/vol11/jul2010/88030.htm Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella Typhi From Kigali, Rwanda. Ashok
PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR
PHARMA SCIENCE MONITOR AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES A STUDY ON PRESCRIPTION PATTERN OF ANTIBIOTICS FOR URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN SHIMOGA DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA Ramoji Alla *, I.
JMSCR Vol 04 Issue 04 Page April 2016
www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor 5.244 Index Copernicus Value: 5.88 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v4i4.11 Study on Uropathogens with Antimicrobial
JMSCR Vol 05 Issue 07 Page July 2017
www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor 5.84 Index Copernicus Value: 83.27 ISSN (e)-2347-176x ISSN (p) 2455-0450 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i7.202 Original Research Article Profile of
A Retrospective Study of the Culture and Sensitivity Pattern of Urinary Tract Infection Causing Organisms at RIMS Teaching Hospital, Raichur, India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 10 (2017) pp. 1530-1536 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.610.183
Prevalence of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antibiogram in a tertiary care centre
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 952-956 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Prevalence of Metallo-Beta-Lactamase
Study of drug resistance pattern of principal ESBL producing urinary isolates in an urban hospital setting in Eastern India
Research article Study of drug resistance pattern of principal ESBL producing urinary isolates in an urban hospital setting in Eastern India Mitali Chatterjee, 1 M. Banerjee, 1 S. Guha, 2 A.Lahiri, 3 K.Karak
Urinary Tract Infection Workshop
Urinary Tract Infection Workshop Diagnosis, sampling, antibiotic selection, recurrence, prophylaxis Nick Francis, Robin Howe, Harry Ahmed Outline Diagnosis and sampling Nick 10 min Choice of antibiotic
RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI ISOLATES AMONG DIFFERENT CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM A DIAGNOSTIC CENTER OF KANPUR
Original article RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACILLI ISOLATES AMONG DIFFERENT CLINICAL SAMPLES FROM A DIAGNOSTIC CENTER OF KANPUR R.Sujatha 1,Nidhi Pal 2, Deepak S 3 1. Professor & Head, Department
Received: Accepted: Access this article online Website: Quick Response Code:
Indian Journal of Drugs, 2016, 4(3), 69-74 ISSN: 2348-1684 STUDY ON UTILIZATION PATTERN OF ANTIBIOTICS AT A PRIVATE CORPORATE HOSPITAL B. Chitra Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Sri
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of E. coli Isolates Causing Urosepsis: Single Centre Experience
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 05 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.705.298
GeNei TM. Antibiotic Sensitivity. Teaching Kit Manual KT Revision No.: Bangalore Genei, 2007 Bangalore Genei, 2007
GeNei Bacterial Antibiotic Sensitivity Teaching Kit Manual Cat No. New Cat No. KT68 106333 Revision No.: 00180705 CONTENTS Page No. Objective 3 Principle 3 Kit Description 4 Materials Provided 5 Procedure
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Urinary Isolates from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kathmandu
a Ghimire G et al. International Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.2017; 2(1):1-5 International Journal of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences // www.intlmedbio.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE ISSN: 2467-9151
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF MULTI DRUG RESISTANT STRAINS OF UROPATHOGENS IN KATHMANDU MODEL HOSPITAL
Original Article A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF MULTI DRUG RESISTANT STRAINS OF UROPATHOGENS IN KATHMANDU MODEL HOSPITAL SB Shrestha*, RB Basnet**, P Shahi* * Abstract Background The emergence
Detection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran
Letter to the Editor Detection and Quantitation of the Etiologic Agents of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia in Endotracheal Tube Aspirates From Patients in Iran Mohammad Rahbar, PhD; Massoud Hajia, PhD
Revista CENIC. Ciencias Biológicas ISSN: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Cuba
Revista CENIC. Ciencias Biológicas ISSN: 0253-5688 editorial.cenic@cnic.edu.cu Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Cuba Getachew, Theodros Bacterial pathogens implicated in causing urinary tract
BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ISOLATES OF NEONATAL SEPTICEMIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
IJCRR Section: Healthcare Sci. Journal Impact Factor 4.016 Research Article BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ISOLATES OF NEONATAL SEPTICEMIA IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
a. 379 laboratories provided quantitative results, e.g (DD method) to 35.4% (MIC method) of all participants; see Table 2.
AND QUANTITATIVE PRECISION (SAMPLE UR-01, 2017) Background and Plan of Analysis Sample UR-01 (2017) was sent to API participants as a simulated urine culture for recognition of a significant pathogen colony
International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics
International Journal of Research in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics ISSN Print: 2278 2648 IJRPP Vol.3 Issue 3 July-Sep-214 ISSN Online: 2278-2656 Journal Home page: Research article Open Access Study
Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences Vol. 2, No. 2, Spring 2015, 48-52
http://www.cjmb.org Open Access Original Article Crescent Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences Vol. 2, No. 2, Spring 2015, 48-52 eissn: 2148-9696 Study of the Resistance of Escherichia Coli Which
ALARMING RATES OF PREVALENCE OF ESBL PRODUCING E. COLI IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION CASES IN A TERTIARY CARE NEUROSPECIALITY HOSPITAL
ALARMING RATES OF PREVALENCE OF ESBL PRODUCING E. COLI IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION CASES IN A TERTIARY CARE NEUROSPECIALITY HOSPITAL Pearl. A Prabal*,Sourav Maiti Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
GENERAL NOTES: 2016 site of infection type of organism location of the patient
GENERAL NOTES: This is a summary of the antibiotic sensitivity profile of clinical isolates recovered at AIIMS Bhopal Hospital during the year 2016. However, for organisms in which < 30 isolates were recovered
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS ISSN RESEARCH ARTICLE
RESEARCH ARTICLE ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM URINE SAMPLES OF UTI PATIENTS AND ISSUES RELATED TO THE RATIONAL SELECTION OF ANTIMICROBIALS Rakesh Kumar Asati Department
Study of Microbiological Profile and their Antibiogram in Patients with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 981-985 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Study of Microbiological Profile
Mili Rani Saha and Sanya Tahmina Jhora. Department of Microbiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative organisms: hospital prevalence and comparison of double disc synergy and E-test methods Mili Rani Saha and Sanya Tahmina Jhora Original
Aerobic Bacterial Profile and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Pus Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Hadoti Region
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 5 (2017) pp. 2866-2873 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.326
High quinolone resistance pattern among enteric pathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infection
Indian Journal of Biotechnology Vol 14, April 2015, pp 167-171 High quinolone resistance pattern among enteric pathogens isolated from patients with urinary tract infection Lesley R Varughese and Vikas
A Study on Urinary Tract Infection Pathogen Profile and Their In Vitro Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents
Original Article Print ISSN: 2321-6379 Online ISSN: 2321-595X DOI: 10.17354/ijss/2017/65 A Study on Urinary Tract Infection Pathogen Profile and Their In Vitro Susceptibility to Antimicrobial Agents M
Background and Plan of Analysis
ENTEROCOCCI Background and Plan of Analysis UR-11 (2017) was sent to API participants as a simulated urine culture for recognition of a significant pathogen colony count, to perform the identification
South As. J. Biol. Sci. 2(Supp.1): ISSN
South As. J. Biol. Sci. 2(Supp.1):140-149 ISSN 2249-6599 Phenotypic Characterization of Urinary Tract Infection Causing Escherichia coli in Paediatric age group along with Prevalence of Extended Spectrum
ESBL Positive E. coli and K. pneumoneae are Emerging as Major Pathogens for Urinary Tract Infection
ESBL Positive E. coli and K. pneumoneae are Emerging as Major Pathogens for Urinary Tract Infection Muhammad Abdur Rahim*, Palash Mitra*. Tabassum Samad*. Tufayel Ahmed Chowdhury*. Mehruba Alam Ananna*.
SCREENING OF URINARY ISOLATES FOR THE PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ENTEROBACTERIA OTHER THAN ESCHERICHIA COLI.
SCREENING OF URINARY ISOLATES FOR THE PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ENTEROBACTERIA OTHER THAN ESCHERICHIA COLI. *MANJULA MEHTA, SONIA BHARDWAJ AND JYOTI SHARMA. *Department of, Dr Harvansh
BACTERIOLOGICALL STUDY OF MICROORGANISMS ON MOBILES AND STETHOSCOPES USED BY HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN EMERGENCY AND ICU S
Research Article Harika A,, 2013; Volume 2(3): 290-297 ISSN: 2277-8713 BACTERIOLOGICALL STUDY OF MICROORGANISMS ON MOBILES AND STETHOSCOPES USED BY HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN EMERGENCY AND ICU S HARIKAA A,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.06.028 The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 998 1003, 2015 Copyright Ó 2015 Elsevier Inc. Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0736-4679/$
Dr. C. MANIKANDAN, Director,
STUDY OF PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF BACTERIA AND FUNGI ISOLATED FROM PATIENTS WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN PATTUKKOTTAI, TAMIL NADU, INDIA Dr. C. MANIKANDAN, Director, Gangasaras
PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN OF E.COLI ISOLATED FROM UTI IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, KHANPUR
PREVALENCE AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN OF E.COLI ISOLATED FROM UTI IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, KHANPUR *Amod Kumar Yadav 1, Sundeep Singh 1, Surinder Kumar 1, Tejpal Katewa 1 and Reenu Kumari 2 1
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Continuing Care. Urinary Tract Infections Clinical Checklist
Antimicrobial Stewardship in Continuing Care Urinary Tract Infections Clinical Checklist December 2014 What is Antimicrobial Stewardship? Using the: right antimicrobial agent for a given diagnosis at the
ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ISOLATED FROM MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS*
Short Communication ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN OF YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA ISOLATED FROM MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS* T.R.Pugazhenthi 1, A. Elango 2, C. Naresh Kumar 3, B. Dhanalakshmi 4 and A. Bharathidhasan
Title: Antibacterial resistances in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: ECO * SENS II data from primary health care in Austria
Author's response to reviews Title: Antibacterial resistances in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: ECO * SENS II data from primary health care in Austria Authors: Gustav Kamenski (kamenski@aon.at)
DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIMICROBIALS AMONG SHIGELLA FLEXNERI ISOLATES IN MANIPAL, SOUTH INDIA A 5 YEAR HOSPITAL BASED STUDY
DECREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ANTIMICROBIALS AMONG SHIGELLA FLEXNERI ISOLATES IN MANIPAL, SOUTH INDIA A 5 YEAR HOSPITAL BASED STUDY Ballal Mamatha and Chakraborty Rituparna Department of Clinical Microbiology
Understanding the Hospital Antibiogram
Understanding the Hospital Antibiogram Sharon Erdman, PharmD Clinical Professor Purdue University College of Pharmacy Infectious Diseases Clinical Pharmacist Eskenazi Health 5 Understanding the Hospital
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS; ETIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PAT- TERNS OF UROPATHOGENS
The Professional Medical Journal DOI: 10.17957/TPMJ/16.3044 ORIGINAL PROF-3044 URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS; ETIOLOGICAL PROFILE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PAT- TERNS OF UROPATHOGENS 1. Assistant Professor,
A study of antibiotic sensitivity pattern and detection of fluoroquinolones resistance to Escherichia coli from urinary tract infections
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 2 (2015) pp. 799-805 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article A study of antibiotic sensitivity pattern and detection of fluoroquinolones resistance to Escherichia
Study of Bacteriological Profile of Corneal Ulcers in Patients Attending VIMS, Ballari, India
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 7 (2016) pp. 200-205 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.507.020
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2016) 5(12):
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 12 (2016) pp. 644-649 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.512.071
Prevalence and Resistance pattern of Pseudomonas strains isolated from ICU Patients
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 3 (2014) pp. 527-534 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Prevalence and Resistance pattern of Pseudomonas strains isolated from ICU Patients T.Raakhee 1 * and
Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of uropathogens in children.
Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 18-22 Bangladesh Society of Medical Microbiologists Original Article Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of uropathogens in children. Sohely Sharmin 1, Farhana Alamgir
Bacteriological Profile and Antimicrobial Sensitivity of DJ Stents
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 6 (2016) pp. 345-349 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.506.039
Susceptibility Patterns of Escherichia coli: Prevalence of Multidrug-resistant Isolates and Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase Phenotype
Susceptibility Patterns of Escherichia coli: Prevalence of Multidrug-resistant Isolates and Extended Spectrum Beta- Lactamase Phenotype M. Iqbal,I. K. Patel ( Departments of Medicine, Shifa Cllege of Medicine
Regional community-acquired urinary tract infections in Israel: diagnosis, pathogens, and antibiotic guidelines adherence: A prospective study
International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2007) 11, 245 250 http://intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/ijid Regional community-acquired urinary tract infections in Israel: diagnosis, pathogens, and antibiotic
Indian Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Research; March 2016: Vol.-5, Issue- 2, P
Original article Antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern in blood and urine culture reports obtained from paediatric patients in a tertiary care hospital, Pondicherry 1 Bharathi priyan M, 2 Nileshraj
Guidelines for Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections
Guidelines for Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections Overview This document details the Michigan Hospital Medicine Safety (HMS) Consortium preferred antibiotic choices for treatment of uncomplicated and
Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Various Clinical Specimens
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 03 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.217
Clinico-Microbiological Profile of Urinary Tract Infection in Tertiary Care Hospital in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 4 Number 9 (2015) pp. 288-295 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Clinico-Microbiological Profile of Urinary Tract Infection in Tertiary Care Hospital in Ahmedabad, Gujarat,
Cipro for gram positive cocci in urine
Buscar... Cipro for gram positive cocci in urine 20-6-2017 Pneumonia can be generally defined as an infection of the lung parenchyma, in which consolidation of the affected part and a filling of the alveolar
ANTIBIOTIC USE GUIDELINES FOR URINARY TRACT AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE
ANTIBIOTIC USE GUIDELINES FOR URINARY TRACT AND RESPIRATORY DISEASE Jane Sykes, BVSc(Hons), PhD, DACVIM (SAIM) School of Veterinary Medicine Dept. of Medicine & Epidemiology University of California Davis,
Title: N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) Mediated Modulation of Bacterial Antibiotic
AAC Accepts, published online ahead of print on June 00 Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. doi:0./aac.0070-0 Copyright 00, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights
Cipro for klebsiella uti
Cipro for klebsiella uti Search Can UTI be an effective treatment for Klebsiella Pneumoniae? It is safe or dangerous to use UTI while suffering from Klebsiella Pneumoniae? 87 discussions on Treato. instock
JMSCR Vol. 03 Issue 08 Page August 2015
www.jmscr.igmpublication.org Impact Factor 3.79 ISSN (e)-2347-176x DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v3i8.07 Isolation of Extended Spectrum Β-Lactamases in Urine Samples Authors Sukesh Kumar B Y 1,
Original Article INTRODUCTION
Original Article ISSN 2465-8243(Print) / ISSN: 2465-8510(Online) https://doi.org/10.14777/uti.2017.12.1.28 Urogenit Tract Infect 2017;12(1):28-34 http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.14777/uti.2017.12.1.28&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-04-25
J of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eissn , pissn / Vol. 4/ Issue 37/ May 07, 2015 Page 6443
A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS ON ANTIMICROBIAL SENSITIVITY PATTERN IN A MEDICAL COLLEGE HOSPITAL IN KANNUR DISTRICT R. Ratheesh 1, Bindu Mohandas 2, Sahadevan 3, P. P. Venugopalan 4 HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:
Safe Patient Care Keeping our Residents Safe Use Standard Precautions for ALL Residents at ALL times
Safe Patient Care Keeping our Residents Safe 2016 Use Standard Precautions for ALL Residents at ALL times #safepatientcare Do bugs need drugs? Dr Deirdre O Brien Consultant Microbiologist Mercy University
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ISSN:
International Journal of Health Sciences and Research www.ijhsr.org ISSN: 2249-9571 Original Research Article Evaluation of Microbiological Profile of Ear Discharge of Patients Attending Otorhinolaryngology
Scholars Research Library. Investigation of antibiotic usage pattern: A prospective drug utilization review
Available online at www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2011: 3 (5) 301-306 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0974-248X USA CODEN: DPLEB4
Antibiotic stewardship in long term care
Antibiotic stewardship in long term care Shira Doron, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA Consultant to Massachusetts