NORTHEAST REGIONAL CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE IN

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1 Vectorborne Infections NORTHEAST REGIONAL and IPM on a CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE IN Shrinking Planet VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES Laura C. Harrington, Department of Entomology, Cornell University

2 CDC REPORT MAY 2018

3 Tick borne disease more than doubled from in the USA Lyme disease is the number one US infection and continues to increase Other TB pathogens are on the rise 9 new vector borne diseases were reported in the US and territories

4 Why are these vectors and diseases so hard to control? No available vaccines No treatment for viral infections Many infections have animal reservoirs making monitoring and control even more difficult Some infections have a large proportion of asymptomatic people, making monitoring difficult Insecticide resistance is thought to be common and increasing Low emphasis and resources for testing IPM strategies Limited expertise and limited local funding/resources for control

5 The vector situation in New York state Range expansion of the blacklegged tick Introduction of the lonestar tick Introduction of the longhorned tick Introduction and range expansion of the Asian tiger mosquito

6 The pathogen/parasite situation in New York state Increased incidence of Lyme disease, babesiosis, anaplasmosis and erhlichiosis Increases of rare TB viral infection in people (POW) Emergence of newly recognized bacteria, such as B. miyamotoi

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) Ehrlichiosis Tularemia

7 New York Vectors Lyme Disease Borrelia mayonii B. miyamotoi Anaplasmosis Babesiosis Powassan (POW) Virus Disease Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) Ehrlichiosis Tularemia Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness (STARI) Heartland Virus Alpha-Gal Allergy

Longhorned Tick Native to eastern Asia and invasive in Australia and New Zealand. Identified by researchers in New Jersey in 2017.

8 Longhorned Tick Native to eastern Asia and invasive in Australia and New Zealand. Identified by researchers in New Jersey in Likely been present in United States for many years before detection. Now found in several northeastern states including New York.

9 ASIAN TIGER MOSQUITO

10 Eggs can remain dry and dormant for months Aedes larvae hatch upon stimulation (flooding, reduced O 2 )

11 Mosquito larvae: respiration and feeding Short breathing siphon Trachea enter the siphon and breathing occurs through spiracles Larvae hangs at angle to respire and feed just below the water column

12 pupal stage non-feeding respiration through trumpets able to move to evade predation

13 Predators Insects (dragonfly larvae and other aquatic insect predators) Toxorhynchites mosquito larvae Copepods Fish

14 Host seeking several stages activation (low or high light intensity) orientation (visual and chemical, heat (<20 m) landing probing The Asian tiger mosquito is a day active mosquito, although it can be captured in traps at night, suggesting it may also feed on people at night.

15 BLOOD IS ESSENTIAL FOR EGG PRODUCTION

16 Pathogens are ingested by the mosquito, after incubation period, and can be injected into a new host

17 BLOOD DIGESTION Blood fed females rest in sheltered places while they digest their meal and eggs develop

18 Plant sugar feeding can be common and improves survival and fitness

19 EGG Females LAYING lay IN their NATURAL eggs singly, AND just MAN-MADE above the water line CONTAINERS in natural and human made containers

20 Asian tiger mosquitoes are competent to transmit at least 22 different pathogens impacting human and animal health Chikungunya Eastern Equine Encephalitis Keystone virus Mayaro virus Zika virus Rift Valley fever Sindbis West Nile virus Yellow fever virus Dengue Jamestown Canyon virus La Crosse virus Orapouch virus Potosi Cache Valley Trivittatus Venezuelan equine encephalitis Dog heartworm

21 Other serious potential introductions in USA Japanese Encephalitis (30% mortality) Venezuelan Encephalitis (25% mortality) Rift Valley Fever (up to 50% mortality)

concurrent with Asian Tiger mosquito (A226V

22 CHIKUNGUNYA from the Makonde language "that which bends up" Surprising recent geographic expansion concurrent with Asian Tiger mosquito (A226V mutation Alanine to Valine residue at position 226 in E1 gene)

23 Zika Also transmitted by Aedes spp. Symptoms are similar to that of dengue or chikungunya Conjunctivitis Guillan-Barre Microcephaly (infants exposed in utero) 80% are asymptomatic Symptoms are similar to that of dengue or chikungunya

24 Adult Identification- Asian tiger Source

25 Larval Identification- Asian tiger mosquito

26 Why is the Asian tiger mosquito such a invader? Dormant egg stage and container-aided dispersal Ability to overwinter Superior larval competitor

27 Common Larval habitats in New York State

28 Lucky bamboo Tree holes Plant Nurseries

29 Catch basins /construction material Cemetary vases junkyards

30 SOURCE REDUCTION OR TREATING CONTAINERS? Asian tiger mosquito ecology and egg laying habits make it extremely difficult to control

31 Wolbachia and Genetic Modification? Population replacement with Wolbachia Population reduction with Wolbachia and GMM

32 NORTHEAST REGIONAL CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE IN VECTOR- BORNE DISEASES ORGANIZATION & PROGRAM OVERVIEW

33 NEVBD LEADERSHIP TEAM Cornell University, Department of Entomology Administrative Hub Laura Harrington, PhD (Principal Investigator, Program Director) Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Theodore Andreadis, PhD (Co-Principal Investigator) New York State Department of Health Bryon Backenson, MS (Co-Principal Investigator) Wadsworth Center, NYSDOH Laura Kramer, PhD (Co-Principal Investigator) Columbia University, Department of Ecology, Evolution & Environmental Biology Maria Diuk-Wasser, PhD (Co-Principal Investigator)

NEVBD REGIONAL PARTNERS NEVBD represents 13 states and the District of Columbia We have partnerships with over 60 individuals across more than 20 organizations in the region, including: Public

34 NEVBD REGIONAL PARTNERS NEVBD represents 13 states and the District of Columbia We have partnerships with over 60 individuals across more than 20 organizations in the region, including: Public Partners New York State Integrated Pest Management NACCHO and CSTE Departments of Health in Vermont, New Hampshire, Maine, Connecticut, West Virginia, Virginia, Rhode Island, New York City, Suffolk County (NY) Departments of Natural Resources and/or Environment in Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, Suffolk County (NY) Academic Partners Rutgers University University at Albany, SUNY Yale School of Public Health Pennsylvania State University Maine Medical Center Research Institute University of Rhode Island And many others

35 NEVBD GOALS 1. Train a cadre of public health entomologists with the knowledge and skills required to rapidly detect, prevent and respond to vector-borne disease threats in the US

36 NEVBD GOALS 2.Build effective communities of practice via collaborations between academic communities and public health organizations at federal, state, and local levels for vector borne disease surveillance, response and prevention

37 NEVBD GOALS 3. To conduct applied research to develop and validate effective vector-borne disease prevention and control tools and methods necessary to anticipate and respond to disease outbreaks

MS PROGRAM IN VECTOR BORNE DISEASE BIOLOGY/ENTOMOLOGY

immediately enter the workforce Vector-borne disease

cohort selected, matriculating August 2018 3 students

38 MS PROGRAM IN VECTOR BORNE DISEASE BIOLOGY/ENTOMOLOGY goal provide foundation from which graduates can immediately enter the workforce Vector-borne disease surveillance Vector surveillance and control First cohort selected, matriculating August students Backgrounds in mosquito surveillance & control, public health, and microbiology

PARTNERSHIP - MPH PRACTICUM PROJECTS Tick-borne disease physician

Department, local infectious disease physicians Provide in-clinic

Awarded grant from Engaged Cornell to support implementation Darryl Ware

Cornell Animal Health Diagnostic Center Analysis of passive tick

39 PARTNERSHIP - MPH PRACTICUM PROJECTS Tick-borne disease physician education project Partnership with NEVBD, Tompkins County Health Department, local infectious disease physicians Provide in-clinic seminars on tick-borne disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention Awarded grant from Engaged Cornell to support implementation Darryl Ware Veterinary tick-borne disease surveillance Partnership with NEVBD, Cornell Animal Health Diagnostic Center Analysis of passive tick surveillance data Recommendations on integration of veterinary data into wider field of vector-borne disease surveillance

Ticks in the Northeast, Bailey Willett CCE

40 STUDENT INTERNSHIPS Summer 2018: CCE Summer Internship Program Management of Ticks in the Northeast, Bailey Willett CCE Suffolk County, Suffolk County Department of Public Works Vector Control Summer 2019: MS VBD Internship Program Fully funded placement with colleagues in CCE Health departments/vector control units A. Clancy Bailey Willet

41 VECTOR BIOLOGY BOOT CAMP Next offering in May 2019 LEARNING MODULES Arthropod Surveillance Arthropod Collection & Testing Taxonomy & Identification Vector Control Data Interpretation & Management

WEBINAR SERIES Webinar on Tick management! August 30, 2018 9:30 am - 11:00am, EST Drs.

com One to two-hour webcasts In-depth seminars on targeted topics Topics identified through NEVBD stakeholder

42 WEBINAR SERIES Webinar on Tick management! August 30, :30 am - 11:00am, EST Drs. Kirby Stafford and Scott Williams K. Stafford Register at One to two-hour webcasts In-depth seminars on targeted topics Topics identified through NEVBD stakeholder feedback Targets for 2018 webinar development Lessons from longhorned tick control in New Zealand Communicating with the media and the public Insecticide resistance monitoring

43 ONGOING CORNELL PARTNERSHIPS New York State Integrated Pest Management Don t Get Ticked, NY Campaign Tick Surveillance Citizen Science Cornell Animal Health Diagnostic Center Expand surveillance for ticks & tick-borne disease Support training opportunities with Cornell students Expert guidance to regional partners & the public Dr. Matt Frye

44 THE NEVBD HAS 6 RESEARCH CLUSTERS: Predicting current and future infection risks in the Northeast region

45 THE NEVBD HAS 6 RESEARCH CLUSTERS: Investigating mosquito trapping methods

46 THE NEVBD HAS 6 RESEARCH CLUSTERS: Novel vector-pathogen interactions

47 THE NEVBD HAS 6 RESEARCH CLUSTERS: Overwintering biology of vectors, including climate change-induced effects

48 THE NEVBD HAS 6 RESEARCH CLUSTERS: Controlling and managing vectors

49 THE NEVBD HAS 6 RESEARCH CLUSTERS: Basic field biology of mosquito vectors

Asian Tiger Mosquito Container Habitat Preferences and Environmental Population Drivers at the Northern Edge of Invasion (T.

albopictus has invaded southern New York but we don t fully understand their regional ecology A clearer understanding can aid in

As urban development (impervious surface) increased, mosquito abundance increased Results: Number of positive containers at sites

50 Asian Tiger Mosquito Container Habitat Preferences and Environmental Population Drivers at the Northern Edge of Invasion (T. SHRAGAI AND L.C. HARRINGTON)* Project rational and goals: Ae. albopictus has invaded southern New York but we don t fully understand their regional ecology A clearer understanding can aid in focused habitat targeting for larval control strategies Fig. 1. As urban development (impervious surface) increased, mosquito abundance increased Results: Number of positive containers at sites increased by 21% in just one year No KEY containers were identified Greater household income led to greater spatial distribution (suggesting different strategies for finding infested containers in these areas) Highest infestation was found with greatest urbanization

diapause induction in the field Understand the role of urbanization on these drivers Fig 1.

51 Biology of winter diapause in Ae. albopictus Project goal: No prior field-based studies of Ae. albopictus diapause, despite its importance as a susceptible life stage for understanding control and potential to invade Understand the timing, drivers and variation of diapause induction in the field Understand the role of urbanization on these drivers Fig 1. Egg hatching rates from field containers by month & temperature Results Diapause appears to be induced by a combination of temperature and photoperiod Eggs can quickly exit diapause when stimulated by higher temperature Differences occur between populations, even within New York State Study will be replicated this year

Drones and neural networks for better larval surveillance

intensive Drones can capture high resolution imagery Neural

Flying drones flown over suburban neighborhoods to collect

surveys Training a neural network to find containers most

52 Drones and neural networks for better larval surveillance Project background: Larval surveys are very time and labor intensive Drones can capture high resolution imagery Neural networks can be used for image recognition Project goals : Flying drones flown over suburban neighborhoods to collect images of habitat Simultaneous on the ground entomological surveys Training a neural network to find containers most likely to be mosquito positive Elizabeth Case, Columbia University

53 Results: Significantly faster surveillance with drones than on the ground 64% of containers identified could be seen from the UAV, with almost 2,000 additional potential habitats identified from the aerial images Can t identify obstructed views (porches, awnings and trees)

in chorion sculpture between container breeding species Test the speed and practicality of this

54 MOSQUITO IDENTIFICATION BY CHORION SCULPTURE Project background: Current identification techniques are cumbersome, depend on hatching viable eggs, growing larvae to ID Project goals: Characterize differences in chorion sculpture between container breeding species Test the speed and practicality of this technique on field collected samples Write a user-friendly guide Aedes albopictus Aedes japonicus Aedes triseriatus

tiger mosquito) Aedes japonicus (Asian bush mosquito) Aedes triseriatus (eastern

55 CONTAINER SPECIES THAT LAY ABOVE THE WATER-LINE IN THE NORTHEAST We have three Aedes species that we regularly collect in ovitraps: Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger mosquito) Aedes japonicus (Asian bush mosquito) Aedes triseriatus (eastern tree hole mosquito) Aedes albopictus Aedes triseriatus Aedes japonicus Talya Shragai

56 Aedes triseriatus eggs (shown here) are very similar to Aedes japonicus Uneven ridges Matte Talya Shragai No distinct, regular geometry

57 Aedes albopictus eggs Regular, homogenous geometry Talya Shragai Shiny Spherical, evenly spaced horns

58 Results Characterizable differences photographed between species Shiny Spherical, evenly spaced horns Matte Aedes japonicus/triseriatus Uneven ridges Aedes albopictus Regular, homogenous geometry No distinct, regular geometry

59 Aedes triseriatus Aedes albopictus Too similar to tell apart Aedes japonicus Talya Shragai

60 Feeding Ecology of Ae. albopictus Blood feeding frequency and forage ratios across an urban gradient to understand human risk and zoonotic risk Kara Fikrig Sugar feeding frequency and sugar source forage ratios to understand utility of toxic sugar baits

A region-wide insecticide resistance map for the

have not been conducted Very little data for tick

might vary regionally is important Limited training

61 A region-wide insecticide resistance map for the Northeast Region-wide comprehensive measures of IR have not been conducted Very little data for tick vectors Data on baseline susceptibility and how it might vary regionally is important Limited training in this area David Duneau James Burtis, Cornell Postdoctoral researcher

62 RESISTANCE MAPPING APPROACH Source: CDC Collect data with both diagnostic assays and some PCR based approaches Sustainable training and mentoring of units to conduct monitoring Support efficacy testing for catch basin and bio-rational agents for mosquito control

63 NEVBD s Integrated Tick Management Projects Slides Courtesy of Dr. Kirby Stafford III, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

64 THEORY TICK MANAGEMENT Commodity Protection (e.g., livestock) Manage Human Tick Bites and Disease Risk Target Vector, Host, and/or Pathogen Change Human Host Behavior or Exposure Control Tick Control Tick Reproductive Host Control Tick-Pathogen Reservoir Host Reduce Pathogen Prevalence Reduce Pathogen Transmission Alter Environment Host Alter Environment Vector Vector Pathogen Local Environment Vector-Host Interactions Transmission TBD Host

65 INTEGRATED TICK MANAGEMENT Purpose of management Protect commodity (traditional ag IPM; Economic injury level) Manage tick-borne disease of humans Example Type analysis Decision making Ticks on cattle, nuisance ticks in tourist area Ticks carrying human pathogens Cost/benefit Cost/efficiency Lower tick numbers in effective, cost-efficient manner Allocate available resources to maximally lower the number of human cases of disease Tick control or management may have several different objectives: 1) lower direct damage to animals; 2) prevent transmission TBD to animals; 3) lower nuisance to humans from ticks, and 4) prevent TBD of humans. From: Ginsberg, H. S., and K. C. Stafford, III Management of ticks and tick-borne diseases, pp In J. L. Goodman, D. T. Dennis and D. E. Sonenshine (eds.), Tickborne Diseases of Humans. ASM Press, Washington, DC.

benefit to public health High cost implementation and monitoring Variable public acceptance and consensus Complexity implementation

66 CHALLENGES TO EFFECTIVE PUBLIC TICK CONTROL 1. Where ticks are located (much northeast forested with likely tick habitat) 2. Institutional and social restraints vs. benefit to public health High cost implementation and monitoring Variable public acceptance and consensus Complexity implementation and variable, uncertain efficacy 3. Information gaps Cost benefit analysis control measures Tick density and pathogen prevalence data set action thresholds and degree of suppression (IPM Model) (Slide based on talk by Robert Jordan)

67 CLASSIC IPM TACTICS PYRAMID AND THOSE SPECIFIC TO TICKS Intervention Prevention Conventional pesticides Chemical (biorational) Biological Physical-Mechanical Cultural Pyrethroids, carbamates, fipronil neonecotinoids, formamidines, isoxazolines Repellents, botanicals, microbials (biopesticides) Insecticidal soap, semiochemicals Pathogens, parasites, predators, vaccines (?) Landscape and host barriers, proper clothing Habitat modification resistant livestock host management, fencing

68 Conventional and biological sprays SPRAYING Photographs: Kirby Stafford Carbamate Pyrethroids Biopesticides Microbial Biochemical, i.e., natural occurring substances, including plant extracts Arena/microcosm testing of Essentria, Cedar, Mavrik and Talstar granular on lonestar and blacklegged ticks (Cucera, Suffolk Co)

69 % REDUCTION IXODES SCAPULARIS NYMPHS APPLICATION ACARICIDES TO THE ENVIRONMENT Acaricide Application reduction nymphs* Time evaluation Pyrethroids Bifenthrin Spray % 1-6 wks Cyfluthrin Spray % 2-8 wks Cyfluthrin Granules 87-97% 1-8 wks Deltamethrin Granules % 1-5 wks Carbamate Carbaryl Spray 43-93% 2-13 wks Carbaryl Granules 46-96% 1 wk-3 mo Natural Rosemary, etc.* Spray (low, 2x) 73-95% 1-5 wks Rosemary, etc.* Spray (high) 100% 1-2 wks Eisen, L. and M. C. Dolan J. Med. Entomol. 53(5): *Rosemary, peppermint, wintergreen

70 TOWARDS IPM AND BREAKING THE CYCLE: TICK RESEARCH EFFORTS BY NEVBD Expansion of surveillance activities by NYS DOH (Backenson) Lone star tick infestation monitoring and 4-poster study on Manresa Island CT (Stafford) Testing oral vaccine for mice (CAES) Investigation of longhorned tick populations in NY and NJ (Fonseca and Backenson) Development of factsheets and information for longhorned tick (NEVBD team) Enhanced POWV surveillance (Backenson)

71 Landscape-based models for blacklegged tick Intensive work on transmission driving factors for Lyme disease on Staten island (over 400 household surveys and sampling; Diuk-Wasser) Arena testing of Essentria, Cedar, Mavrik and Talstar granular on lonestar and blacklegged ticks (Cucera, Suffolk Co) Testing sprays of Demand CD and Archer Insect Growth Regulator for blacklegged tick control (Stafford) Fire Island tick management efficacy testing (Burtis/Harrington, Suffolk Co)

72 Dr Dina Fonseca Bryon Backenson

73 WHAT WE DON T KNOW ABOUT THE LONGHORNED TICK Phenology/seasonality Habitat preferences Importance as a vector, especially for local tick borne pathogens Impact on livestock Best control practices How it is moved to new areas and how to prevent movement How long it has been in the US

75 CONNECT WITH NEVBD January 2019 Annual Meeting New Haven, Connecticut NEVBD Quarterly Digest Newsletter NEVBD Social Media Visit us online at: Neregionalvectorcenter.com

Tick bite prevention and control

Tick bite prevention and control Howard S. Ginsberg, Ph.D. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center Coastal Field Station, Woodward Hall PLS University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI 2881 USA hginsberg@usgs.gov