Glenna McGregor, DVM, MSc, Dipl. ACVP Veterinary Pathologist Animal Health Centre BC Ministry of Agriculture
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1 1 Glenna McGregor, DVM, MSc, Dipl. ACVP Veterinary Pathologist Animal Health Centre BC Ministry of Agriculture
2 The Animal Health Centre
3 Biosecurity Procedures intended to protect humans or animals against disease or harmful biological agents
4 Bioexclusion Biosecurity Biocontainment Biomanagement
5 Be Careful What You Buy
6 What can you do to minimize risk of new arrivals? Buy from trusted sources Quarantine how long? Minimum of 4 weeks suggested Test? Gastrointestinal parasites Johne s disease CAE (goats) Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL)
7 Johne s Disease
8 Johne s Disease Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Serologic (blood) test available - $10/sample Fecal PCR available - $35/sample, but can pool False negatives common with both tests
9 Caseous Lymphadenitis
10 Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL) Caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Long incubation period (usually 2-6 months, sometimes years) Can survive in the environment for more than 1 year, resistant to many disinfectants Highly contagious, shearing is the main mode of transfer Lambs/kids infected through drinking contaminated milk COMMON in BC >23% of total carcass condemnations at slaughter
11 What are some things you can do to minimize disease spread on your farm?
12
13 Traceability? The ability to track the path and history of an animal from its source to the consumer Individual Animal Identification Unique Premise Identification Tracking Animal Movement
14 RFID Tag Goat regulations expected soon! RFID tag MANDATORY $ $0.25 CSF check-off Canadian Cooperative Wool Growers Recommended Tags Ear or tail or leg Canadian Cattle Identification Agency
15 How to Tag
16 Good News: The top 3 causes of death are preventable!
17 Enterotoxemia (pulpy kidney disease/overeating disease)
18 Vaccination Needs to protect from Clostridium perfringens C and D, ideally also tetanus May use a multivalent vaccine (includes several Clostridium spp.) Follow label directions 1 st vaccine around 8-12 weeks, booster 4 weeks later Vaccinate dams yearly, usually 3-4 weeks before giving birth + Glanvac6 (Zoetis)
19 Gastrointestinal Worms
20
21 Haemonchosis
22 Diagnosing Gastrointestinal Parasitism Fecal Egg counts Diarrhea (Dag score) Anemia (FAMCHA scoring) Decreased weight gain Necropsy
23 Fecal Egg counts Sheep grazing pasture that are representative of the group ideally 10 lambs and 10 ewes (8-10 pellets each) Pool or run individually Refrigerate Analyse within 7 days Quantitative method (eg. McMaster)
24 Diarrhea Dag Score Influenced by diet (lush grass = loose feces) Other causes of diarrhea
25 Anemia
26 Times to Monitor (and possibly treat) Ewes 1 month prior to lambing/kidding Reduce periparturient egg rise (=most important source of pasture contamination for lambs) Lambs at mid-summer Repeat monitoring at least every 4 weeks 2 weeks after treatment Breeding animals in fall (if affected) New introductions Thin sheep, poor growth rates, scours
27 Deworming products
28 COMMON Dewormer resistance In Ontario resistance to ivermectin and fenbendazole was demonstrated on 97% (28/29), and 95% (19/20) of the farms tested, respectively Recheck a fecal egg count 2 weeks after deworming Management to control parasites is key. *Considered resistant if dewormer does not reduce fecal egg count by more than 95%
29 Diagnosis: Starvation
30 Causes of Starvation Inadequate Feed Quantity Poor Feed Quality Restricted access to feed Inadequate bunk space Dominant animals Disease (malabsorption, tooth problems) Cold weather Disease Parasites
31 How much to feed?
32 IMPORTANT Body condition scoring Prevents starvation Best management tool for improving production Evaluate at least three times a year
33 Body Condition Scoring 1. Spinous process run fingers down backbone 2. Transverse process push fingers down alongside backbone 3. Assess amount of muscular and fatty tissue below transverse process - pass fingers under the ends of these bones 4. Fullness of eye muscle in the angle above and between spinous and transverse process 5. Score Nutrition Guide for BC Sheep Producers
34 Abortions The top three infectious causes of abortion in sheep and goats can cause lifethreatening disease in pregnant women and result in fetal death or malformation.
35 To avoid the risk of infection, pregnant women: Should not help to lamb or milk ewes/does Should avoid contact with aborted or newborn lambs/kids or with the afterbirth Should not handle clothing, boots etc. which have come into contact with lambing/kidding ewes/does or newborn lambs/kids Potentially contaminated clothing will be safe to handle after being washed on a hot cycle.
36 Available Resources Resources available in BC, programs, regional/local contacts Animal Health Centre Regional Agrologists Code of practice for the care and handling of sheep and goats
37 BC Sheep Federation Voice of the industry Represented on Canadian Sheep Federation, National on Farm Food Safety program, National Animal Welfare program, Provincial Farm Animal Care Committee. Free advertising for your farm on the Buyers Guide N Ewes 3x year $35/ year
38 BC Goat Association Increase public awareness of the value of goats and goat producers, circulate information, encourage young people with goats and 4H Breeders Directory GoatKeeper Magazine 6x year $45/ year for and individual $60/year for a family
39 Questions?
40 When to supplement vitamins and minerals? Pasture Green pastures and sunlight great source of vitamins minerals Vitamins stored in fat for 3-4 months Hay Fat soluble vitamins (ADEK) need to be supplemented as rumen can t make them Can vary in mineral content = supplementation usually needed Salt?
41 How and why do you buy your supplements? Pelleted, textured, loose, blocks Common minerals: 1:1 2:1 With or without salt Watch shelf life Vitamins expire without antioxidants!
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